This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Folic acid does in the body
Megaloblastic anemias due to folic acid deficiency
Folic acid acts on megaloblastic bone marrow to produce a normoblastic marrow. In man, an exogenous source of folate is required for nucleoprotein synthesis and the maintenance of normal erythropoiesis. Folic acid is the precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid, which is involved as a cofactor for transformylation reactions in the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylates of nucleic acids. Impairment of thymidylate synthesis in patients with folic acid deficiency is thought to account for the defective deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis that leads to megaloblast formation and megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 935E97BOY8 · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as vitamin, under the name Vitamin B9 (Folate).
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 108 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Mood
depression rating scale; severity of depressive symptoms
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
- to determine the impact of daily oral supplementation of zinc (5 mg per day to infants aged less than 6 months and 10 mg per day to older children) and iron folic acid to children aged 1-23 months for a period of upto 12 months on all-cause mortality,
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00269542
How many people
94359
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Death among children 1-36 months of age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00109551
How many people
58000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Infant Mortality Through 6 mo of Age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00860470
How many people
44567
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
First ischemic stroke
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04974138
How many people
32000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Anemia status
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03287882
How many people
25447
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
First ischemic stroke
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04974151
How many people
24000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.7 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
depression rating scale
positive and negative syndrome scale
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hemoglobin
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
nonfatal myocardial infarction
fatal myocardial infarction
nonfatal stroke
fatal stroke and
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease
overall survival of receiving pralatrexate vs erlotinib
survival
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (30)
carotid intima media thickness
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure
dementia rating scale
best overall psa response
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events
either an infection or a grade iii or iv adverse event
primary end was a composite of
1 or more adenomas
at least one serious infection through week 24
any infections or any grade 3/4 infections through week 24
maximum duration of infections through week 24
adverse events and serious adverse events through week 24
modified total sharp from screening at week 52
american college of rheumatology 20 response at week 24
homocysteine status
time to progression
live birth
severity of depressive symptoms
behavioral test scores
safety number of drug related grade 3 or 4 toxicity
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
FOLIC ACID oral solution is indicated for the treatment of megaloblastic anemias due to folic acid deficiency in adult and pediatric patients.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “QUIOFIC is approved for treatment of megaloblastic anemias due to folic acid deficiency in pediatric patients [see Dosage and Administration (2) ].”
US prescribing information · b868b314-591d-458b-be82-2bcd0b73cce1 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from published studies over decades of use of folic acid in pregnant women have not identified a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · b868b314-591d-458b-be82-2bcd0b73cce1 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from published studies over decades of use of folic acid supplementation in lactating women have found that folic acid is present in human milk.”
US prescribing information · b868b314-591d-458b-be82-2bcd0b73cce1 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Folic acid appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 23619 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
QUIOFIC is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Oral Solution: 0.2 mg/mL; yellow solution with a mixed berry flavor., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-02-08 in the United States.
US prescribing information · b868b314-591d-458b-be82-2bcd0b73cce1 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
A single-person plan is offered only as a structure for observing yourself. It never calculates an amount to take, and it cannot prove cause.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Folic acid studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Folic acid are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
935E97BOY8
CAS registry number
59-30-3
PubChem compound
6037
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1622
ChEBI
27470
WHO international nonproprietary name list entry
68
RxNorm concept
4511
EMA substance identifier
100000085634
European Chemicals Agency number
200-419-0
DrugBank
DB00158
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Folic acid's largest trial (18962 people) and its longest (21 years) measure?
18962 people in Folic acid's largest registered study, 21 years in its longest registered window, measuring Perinatal mortality, i.e., the number of stillbirths (fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more of gestation) and the number of deaths within the first 0-6 days of life per 1000 births (live births and… ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
74 phase2, 73 na, 47 phase3, 36 phase4, 27 phase1, 7 na or unstated, 6 early phase1; NCT00512850; 2017-02-01. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06935630.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Folic acid was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
74
na
73
phase3
47
phase4
36
phase1
27
na or unstated
7
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
6
Last recorded human testNCT06935630
2026-02-28
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Folic acid shown lifespan?
