This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Cannabidiol does in the body
What is established is the clinical result: in three specific childhood epilepsies, adding cannabidiol to existing medication reduces seizure counts more than placebo.
The mechanism is not known, which is unusual for an approved drug. Cannabidiol does not switch on the cannabinoid receptor that THC uses, which is why it is not intoxicating. It affects several other targets in laboratory studies — including a heat-sensing ion channel, an orphan receptor, a serotonin receptor and sodium channels — but none has been shown to be the one that stops seizures.
Why people take it. Seizures in three severe childhood epilepsies. Nothing else is approved, including everything CBD is sold for in shops
What happened in people
A 22.8 percentage-point adjusted median advantage over placebo in monthly convulsive-seizure frequency in 120 patients with Dravet syndrome
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The recorded finding that sits closest to something a person would notice. Written into the record, not signed off, and it carries no population or interval.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The limit that matters most
Placed in Schedule V in September 2018 and subsequently not a controlled substance at all, per the current label
Where it acts
Central nervous system; no identified anatomical or molecular site of the anticonvulsant action
Kind of result
The kind of result is not recorded
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 19GBJ60SN5 · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as non-nutrient/non-botanical, under the name Cannabidiol.
Its recorded molecular formula is C21H30O2, weighing 314.46.
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
A limit recorded against this substance. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The four opening statements run to 124 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Confidence interval
A confidence interval is the range the true answer is likely to sit in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a weather forecast giving a range rather than one number.
Where that stops being true. A forecast range covers tomorrow. This one covers what the study could resolve.
What people get wrong. The middle number is read as the answer. A range crossing zero means no change is still possible.
An interval estimate that would contain the true parameter in a stated proportion of repeated studies.
Formulation
A formulation is the exact made-up form a substance comes in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the difference between a whole bean and instant coffee.
Where that stops being true. Coffee tastes different. A formulation can change how much reaches the blood.
What people get wrong. Two products with the same name are assumed to behave the same. They often do not.
The specific composition and physical form of a product, including salt, excipients and release profile.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Strength
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
pain effect scale; brief pain inventory
Focus
montreal cognitive assessment
Strength
leg strength
Energy
fatigue severity scale
Mood
becks depression inventory
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Change in monthly convulsive-seizure frequency over 14 weeks versus a 4-week baseline
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
NCT02091375 (Dravet syndrome)
How many people
120
Study design
Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Adjusted median difference -22.8 percentage points (95% CI -41.1 to -5.4), P=0.01
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. The 50% responder rate, a secondary endpoint, was 43% versus 27% and did not reach significance (P=0.08). More withdrawals occurred in the cannabidiol group.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral solution, 100 mg/mL in sesame oil, twice daily, dosed by body weight
Interval reported. 95% CI -41
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
EPIDIOLEX prescribing information (DailyMed SPL 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec) — sections 5.1 hepatocellular injury, 7.2 and 7.3 interactions, 9.1 con… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Median percentage change from baseline in drop-seizure frequency
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
NCT02224560 (GWPCARE3, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)
How many people
225
Study design
Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled, two doses
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
41.9% (20 mg/kg) and 37.2% (10 mg/kg) versus 17.2% placebo; P=0.005 and P=0.002
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Elevated liver aminotransferases in 14 cannabidiol-treated patients (9%); 6 withdrawals at 20 mg/kg against 1 at 10 mg/kg.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral solution, 100 mg/mL in sesame oil, twice daily, dosed by body weight
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
EPIDIOLEX prescribing information (DailyMed SPL 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec) — sections 5.1 hepatocellular injury, 7.2 and 7.3 interactions, 9.1 con… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 2 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.8 registered measures of this kind.
□A number that stands in for healthNo evidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.No registered study measures this.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Start
Cannabidiol
What a person takes: Oral solution, 100 mg/mL in sesame oil, twice daily, dosed by body weight.
The measurement behind this step
A liquid measured in mg per kg and given twice daily. Because absorption rises several-fold with a high-fat meal, the label requires a consistent relationship to food. Serum transaminases and total bilirubin must be measured before starting and monitored during treatment.
