Its recorded molecular formula is C7H15NO3, weighing 161.2.
PubChem record · 288 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Formulation
A formulation is the exact made-up form a substance comes in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the difference between a whole bean and instant coffee.
Where that stops being true. Coffee tastes different. A formulation can change how much reaches the blood.
What people get wrong. Two products with the same name are assumed to behave the same. They often do not.
The specific composition and physical form of a product, including salt, excipients and release profile.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Primary outcome measures include - Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score at Year 4 - CAD risk factors, Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and health behaviors at Year 4 - Adverse cardiac outcomes during follow-up
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00927693
How many people
2137
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change from baseline in Left ventricular ejection fraction
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05673239
How many people
1008
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) score from baseline to end-of-treatment
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07062198
How many people
845
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Interference score using K-CWST(Korean-Color Word Stroop Test)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04346862
How many people
636
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Morbidity
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00001082
How many people
505
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
A Study on Amprenavir in Combination With Other Anti-HIV Drugs in HIV-Positive Patients
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00000912
How many people
475
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
blood inflammatory marker
concentration of total plasma ketones
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (9)
behavioral test scores
peak walking time at day 180
iohexol clearance
primary outcome measure
childhood autism rating scale
reynolds intellectual assessment scales
vineland adaptive behavior scale
das28 esr for both arms
weekly esa dose at month 6
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
May temporarily relieve symptoms associated with exertions, such as muscle pain, muscle weakness, trembling of limbs, and cramps. Label footnote: Claims based on traditional homeopathic practice, not accepted medical evidence. Not FDA evaluated.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf.
On this record: This record is linked to 1 related forms. Evidence does not carry across all of them.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (9)
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as liquid, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
2 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. None of them contains it on its own, so nothing on this page can separate it from what it is combined with.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 44911-0542 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as liquid, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 44911-0542 · read 2026-08-29
2 published labels name it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · 38fd4f98-a42a-435b-9643-16df66453951 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · 38fd4f98-a42a-435b-9643-16df66453951 · read 2026-08-29
2443 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein, fiber and other nutrients, non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What was measured, goal by goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q1
What did Carnitine's largest trial (200 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?
200 people in Carnitine's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Serum Carnitine Concentration. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
3 na, 3 phase4, 2 phase2, 1 early phase1, 1 na or unstated, 1 phase1, 1 phase3; NCT01731236; 2029-12. Last human test completed 2023, NCT04908397.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Carnitine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
3
phase4
3
phase2
2
early phase1
1
na or unstated
1
phase1
1
2 more recorded rows
phase3
1
Last recorded human testNCT04908397
2023-06-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Carnitine shown lifespan?
Interpretation Serum Carnitine Concentration — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
lifespan
mouse
mechanism-only
rat
mechanism-only
dog
biomarker
humanNCT01904396
biomarker; Serum Carnitine Concentration; 12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
More Carnitine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "On ICU-day-6, both low and high free carnitine concentrations associated with delayed ICU-recovery, and excess morbidity and mortality, suggesting a U-shaped relationship." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-02-12
6 recorded sentences naming Carnitine; U-shaped, Dose-response, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 41572315
"On ICU-day-6, both low and high free carnitine concentrations associated with delayed ICU-recovery, and excess morbidity and mortality, suggesting a U-shaped relationship."
PMID 39429785
"A non-linear and U-shaped (for HFpEF) or J-shaped (for HFrEF) association between circulating free carnitine levels and the composite risk of cardiac events were observed."
Dose-responsePMID 41769658
"Dose-response analyses confirmed the efficacy of L-carnitine at relatively low dosages, while other supplements required higher intakes without achieving the predefined clinical targets."
dose-response
PMID 40860286
"Additionally, for each per SD change, significant dose-response relationships were noted with increased odds of asthenozoospermia linked to elevated TMAO (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.12-1.55), as well as L-carnitine (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.67-0.93) and total methyl donors exposure (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.96) levels."
PMID 39239644
"The dose-response relationship between plasma PHB and carnitine and acylcarnitines (CARs) in plasma and brain were assessed by the variance analysis trend test and Spearman's rank correlation test."
PMID 39239644
"Only when the dose-response relationship was fully considered, different strategies screen for the same biomarkers (plasma acetyl-carnitine (C2) and plasma decanoyl-carnitine (C10)), which indicated plasma acylcarnitines might serve as toxicity biomarkers."
recorded 2026-02-12 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Could one person measure Carnitine's effect on behavioral test scores?
Behavioral test scores: measured in Carnitine's trials.
Interpretation behavioral test scores is the recorded endpoint.
Primary Outcome Measure; change in DAS28 ESR for both arms; latest 2029-12
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01731236
"CARNIVAL Study: Gut Flora Dependent Metabolism of Dietary CARNItine and Phosphatidylcholine and cardioVAscuLar Disease"; n 100; "Primary Outcome Measure"; 2029-12
NCT06753565
"L-carnitine Supplementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients"; n 60; "change in DAS28 ESR for both arms"; 2025-06
NCT07160452
"Levocarnitine for Reducing ESA Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients With Renal Anemia"; n 94; "Weekly ESA dose at Month 6 (units/week)"; 2026-03-15
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which 3 trials of Carnitine posted no result?