Perinatal mortality, i.e., the number of stillbirths (fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more of gestation) and the number of deaths within the first 0-6 days of life… — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
lifespan
mouse
lifespan
rat
healthspan
humanNCT00133744
lifespan; Perinatal mortality, i.e., the number of stillbirths (fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more of gestation) and the number of deaths within the first 0-6 days of life per 1000 births (live births and stillbirths); 246
terminated; "side effect and poor clinical outcome"
NCT01818414
terminated; "Concerns for safety"
NCT02393378
terminated; "Strategic decision - to understand data from psoriasis study - NCT02129777 and wait for results of formal proof of concept study - NCT02379091."
NCT02795299
withdrawn; "Study not started due to Sponsor decision to not move forward with compound."
NCT02930343
terminated; "Due to time constraints, the study was halted prematurely"
NCT03485404
terminated; "Due to slow recruiment. Only 40 patients were recruited in four years."
NCT03516903
terminated; "Due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With a second wave just beginning, and considering that we are testing an immunosuppressant in patients with high risk for COVID-19 complications, we would not be able to re-start recruitment safely in the…"
NCT04354428
terminated; "Low number of events contributing to primary outcome"
NCT04881851
terminated; "Study treatment products expired"
NCT06015750
withdrawn; "Sponsor decision following FDA release from the PMR."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Folic acid used Folic acid (0.4mg vs. 4.0mg) — over how long?
15 recorded entries; human; also "folic acid (0.8 mg)", "folic acid 400 mcg", "Folic Acid 4 mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00098319
Folic acid (0.4mg vs. 4.0mg)
NCT00110604
folic acid (0.8 mg)
NCT01047982
folic acid 400 mcg
NCT01355159
Folic Acid 4 mg
NCT03306745
Folic acid 400 mg
NCT04579848
Folic Acid 1 MG
9 more recorded rows
humanNCT04989049
Folic Acid 5 MG
humanNCT05284656
combination of Pentoxifylline 400 MG and Folic Acid
humanNCT05284656
combination of Trental SR 400mg and Folic acid
humanNCT05712044
folic acid 5mg cilocid bruluagsa
humanNCT06774885
Folic Acid 1 Mg Oral Tablet
humanNCT06774885
Folic Acid 5 Mg Oral Tablet
humanNCT06935630
Folic Acid 600 mcg (1.35 μmol)
humanNCT07685015
Myo-inositol 2 g + Folic acid 200 µg
humanNCT07685015
Folic acid 200 µg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Did Folic acid move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "We evaluated exposure to high ambient temperatures and sperm epigenetic age among 1,220 men residing along the Wasatch Front in Utah in an ancillary prospective cohort study set within the Folic Acid and Zinc Supplementation Trial (FAZST; 2013-2018)." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2026-06-01
6 recorded sentences; 2026, 2023, 2024, 2018, 2025; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 41875434
2026; "We evaluated exposure to high ambient temperatures and sperm epigenetic age among 1,220 men residing along the Wasatch Front in Utah in an ancillary prospective cohort study set within the Folic Acid and Zinc Supplementation Trial (FAZST; 2013-2018)."
GrimAgePMID 37179367
2023; "We used linear regression to evaluate whether NO<sub>2</sub> or supplemental folic acid was associated with epigenetic age acceleration according to the Pan-tissue, mural GC, and GrimAge clocks or DNAm across the genome adjusting for potential confounders and accounting for multiple testing with a false discovery rate < 0.1."
epigenetic agePMID 37179367
2023; "There were no associations between NO<sub>2</sub> or supplemental folic acid intake and epigenetic age acceleration of GC."
epigenetic clockPMID 38096372
2024; "In this population with adequate folate levels derived from diet, an increase in RBC folate had a modest impact on the epigenetic clock predicting chronologic age."