Getting in
Oral solution in sesame oil, twice daily, taken consistently with food or without
A liquid measured by body weight and given twice a day. Food raises absorption several-fold, so it has to be taken the same way every time.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Cannabidiol in sesame oil with anhydrous ethanol. Low and variable oral bioavailability with a substantial high-fat food effect. Starting dose 2.5 mg/kg twice daily, maintenance 5 mg/kg twice daily, maximum 10 mg/kg twice daily in Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Reaching the cell
Metabolised in the liver, where it also blocks two enzymes
The liver converts it to an active form, and while doing so cannabidiol slows down two of the enzymes that clear other medicines.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Metabolised by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 to 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol, itself active, then to 7-carboxy-CBD. Cannabidiol inhibits CYP2C19, raising N-desmethylclobazam several-fold in patients taking clobazam, and interacts with valproate to produce the transaminase signal.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What it acts on
Reaches the brain and engages no identified single target
It gets into the brain and does something anticonvulsant. Which molecule it acts on to do that is not known.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Not a CB1 agonist. Candidate targets include TRPV1, GPR55, 5-HT1A, PPAR-gamma, adenosine reuptake and voltage-gated sodium channels; the label states the mechanism by which cannabidiol exerts anticonvulsant effects is unknown.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The change it makes
Seizure networks are damped by an unidentified route
Seizure counts fall. The step between the drug reaching the brain and the seizures reducing is a gap in the record, not a simplification for the reader.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
No demonstrated causal chain. Reductions in neuronal excitability via sodium-channel modulation and via GPR55 antagonism are the most commonly proposed routes; neither has been shown to be necessary using an antagonist or genetic manipulation in a seizure model at clinically relevant concentrations.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What that does for a person
Convulsive and drop seizures fall against placebo
In the trials, seizures fell by around 20 percentage points more than on placebo. That is the endpoint the approval rests on.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Measured endpoints: monthly convulsive-seizure frequency in Dravet syndrome (adjusted median difference -22.8 percentage points) and median percentage reduction in drop seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (41.9% and 37.2% versus 17.2%). Tuberous sclerosis complex was added by efficacy supplement on 31 July 2020.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
physician global impression of change questionnaire
positive and negative syndrome scale total
neuropsychiatric inventory
fatigue severity scale
becks depression inventory
quality of life
pain effect scale
brief pain inventory
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
leg strength
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
complete remission of acute gvhd
25 foot walk test
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (29)
behavioral measures
incidence of adverse events as a measure of safety
incidence rates of adverse events
relation between sweet taste intensity and liking
pharmacokinetic parameters of thc cmax auc and auc
pharmacokinetic parameters of cbd cmax auc and auc
overall response rate according to recist 1 1
seizure frequency
adverse events
serious adverse events
clinically significant change from baseline in vital signs
pharmacokinetic parameters of 7 hydroxy cbd cmax auc and auc
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte thc
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 oh thc
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 cooh thc
who experienced an adverse event
severe adverse events
montreal cognitive assessment
any clinically relevant urinalysis parameter value
clinically significant electrocardiogram findings
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 56 to 61 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “Elimination The half-life of cannabidiol in plasma was 56 to 61 hours after twice-daily dosing for 7 days in healthy subjects.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Patients aged 1 year and older with one of the three labelled epilepsies, on top of conventional antiseizure medication, with liver enzymes measured before starting and monitored during treatment.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness of EPIDIOLEX in pediatric patients below 1 year of age have not been established.”
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical trials of EPIDIOLEX in the treatment of LGS, DS, and TSC did not include a sufficient number of patients aged above 55 years to determine whether or not they respond differently from younger patients.”
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Surveillance Program and Pregnancy Exposure Registry There are two programs, an EPIDIOLEX pregnancy surveillance program and an antiepileptic drug (AED) pregnancy exposure registry, that monitor pregnancy outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of cannabidiol or its metabolites in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “Because of an increase in exposure to EPIDIOLEX, dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.6 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .”
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
The 50% responder rate in the Dravet trial, a secondary endpoint, did not reach significance at P=0.08
Non-convulsive seizures in the Dravet trial were not significantly reduced, and seizure freedom at 5% versus 0% did not reach significance
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf.
