Modafinil / Armodafinil

Evidence: ★★★★★ · Status: Controlled, Prescription

In plain English

Switches on the brain's "stay awake" system and gently raises dopamine — sharp, sustained alertness without a jittery high or crash. Dramatic if sleep-deprived; subtler if well-rested.

How it works

Inhibits the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT) (weakly, without amphetamine-like euphoria) and activates orexin/hypocretin (HCRT) and histaminergic wake circuits. Armodafinil is the longer-acting R-isomer.

Molecular target & official sources

SLC6A3 dopamine transporter (NCBI Gene) · HCRT orexin (NCBI Gene) · Modafinil (PubChem CID 4236)

Protocol

100–200 mg on waking (12–15 h half-life — never afternoon); 2–3×/week max.

Watch out

Rare Stevens-Johnson rash (stop on any rash); reduces hormonal contraceptive efficacy (CYP3A4 inducer); headaches.

Bottom line

The best-evidenced cognitive enhancer in healthy adults; respect the long half-life.

Helps with: Sleep Better · Focus & Cognition

Stacks with

Shares a pathway — often paired with: Caffeine, Amphetamine (Adderall) / Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), SSRIs (Sertraline, Escitalopram).

Availability & where to buy

Controlled substance. A controlled substance in most countries — illegal to buy, sell or possess without authorisation (in Singapore: HSA / CNB). Education only.

How it works: the Monoamines pathway →

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