HorvathPMID 30350398
2018; "After supplementation with folic acid + vitamin B12, epigenetic age, estimated by the Horvath "epigenetic clock" model, is reduced in women with the MTHFR 677CC genotype."
epigenetic agePMID 40647238
2025; "This study examines the alterations in DNA methylation signature including epigenetic age changes, measure cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and HCY concentrations, and identifies genetic markers that may influence homocysteine response following folic acid (FA) supplementation in individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC). <b>Methods:</b> Blood samples were obtained from 43 HHC patients undergoing FA…"
recorded 2026-06-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More Folic acid was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "The research found that the impact of red blood cell folate on semen quality is parameter-specific: it shows a significant U-shaped relationship with the sperm DNA fragmentation index (quadratic term β = 2.560 × 10⁻⁴, p = 0.015), and this relationship is significantly modulated by the inflammatory state (interaction…" Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-04-22
6 recorded sentences naming Folic acid; U-shaped, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 42020650
"The research found that the impact of red blood cell folate on semen quality is parameter-specific: it shows a significant U-shaped relationship with the sperm DNA fragmentation index (quadratic term β = 2.560 × 10⁻⁴, p = 0.015), and this relationship is significantly modulated by the inflammatory state (interaction term β = 2.825 × 10⁻⁷, p = 0.035), while it shows a stable linear positive…"
PMID 41355145
"Penalized spline logistic models revealed significant L-shaped associations between natural food folate and frailty, and U-shaped associations for fortified foods folic acid with frailty (p-nonlinear < 0.05)."
PMID 41355145
"U-shaped associations were also observed for serum total folate, 5-methylTHF, non-methyl folate, and RBC folate with frailty (p-nonlinear < 0.001), along with positive associations for serum UMFA and Mefox with frailty."
PMID 41355145
"Higher frailty prevalence was found in participants in the lowest quartile of serum total folate, 5-methylTHF, and non-methyl folate (ORs ranging from 1.16 to 1.29) and in the fourth quartile of non-methyl folate and RBC folate (ORs 1.18-1.31).U-shaped associations were observed for fortified foods folic acid and blood folate (serum total folate, 5-methylTHF, non-methyl folate, and RBC folate),…"
dose-response
PMID 41777864
"A cross-sectional analysis of 3,680 pregnant women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) evaluated total folate intake and dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) via 24-h dietary recall; multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to characterize associations and generate dose-response curves."
PMID 41777864
"In the NHANES cohort, higher total folate (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05-1.92, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and DFE intake (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.23-2.10, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were linked to an increased GDM risk, with non-linear dose-response inflection points at approximately 445 μg/day and 582 μg/day, respectively."
recorded 2026-04-22 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Folic acid's effect on carotid intima media thickness?
Carotid intima media thickness: measured in Folic acid's trials.
Interpretation carotid intima media thickness is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
carotid intima media thickness; 2026-09-01
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure; 2026-09-01
dementia rating scale; 2026-09-01
depression rating scale; 2026-09-01
best overall psa response; 2026-09-01
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
either an infection or a grade iii or iv adverse event; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
primary end was a composite of; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
nonfatal myocardial infarction; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fatal myocardial infarction; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
nonfatal stroke; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fatal stroke and; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
1 or more adenomas; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
at least one serious infection through week 24; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
any infections or any grade 3/4 infections through week 24; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
maximum duration of infections through week 24; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
adverse events and serious adverse events through week 24; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
modified total sharp from screening at week 52; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
american college of rheumatology 20 response at week 24; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
37
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT01302756; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q8
Which of 1 or more adenomas, adverse events and serious adverse events through week 24 and albumin excretion rate did Folic acid's trials measure?
1 or more adenomas, adverse events and serious adverse events through week 24 and albumin excretion rate lead 40 outcome terms across Folic acid's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation depression rating scale, best overall psa response, incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events, either an infection or a grade iii or iv adverse event, primary end was a composite of and nonfatal myocardial infarction follow.