Posted no result
3 of 3 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00351234, NCT02059577 and NCT00572741
Completion dates
oldest 2007-04; newest 2016-04
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00351234
2007-04
NCT02059577
2013-04
NCT00572741
2016-04
Q8
At the median, Carnitine's trials enrolled 49.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
49.5
Largest enrolment
200
Registered trials counted
12
Q9
Was Carnitine studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Carnitine's label sentences: "The serum C2-acylcarnitine-to-free carnitine ratio was higher in the OA trial than in the PA trial in both postprandial (P = 0.004) and next-morning fasting states (P = 0.009)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-17
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
The serum C2-acylcarnitine-to-free carnitine ratio was higher in the OA trial than in the PA trial in both postprandial (P = 0.004) and next-morning fasting states (P = 0.009).
exercise
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, 20 trained male recreational CrossFit<sup>®</sup> athletes completed the "Cindy" workout within a 20 min period after ingesting either 3 g of L-carnitine tartrate or a placebo 90 min before exercise.
recorded 2026-08-17 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
What is recorded about Carnitine and autophagy?
"Irinotecan combined with FAO inhibition using KN510713 (a combination of KN510 targeting the carnitine-acylcarnitine transporter and KN713 targeting acetyl-CoA acyltransferase1/2) or FAO gene knockdown blocked autophagy flux and cell growth." — where Carnitine and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-20
"Irinotecan combined with FAO inhibition using KN510713 (a combination of KN510 targeting the carnitine-acylcarnitine transporter and KN713 targeting acetyl-CoA acyltransferase1/2) or FAO gene knockdown blocked autophagy flux and cell growth."
AMPKPMID 42126802
"Biochemical assays and pathological staining were performed to assess lipid and glucose metabolism. qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expressions related to fatty acids (FA) translation [including FA transport proteins (FATP) 2, FATP5, CD36], FA synthesis [including stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c),…"
sirtuin
PMID 42126802
"Biochemical assays and pathological staining were performed to assess lipid and glucose metabolism. qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expressions related to fatty acids (FA) translation [including FA transport proteins (FATP) 2, FATP5, CD36], FA synthesis [including stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c),…"
PMID 42143848
"L-carnitine ameliorates impaired endometrial decidualization in rats fed a high-fat diet and HESC treated with palmitic acid via the SIRT1/FOXO1/progesterone receptor pathway."
AMPKPMID 42655800
"Genes involved in lipid mobilization and oxidation, ketogenesis, inflammation, cellular stress, and autophagy; <i>sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)</i>, <i>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)</i>, <i>carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A)</i>, <i>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a synthase 2 (HMGCS2)</i>, <i>cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)</i>, <i>lipase E (LIPE)</i>, <i>protein…"
sirtuinPMID 42655800
"Genes involved in lipid mobilization and oxidation, ketogenesis, inflammation, cellular stress, and autophagy; <i>sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)</i>, <i>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)</i>, <i>carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A)</i>, <i>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a synthase 2 (HMGCS2)</i>, <i>cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)</i>, <i>lipase E (LIPE)</i>, <i>protein…"
autophagyPMID 42655800
"Genes involved in lipid mobilization and oxidation, ketogenesis, inflammation, cellular stress, and autophagy; <i>sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)</i>, <i>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)</i>, <i>carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A)</i>, <i>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a synthase 2 (HMGCS2)</i>, <i>cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)</i>, <i>lipase E (LIPE)</i>, <i>protein…"
mTORPMID 41429425
"These findings demonstrate that L-carnitine exerts a therapeutic effect against MSG-induced hepatocellular injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and autophagy imbalance via the mTOR-ULK1-ATG13 pathway."
autophagyPMID 41429425
"These findings demonstrate that L-carnitine exerts a therapeutic effect against MSG-induced hepatocellular injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and autophagy imbalance via the mTOR-ULK1-ATG13 pathway."
AMPKPMID 39637931
"Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway- and fatty acid oxidation (acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A)-associated proteins were measured both in vivo and in vitro."
5 more recorded rows
IGF-1PMID 40846253
"However, even though HFD notably increased blood levels of IGF-1, knocking down the carnitine-acylcarnitine carrier (CAC) to inhibit FAO completely reversed the tumor-promoting effects in pancreatic cancer cells, accompanied by a significant decrease in ATP production."
mTORPMID 39805783
"Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of BMAL1, CLOCK, period circadian clock 2(PER2), cryptochrome circadian regulator 1(CRY1), Rev-Erbα, carbohydrate response element-binding protein(ChREBP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma(PPARα/γ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C(SREBP-1C), mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR), protein kinase B(Akt),…"
NAD+PMID 39805783
"Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of BMAL1, CLOCK, period circadian clock 2(PER2), cryptochrome circadian regulator 1(CRY1), Rev-Erbα, carbohydrate response element-binding protein(ChREBP), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma(PPARα/γ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C(SREBP-1C), mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR), protein kinase B(Akt),…"
mTORPMID 42650882
"It does so through mechanisms such as fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, de novo lipogenesis, and membrane remodeling, all orchestrated by CD36, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, PPARγ, AMP-activated protein kinase, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway."
NAD+PMID 41903436
"This interaction promoted l-carnitine-dependent metabolic flux, which activated the NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase SIRT3."
recorded 2026-08-20 · last checked 2026-09-04
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