On this record: This record is linked to 1 related forms. Evidence does not carry across all of them.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (9)
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral solution, 100 mg/mL in sesame oil, twice daily, dosed by body weight
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
A liquid measured in mg per kg and given twice daily. Because absorption rises several-fold with a high-fat meal, the label requires a consistent relationship to food. Serum transaminases and total bilirubin must be measured before starting and monitored during treatment.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Labelled warnings are hepatocellular injury, somnolence and sedation, suicidal behaviour and ideation, hypersensitivity reactions, and increased seizure frequency or status epilepticus if withdrawn abruptly. Concomitant valproate and higher cannabidiol doses raise the risk of transaminase elevation; in the controlled epilepsy studies ALT above three times the upper limit of normal occurred in 30% of patients on both valproate and clobazam. Commonest adverse events across the pivotal trials were somnolence, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, fatigue and pyrexia. Cannabidiol is not intoxicating, does not generalise to THC in animal discrimination studies and does not support self-administration; the current label states it is not a controlled substance.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
Drugs@FDA: EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) oral solution, NDA 210365, original approval 25 June 2018; tuberous sclerosis complex efficacy supplement approved 31 July… · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Cannabidiol appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 4910 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral solution, 100 mg/mL in sesame oil, twice daily, dosed by body weight
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Because absorption rises several-fold with a high-fat meal, the label requires a consistent relationship to food. Serum transaminases and total bilirubin must be measured before starting and monitored during treatment.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
9 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 9 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72640-037 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as concentrate, powder and solution, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72640-037 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is cannabinoids [cs], cytochrome p450 1a2 inhibitors [moa] and cytochrome p450 2b6 inducers [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72640-037 · read 2026-08-29
1 published label names it as an active ingredient. 1 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-29
775 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, no claim and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Epidiolex is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Cannabidiol oral solution: 100 mg/mL of a strawberry-flavored, clear, colorless to yellow solution., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-05-29 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
Evidence on this page does not automatically apply to this one.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Cannabidiol studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That evidence at 10 to 20 mg/kg/day in three rare epilepsies supports 10 to 50 mg retail doses for anxiety, sleep or pain
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That any identified in-vitro target mediates the anticonvulsant effect — the label states the mechanism is unknown
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That a consumer CBD product is pharmacologically inert with respect to prescription medicines, when the molecule inhibits CYP2C19 and CYP3A4
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Cannabidiol are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
Dravet syndrome: convulsive seizures more than halved against a placebo that barely moved
In plain words
In 120 children and young adults, monthly convulsive seizures fell from 12.4 to 5.9 on cannabidiol and from 14.9 to 14.1 on placebo.
What was measured
Change in monthly convulsive-seizure frequency over 14 weeks
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 120 children and young adults with Dravet syndrome and drug-resistant seizures randomised to cannabidiol oral solution 20 mg/kg/day or placebo added to standard antiepileptic treatment. Primary endpoint was change in convulsive-seizure frequency over 14 weeks against a 4-week baseline. Median monthly convulsive seizures fell from 12.4 to 5.9 with cannabidiol and 14.9 to 14.1 with placebo; adjusted median difference -22.8 percentage points (95% CI -41.1 to -5.4, P=0.01). At least 50% reduction occurred in 43% versus 27% (OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 4.30, P=0.08) — a secondary endpoint that did not reach significance. Caregiver Global Impression of Change improved by at least one category in 62% versus 34% (P=0.02). Seizure freedom was 5% versus 0% (P=0.08). Adverse events more common on cannabidiol were diarrhoea, vomiting, fatigue, pyrexia, somnolence and abnormal liver function tests, with more withdrawals in the cannabidiol group.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Lennox-Gastaut: both doses beat placebo on drop seizures in 225 patients
In plain words
Drop seizures fell by about 42% on the higher dose and 37% on the lower, against 17% on placebo. Nine percent of treated patients had raised liver enzymes.
What was measured
Median percentage change from baseline in drop-seizure frequency
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 30 centres, 225 patients aged 2 to 55 with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and at least two drop seizures per week at baseline, randomised to cannabidiol 20 mg/kg/day (n=76), 10 mg/kg/day (n=73) or placebo (n=76) for 14 weeks. Median baseline drop-seizure count was 85 per 28 days across groups. Median percentage reduction was 41.9% at 20 mg/kg, 37.2% at 10 mg/kg and 17.2% on placebo (P=0.005 and P=0.002 respectively versus placebo). Commonest adverse events were somnolence, decreased appetite and diarrhoea, more frequent at the higher dose. Six patients on 20 mg/kg and one on 10 mg/kg withdrew for adverse events. Fourteen cannabidiol-treated patients (9%) had elevated liver aminotransferases. That the two doses were close to each other and both well clear of placebo is what a real dose-response with a plateau looks like.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The liver signal is real, and it is mostly a drug interaction
In plain words
Raised liver enzymes happened in about a third of patients taking cannabidiol together with valproate and clobazam, against a small percentage on cannabidiol with neither.
What was measured
Incidence of ALT elevation above 3x upper limit of normal by concomitant antiseizure medication
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The approved label requires serum transaminases and total bilirubin before starting and during treatment. In the controlled studies in Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, ALT elevation above three times the upper limit of normal occurred in 30% of patients taking both concomitant valproate and clobazam, 21% of those on valproate without clobazam, and 4% of those on clobazam without valproate. The majority of elevations occurred in patients taking valproate. Cannabidiol is a potent CYP2C19 inhibitor and raises N-desmethylclobazam, clobazam's active metabolite, which is also the likely source of part of the observed somnolence and of some of the apparent efficacy in clobazam-treated patients. The interaction is not an incidental finding; it shapes how the efficacy results should be read.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Everything CBD is actually sold for is unapproved and mostly untested at the doses sold
In plain words
The approval covers three rare epilepsies at 10 to 20 mg per kilogram per day. A retail CBD product typically supplies a fraction of that and is sold for anxiety, sleep and pain, none of which is an approved indication.