Show the evidence
carotid intima media thickness
1
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure
1
dementia rating scale
1
depression rating scale
1
best overall psa response
1
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events
1
14 more recorded rows
either an infection or a grade iii or iv adverse event
1
primary end was a composite of
1
nonfatal myocardial infarction
1
fatal myocardial infarction
1
nonfatal stroke
1
fatal stroke and
1
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease
1
1 or more adenomas
1
at least one serious infection through week 24
1
any infections or any grade 3/4 infections through week 24
1
maximum duration of infections through week 24
1
adverse events and serious adverse events through week 24
1
modified total sharp from screening at week 52
1
american college of rheumatology 20 response at week 24
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Folic acid's 25 ongoing trials reports first?
Plateau enrichment of infused amino acid tracers and related metabolites to quantify turnover rates of folate dependent pathways; Change in functional sympatholysis; latest 2030-01-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01687127
"Impact of High-dose Folic Acid Supplementation on Pathways Linked to DNA Formation"; n 25; "Plateau enrichment of infused amino acid tracers and related metabolites to quantify turnover rates of folate dependent pathways"; 2026-12-31
NCT02947750
"Neurovascular Transduction During Exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease"; n 150; "Change in functional sympatholysis"; 2027-04-30
NCT03581773
"Folic Acid Supplement Versus Placebo for Treating Mucositis Adverse Events in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Receiving Targeted Therapy"; n 100; "CTCAE Mucositis"; 2029-09-01
NCT03585738
"Effects of Oral Inositol Supplementation on Obstetrics Outcomes in PCOS Women"; n 80; "Gestational diabetes prevalence"; 2026-12-31
NCT04579848
"Methotrexate in Erosive Inflammatory Hand Osteoarthritis"; n 163; "Finger pain on a visual analogue scale"; 2026-12
NCT05096663
"Testing the Use of Combination Immunotherapy Treatment (N-803 [ALT-803] Plus Pembrolizumab) Against the Usual Treatment for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (A Lung-MAP Treatment Trial)"; n 82; "Overall survival"; 2027-12-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT05284656
"Effect of Folic Acid and/or Pentoxifylline on Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"; n 80; "Change in Serum Creatinine Level"; 2026-12-19
NCT05656664
"Mitigation Efforts in Arsenic Exposure With Folic Acid Supplementation"; n 100; "Measurement of urine and blood arsenic metabolites"; 2026-12-31
NCT05720559
"Early Blocking Strategy for Metachronous Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Based on Pre-hepatic CTC Detection"; n 100; "Metachronous liver metastasis rate"; 2026-09-01
NCT05861648
"Folic Acid Supplementation in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease"; n 100; "Aortic valve calcification"; 2028-07-01
NCT06220461
"Folic Acid Supplementation to Reduce Anemia in Extremely Preterm Infants"; n 90; "Hemoglobin level"; 2028-07-31
NCT06610266
"Efficacy and Safety of Weifuchun Tablet in Reversing Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia"; n 400; "The regression rate of gastric intestinal metaplasia based on OLGIM stage in different groups."; 2027-12-31
NCT06637137
"Patient Blood Management in Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery"; n 464; "Percentage of patients receiving RBC transfusion within post-operative day 7"; 2027-02-28
"Pilot Study of Open Label Homocysteine Management Therapy in Levodopa-treated Parkinson's Disease"; n 150; "Hyperhomocysteinemia and B vitamin deficiency"; 2025-12-31
NCT06774885
"ROLE OF FOLIC ACID IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ADJUVANT ENDOCRINE THERAPY-INDUCED HOT FLASHES IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS"; n 120; "Reduction in Hot Flash Frequency and Severity"; 2025-08
NCT06847139
"Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Hyperhomocysteinemia Compared to Folic Acid in CKD Patient on Hemodialysis"; n 90; "change from baseline plasma homocysteine level after intervention"; 2025-10-30
NCT06943482
"Comparing Effectiveness of Steroids and Methotrexate in Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Breast Disease"; n 40; "Proportion of patients who achieved clinical or radiological complete response by 6 months"; 2028-02-01
NCT07013136
"Feasibility Test of Folic Acid on Acute Kidney Injury"; n 90; "The feasibility of intervention"; 2027-09-30
NCT07048860
"ICOPE INTENSE-K Pilot Study"; n 40; "Estimation of the effect size of the intervention on the cognitive function"; 2025-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which running trial of Folic acid could settle insulin sensitivity?