What was measured
That evidence generated at 10 to 20 mg/kg/day in three rare epilepsies supports retail doses of 10 to 50 mg for anxiety, sleep or pain
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The labelled dose in the pivotal trials was 10 to 20 mg/kg/day — 700 to 1,400 mg daily for a 70 kg adult. Consumer CBD products commonly supply 10 to 50 mg per serving, one to two orders of magnitude lower, and are marketed for anxiety, sleep, pain and inflammation. No adequately powered randomised trial supports any of those indications at any dose, and the pharmacokinetics compound the gap: oral cannabidiol has low and variable bioavailability with a large food effect, so a fasted low-dose consumer product delivers a plasma concentration far below anything studied. Separately, cannabidiol's CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 inhibition is dose-dependent and is the mechanism by which a supplement can alter the level of a prescription medicine.
Source
EPIDIOLEX prescribing information, NDA 210365, dosage and clinical pharmacology sections, against the labelled indications
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
caution
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Schedule I, then Schedule V, then not a controlled substance at all
In plain words
When Epidiolex was approved in 2018 the DEA put it in Schedule V. It is now, according to its own label, not a controlled substance.
What was measured
Control status of the same molecule across successive determinations
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Cannabidiol derived from cannabis fell within the Schedule I definition of marijuana. On 28 September 2018, three months after Epidiolex was approved on 25 June 2018, DEA published a final rule placing FDA-approved drug products containing cannabidiol derived from cannabis with no more than 0.1% tetrahydrocannabinols in Schedule V (83 FR 48950). The current FDA-approved prescribing information for Epidiolex states in section 9.1 that it is not a controlled substance. The abuse-potential data behind that are on the same label: cannabidiol does not generalise to delta-9-THC in animal drug-discrimination studies, does not support animal self-administration, and was studied in non-dependent adult recreational drug users at 750, 1,500 and 4,500 mg. Three regulatory positions on one molecule inside a few years, each following the evidence rather than preceding it.
Source
Federal Register 83 FR 48950 (28 September 2018); EPIDIOLEX prescribing information, NDA 210365, section 9.1
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
verified
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
An approved drug with no identified mechanism
In plain words
Cannabidiol works in these epilepsies and nobody can say why. The many receptors it touches in a dish mostly need higher concentrations than the body ever reaches.
What was measured
That any of the reported in-vitro targets of cannabidiol mediates its anticonvulsant effect in humans
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The proposed targets — TRPV1, GPR55, 5-HT1A, PPAR-gamma, adenosine reuptake, voltage-gated sodium channels, negative allosteric modulation of CB1 — are each supported by in-vitro data, and most of the reported effects appear at concentrations above the plasma concentrations achieved at 20 mg/kg/day. No target has been shown to be necessary for the anticonvulsant effect by the kind of antagonist or knockout experiment that established 5-HT2A for LSD. The label's mechanism-of-action section says the mechanism is unknown. This does not weaken the clinical result, which was measured directly in randomised trials; it does mean that mechanistic claims made for consumer CBD are unsupported at the source.
Source
EPIDIOLEX prescribing information, NDA 210365, mechanism of action section
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
caution
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
19GBJ60SN5
RxNorm concept
2058900
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
1 approved application covers products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA210365, approved 20180625 to JAZZ PHARMS RES.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
3 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
A cannabis constituent with genuine, replicated randomised evidence in three rare epilepsies, no identified mechanism, a real drug-interaction and liver signal, and a consumer market built on indications it has never been tested for.
Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Cannabidiol's largest trial (978 people) and its longest (8.8 years) measure?
978 people in Cannabidiol's largest registered study, 8.8 years in its longest registered window, measuring The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
131 phase2, 66 phase1, 46 phase3, 19 na, 15 na or unstated, 14 early phase1, 12 phase4; NCT02088060; 2024-09-16; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05864846.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Cannabidiol was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
131
phase1
66
phase3
46
na
19
na or unstated
15
early phase1
14
2 more recorded rows
phase4
12
Last recorded human testNCT05864846
2026-04-06
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Cannabidiol shown lifespan?
The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
mouse
lifespan
rat
mechanism-only
humanNCT01217112
biomarker; The Change From Baseline in Mean Serum High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration After 91 Days (13 Weeks) of Treatment; 266
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
40 of Cannabidiol's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (12), funding/business (9) and other (19): Cannabidiol's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Slow recruitment"; 40 of 266 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01975688
terminated; "Slow recruitment"
NCT02088060
terminated; "Following the expiry of the original research grant, no follow-up financing could be provided to complete the study."
NCT02318537
withdrawn; "Sponsor elected not to continue with study."
NCT02318563
withdrawn; "Sponsor elected not to continue with study."
NCT02492074
withdrawn; "No documents were ever submitted to the Ethics Committee or the competent authority because it was not possible to establish the planned PET measurements in Germany. Therefore, the study never started."
NCT02551731
terminated; "Sponsor elected not to continue with study"
14 further recorded trials
NCT02815540
terminated; "Investigator no longer at institution, and difficult recruitment; study will not resume"
NCT02844933
terminated; "Insys Therapeutics filed Chapter 11 and terminated all studies."
NCT03172741
withdrawn; "Did not pursue study"
NCT03310593
terminated; "It was interrupted due to the coronavirus pandemic outbreak."
NCT03336242
terminated; "More patients in Cohort 1 than Cohort 2 demonstrated a clinically meaningful reduction of seizure count. Given this, enrollment of Cohort 3 was discontinued."
NCT03355300
terminated; "Insys Therapeutics filed Chapter 11 and terminated all studies."
NCT03421496
terminated; "The study was terminated due to slow enrollment and failure to identify adequate patients that met entry criteria."
NCT03458416
terminated; "Insys Therapeutics filed Chapter 11 and terminated all studies."
NCT03467620
withdrawn; "Inadequate funding"
NCT03471559
terminated; "Two step study, step two was not feasible based on results from phase one."
NCT03826368
withdrawn; "Lack of initial funding after approval of study"
NCT03848832
terminated; "The study was terminated due to enrollment challenges and the COVID-19 pandemic."
NCT03883360
withdrawn; "not funded"
NCT03891264
terminated; "Funding obtained to do a larger placebo-controlled trial"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Cannabidiol used GWP42003-P 5 mg/kg/day Dose — over how long?
20 recorded entries; human; also "GWP42003-P 10 mg/kg/day Dose", "GWP42003-P 20 mg/kg/day Dose", "GWP42003-P 20 mg/kg/Day Dose"
Show the evidence
human
NCT02091206
GWP42003-P 5 mg/kg/day Dose
NCT02091206
GWP42003-P 10 mg/kg/day Dose
NCT02091206
GWP42003-P 20 mg/kg/day Dose
NCT02565108
GWP42003-P 20 mg/kg/Day Dose
NCT03787628
Cannabidiol (CBD) 600 mg
NCT04192370
Cannabidiol 600mg
14 more recorded rows
humanNCT04587791
400 mg Cannabidiol
humanNCT04587791
800 mg Cannabidiol
humanNCT04587791
1200 mg Cannabidiol
humanNCT04613102
AVCN583601 (3% Cannabidiol cream)
humanNCT04642404
Epidiolex 100 mg/mL Oral Solution
humanNCT04883255
600 mg cannabidiol (CBD)
humanNCT05253417
50 mg Cannabidiol (CBD)
humanNCT05253417
100 mg Cannabidiol (CBD)
humanNCT05269628
Epidiolex® 100 mg/mL solution
humanNCT05269706
Cannabidiol 200mg
humanNCT05269706
Cannabidiol 400mg
humanNCT05324449
Cannabidiol 100 MG/ML
humanNCT05445804
300 mg Cannabidiol
humanNCT05445804
600 mg Cannabidiol
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Cannabidiol was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "The main results of the present study demonstrated that cannabidiol exerted a dose-dependent antidepressant-like effect in aged rats (U-shaped, effective at the intermediate dose of 10 mg/kg as compared to the other doses tested), without affecting body weight." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2025-12-30
3 recorded sentences naming Cannabidiol; U-shaped, biphasic, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 35847003
"The main results of the present study demonstrated that cannabidiol exerted a dose-dependent antidepressant-like effect in aged rats (U-shaped, effective at the intermediate dose of 10 mg/kg as compared to the other doses tested), without affecting body weight."
biphasicPMID 41599679
"Melatonin (MT) combined with cannabidiol (CBD) may exert synergistic effects on improving sleep; the underlying pharmacological drug-drug interactions (DDI) and interspecies differences in their combined actions remain unknown. <b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of combined drug formulations by utilizing DDI-based approaches so as to underpin the…"
dose-responsePMID 39208564
"Cannabidiol (GL1b) significantly suppressed activation of Tregs (p < 0.05) and Th17 cells (p < 0.05) in a follow-on in vitro dose-response study."
recorded 2025-12-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Cannabidiol's half-life is 56 to 61 hours — which schedules were studied?
56 to 61 hours, the half-life Cannabidiol's label states. openfda-label · 8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec · 2026-08-30
Show the evidence
half life
56 to 61 hours hours; Elimination The half-life of cannabidiol in plasma was 56 to 61 hours after twice-daily dosing for 7 days in healthy subjects.
tmax
Absorption Cannabidiol has a time to maximum plasma concentration (T max ) of 2.5 to 5 hours at steady state (C ss ).
metabolism
Metabolism Cannabidiol is metabolized in the liver and the gut (primarily in the liver) by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 enzymes, and UGT1A7, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 isoforms.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Cannabidiol's effect on behavioral measures?
Behavioral measures: measured in Cannabidiol's trials.
Interpretation behavioral measures is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
behavioral measures; 2026-09-01
incidence of adverse events as a measure of safety; 2026-09-01
physician global impression of change questionnaire; 2026-09-01
incidence rates of adverse events; 2026-09-01
positive and negative syndrome scale total; 2026-09-01
relation between sweet taste intensity and liking; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic parameters of thc cmax auc and auc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic parameters of cbd cmax auc and auc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
overall response rate according to recist 1 1; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
seizure frequency; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serious adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
clinically significant change from baseline in vital signs; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic parameters of 7 hydroxy cbd cmax auc and auc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
complete remission of acute gvhd; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte thc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 oh thc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 cooh thc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
who experienced an adverse event; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
severe adverse events; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; hours; 56 to 61 hours; 2026-08-30
human trials at or under30
109
smallest human trial
0; NCT01868048; PHASE3; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q8
Which of 25 foot walk test, 9 hole peg test and absorption constant did Cannabidiol's trials measure?
25 foot walk test, 9 hole peg test and absorption constant lead 40 outcome terms across Cannabidiol's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
incidence rates of adverse events, positive and negative syndrome scale total, relation between sweet taste intensity and liking, pharmacokinetic parameters of thc cmax auc and auc, pharmacokinetic parameters of cbd cmax auc and auc and overall response rate according to recist 1 1 follow.
Show the evidence
behavioral measures
1
incidence of adverse events as a measure of safety
1
physician global impression of change questionnaire
1
incidence rates of adverse events
1
positive and negative syndrome scale total
1
relation between sweet taste intensity and liking
1
14 more recorded rows
pharmacokinetic parameters of thc cmax auc and auc
1
pharmacokinetic parameters of cbd cmax auc and auc
1
overall response rate according to recist 1 1
1
seizure frequency
1
adverse events
1
serious adverse events
1
clinically significant change from baseline in vital signs
1
pharmacokinetic parameters of 7 hydroxy cbd cmax auc and auc
1
complete remission of acute gvhd
1
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte thc
1
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 oh thc
1
pharmacokinetic endpoints of the analyte 11 cooh thc
1
who experienced an adverse event
1
severe adverse events
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Cannabidiol's 74 ongoing trials reports first?
Change in pain ratings on a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS); Psychotic symptoms; latest 2033-08-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02397863
"Epidiolex and Drug Resistant Epilepsy in Children"; 2020-01
NCT03676049
"Cannabidiol for Drug Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy (Expanded Access Use)"
NCT03984565
"PAIN: A Project Assessing the Impact of a Novel Cannabinoid Product"; n 25; "Change in pain ratings on a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)"; 2026-09
NCT04105231
"Cannabidiol for Treatment of Non-affective Psychosis and Cannabis Use"; n 64; "Psychotic symptoms"; 2026-03-31
NCT04411225
"Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) Versus Placebo as an Adjunct to Treatment in Early Psychosis"; n 120; "Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychosis"; 2026-12
NCT04482244
"RCT of CBD for Anxiety in Advanced Breast Cancer"; n 60; "Change in Anxiety Score-Visual Analog Mood Scale (VAMs) Anxiety Subscale"; 2027-12-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT04517799
"Trial of Cannabidiol to Treat Severe Behavior Problems in Children With Autism"; n 42; "Total Score on Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R)"; 2025-12-31
NCT04550377
"Cannabidiol as a Treatment for PTSD and PTSD Comorbid With TBI"; n 120; "Change in PTSD symptoms"; 2026-06
NCT04587791
"Cannabidiol in Opioid Use Disorder and Chronic Pain"; n 34; "Safety and tolerability of CBD measured by the Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Effects (SAFTEE)"; 2026-08-31
NCT04878627
"Role of CBD in Regulating Meal Time Anxiety in Anorexia Nervosa"; n 40; "Committee of Clinical Investigations UKU-Side Effect Scale Week 1"; 2026-06
NCT04883255
"Cannabis Use, Cognition, and the Endocannabinoid System in HIV"; n 138; "change in Iowa Gambling Task score from baseline to post-intervention"; 2026-06-30
NCT04992624
"Cannabinoid Interactions With Central and Peripheral Pain Mechanisms in Osteoarthritis of the Knee"; n 200; "Default mode network (DMN) to insula connectivity via functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI)"; 2026-10-31
NCT05015439
"Cannabidiol (CBD) in Adults With ASD"; n 40; "Change in Aberrant Behaviors as assessed by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist"; 2026-12
NCT05020028
"Cannabidiol (CBD) in Pain Reduction for Knee Osteoarthritis"; n 100; "VAS Pain Severity Score"; 2027-09
NCT05044819
"Assessment of Potential for Chronic Liver Injury in Participants Treated With Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) Oral Solution"; n 154; "Number of Participants With Liver Fibrosis and Evaluable Fibrotic Changes as Determined and Assessed by an Independent Adjudication Committee"; 2028-03-31
NCT05052541
"Safety and Efficacy of Oral Cannabis in Chronic Spine Pain"; n 157; "Change in chronic pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain"; 2027-06
NCT05066308
"Cannabidiol for Reduction of Brain Neuroinflammation"; n 80; "Changes in Neuroinflammation in the Thalamus"; 2026-12-15
NCT05067387
"Evaluation of Oral THC and CBD in Men and Women"; n 22; "Ratings of subjective drug effects"; 2028-06-15
NCT05182697
"SCI-210 in the Treatment of Children and Young Adults With AutismEvaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of SCI-210 in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)"; n 60; "Evaluation of the safety of SCI-210 in the treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)"; 2026-06
NCT05269628
"Mechanisms of Cannabidiol in Persons With MS: the Role of Sleep and Pain Phenotype"; n 166; "Mean change in sleep bout length"; 2027-08-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which 51 trials of Cannabidiol posted no result?
Posted no result
51 of 51 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00628290, NCT01311778, NCT01037322, NCT01887301, NCT01180374 and NCT02291536, and 45 more
Completion dates
oldest 2008-03; newest 2024-08-20
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00628290
2008-03
NCT01311778
2011-10
NCT01037322
2012-09
NCT01887301
2014-05
NCT01180374
2014-10-06
NCT02291536
2014-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT02291562
2014-12
NCT02073474
2015-01
NCT02325011
2015-02
NCT02112292
2015-04-16
NCT02487381
2015-08
NCT03210766
2016-01-31
NCT01812603
2016-06
NCT01812616
2016-06
NCT01898520
2017-03
NCT03537950
2017-03-01
NCT02044809
2017-06-05
NCT02051387
2017-08
NCT02607891
2018-10-02
NCT02607904
2019-05-27
Q11
At the median, Cannabidiol's trials enrolled 40 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
40
Largest enrolment
978
Registered trials counted
259
Q12
What do 4910 spontaneous reports say about Cannabidiol — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Cannabidiol appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 4910 reaction mentions were counted: seizure 1993; diarrhoea 625; somnolence 577; drug abuse 466. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL190461 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
seizure
1993
diarrhoea
625
somnolence
577
drug abuse
466
product dose omission issue
254
decreased appetite
210
4 more recorded rows
aggression
208
drug dependence
207
weight increased
195
agitation
175
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Cannabidiol and CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and BCRP: shared by which compounds?
CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and BCRP appear in Cannabidiol's recorded interaction sentences, 17 in all. openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
Interpretation pharmacokinetics
Show the evidence
CYP1A2pharmacokinetics
Effect of EPIDIOLEX on Other Drugs CYP1A2 Substrates Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX (750 mg twice daily) with a single dose of caffeine (200 mg), a sensitive CYP1A2 substrate, showed increased caffeine exposure by 15% for C max and 95% for AUC compared to caffeine administered alone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] .
CYP2B6
pharmacokinetics
The C max and AUC of hydroxybupropion, an active metabolite formed by CYP2B6, was not altered.
pharmacokinetics
In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions Drug Metabolizing Enzymes [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 , 7.2 )] Cannabidiol has the potential to inhibit CYP2B6 and CYP2C8, and to induce CYP2B6 at clinically relevant concentrations.
pharmacokinetics
CYP2B6 Substrates Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX (7.5 mg/kg twice daily) with a single dose of bupropion (150 mg), a CYP2B6 substrate, decreased bupropion exposure by 19% for C max and 20% for AUC compared to bupropion administered alone.
CYP2C19
pharmacokinetics
Metabolism Cannabidiol is metabolized in the liver and the gut (primarily in the liver) by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 enzymes, and UGT1A7, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 isoforms.
pharmacokinetics
CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 Inducers Coadministration with rifampin, a strong CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inducer, caused a decrease in cannabidiol exposure of 32% and 34% for AUC and C max [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
pharmacokinetics
Effect of Other Drugs on EPIDIOLEX CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 Inhibitors Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX with strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2C19 had the following effects on exposure to cannabidiol and its metabolites.
pharmacokinetics
Although the effects of a strong CYP2C19 inhibitor fluconazole were slightly more marked, they are still considered not to be clinically meaningful (cannabidiol increased by 22% and 24% for AUC and C max , respectively; 7‑OH‑CBD decreased by 28% and 41% for AUC and C max ; 7‑COOH‑CBD decreased by 33% and 48% for AUC and C max ).
pharmacokinetics
Coadministration with clobazam in healthy subjects increased the cannabidiol active metabolite 7-OH-CBD mean C max by 73% and AUC by 47%; and increased the clobazam active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam, a substrate of CYP2C19, C max and AUC by approximately 3-fold, with no effect on clobazam levels [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )].
CYP2C8pharmacokinetics
In Vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions Drug Metabolizing Enzymes [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 , 7.2 )] Cannabidiol has the potential to inhibit CYP2B6 and CYP2C8, and to induce CYP2B6 at clinically relevant concentrations.
CYP2C9pharmacokinetics
CYP2C9 Substrates Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX (7.5 mg/kg twice daily) with a single dose of tolbutamide (500 mg), a moderately sensitive CYP2C9 substrate, did not result in changes in plasma exposures of tolbutamide compared to tolbutamide administered alone.
CYP3A4
pharmacokinetics
Metabolism Cannabidiol is metabolized in the liver and the gut (primarily in the liver) by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 enzymes, and UGT1A7, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 isoforms.
pharmacokinetics
CYP3A4 Substrates Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX (750 mg twice daily) with a single dose of midazolam (2.5 mg), a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, did not result in changes in plasma concentrations of midazolam compared to midazolam administered alone.
pharmacokinetics
CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 Inducers Coadministration with rifampin, a strong CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 inducer, caused a decrease in cannabidiol exposure of 32% and 34% for AUC and C max [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
pharmacokinetics
Effect of Other Drugs on EPIDIOLEX CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 Inhibitors Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX with strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2C19 had the following effects on exposure to cannabidiol and its metabolites.
pharmacokinetics
Itraconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased exposure by <10% for cannabidiol and <20% for 7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD for both AUC and C max .
pharmacokinetics
Everolimus Coadministration of EPIDIOLEX (12.5 mg/kg twice daily) with the P-gp and CYP3A4 substrate everolimus (5 mg) in healthy subjects led to an approximately 2.5-fold increase in everolimus mean C max and AUC [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] .
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Cannabidiol studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Cannabidiol's label sentences: "INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects of a topical cannabidiol (CBD) gel compared to placebo on muscle function recovery, perceived muscle soreness, and blood marker of muscle damage following strenuous exercise designed to induce muscle damage." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects of a topical cannabidiol (CBD) gel compared to placebo on muscle function recovery, perceived muscle soreness, and blood marker of muscle damage following strenuous exercise designed to induce muscle damage.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Cannabidiol and mTOR?
"Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), modulate key regulators like mTOR, AMPK, and Beclin-1, thereby influencing autophagic flux, inflammation, and apoptosis." — where Cannabidiol and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-04-28
"Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), modulate key regulators like mTOR, AMPK, and Beclin-1, thereby influencing autophagic flux, inflammation, and apoptosis."
AMPKPMID 41516397
"Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), modulate key regulators like mTOR, AMPK, and Beclin-1, thereby influencing autophagic flux, inflammation, and apoptosis."
autophagyPMID 41516397
"Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), modulate key regulators like mTOR, AMPK, and Beclin-1, thereby influencing autophagic flux, inflammation, and apoptosis."
mTORPMID 42047332
"Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated…"
AMPKPMID 42047332
"Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated…"
sirtuinPMID 42047332
"Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated…"
autophagy
PMID 42047332
"Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated…"
PMID 39710053
"In our study, we used a neuroblastoma cell line that overexpresses wild-type α-synuclein to investigate the effects of cannabidiol on autophagy modulation and reduction in the level of cytosolic α-synuclein."
mTORPMID 41484896
"Recently, because of its efficacy, cannabidiol, which targets adenosine signaling pathway, has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of TSC-associated epilepsy, suggesting an anti-epilepsy strategy other than mTOR inhibition is also plausible for TSC."
sirtuinPMID 33859553
"Further mechanistic investigation showed that Cannabidiol induced SH-SY5Y cells autophagy to protects cells from mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating SIRT1 to Inhibits NF-κB and NOTCH Pathways."
recorded 2026-04-28 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
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