NCT07770711 measures Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) from Baseline to 2 Months, reading out 2027-06.
3 open trials; n 90; "Inositol and Metformin Administration in Mediterranean Diet and Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Women With PCOS"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT07770711
"Inositol and Metformin Administration in Mediterranean Diet and Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Women With PCOS"; n 90; "Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) from Baseline to 2 Months"; 2027-06
NCT05096663
"Testing the Use of Combination Immunotherapy Treatment (N-803 [ALT-803] Plus Pembrolizumab) Against the Usual Treatment for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (A Lung-MAP Treatment Trial)"; n 82; "Overall survival"; 2027-12-01
NCT07377071
"Folate Treatment to Reduce Death Risk in the Year After Infection-Related Acute Kidney Injury"; n 382; "All-Cause Mortality at 1 Year"; 2029-03-31
Q11
Which 98 trials of Folic acid posted no result?
Posted no result
98 of 98 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00807807, NCT00004495, NCT00000395, NCT00018551, NCT00120822 and NCT00266487, and 92 more
Completion dates
oldest 1996-09; newest 2024-04-03
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00807807
1996-09
NCT00004495
2000-09
NCT00000395
2002-08
NCT00018551
2003-09
NCT00120822
2004-01
NCT00266487
2004-03
14 further recorded trials
NCT00158171
2004-05
NCT00110604
2004-12
NCT00709267
2004-12
NCT00207532
2005-06
NCT00170404
2005-10
NCT00737126
2005-12
NCT00701246
2006-03
NCT04731948
2006-12-12
NCT00272324
2007-01
NCT00114400
2007-02
NCT00098319
2007-04
NCT00056225
2007-06
NCT00626223
2007-07
NCT00096330
2008-03
Q12
At the median, Folic acid's trials enrolled 100 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
100
Largest enrolment
18962
Registered trials counted
240
Q13
What do 23619 spontaneous reports say about Folic acid — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Folic acid appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 23619 reaction mentions were counted: pain 2864; fatigue 2676; alopecia 2648; pemphigus 2523. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1622 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
pain
2864
fatigue
2676
alopecia
2648
pemphigus
2523
systemic lupus erythematosus
2523
abdominal discomfort
2494
4 more recorded rows
rheumatoid arthritis
2273
glossodynia
2063
swelling
1852
hand deformity
1703
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Folic acid studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Folic acid's label sentences: "We measured participants' fasting red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum folate, homocysteine, thyroglobulin, vitamin B-12 biomarkers, glucose, and insulin, and urinary iodine/creatinine ratios before and during the intervention." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-01-27
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
We measured participants' fasting red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum folate, homocysteine, thyroglobulin, vitamin B-12 biomarkers, glucose, and insulin, and urinary iodine/creatinine ratios before and during the intervention.
exercise
Using a double-blind randomized crossover study design, 17 postmenopausal females (66 ± 8 yr) and 14 males (66 ± 6 yr) performed handgrip exercise at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction after consuming a placebo or 5 mg of folic acid.
recorded 2026-01-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Folic acid and autophagy?
"Folic acid (FA) can modulate neurogenesis and neural cell death, including autophagy and apoptosis, crucial for maintaining neurological homeostasis." — where Folic acid and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2025-12-30
"Folic acid (FA) can modulate neurogenesis and neural cell death, including autophagy and apoptosis, crucial for maintaining neurological homeostasis."
PMID 39993647
"Inhibition of ATG12 induced by overexpression of ALKBH5 could impair autophagy and the inhibitory effect of folic acid on lipid accumulation in hepatocytes."
sirtuinPMID 41469416
"Finally, we explore therapeutic opportunities for targeted metabolic regulators, including traditional Chinese medicine, Sirtuin 1 activators, ATP-Citrate Lyase inhibitors, statins, folic acid, etc., providing new strategies to stabilize plaques and slow the progression of AS."
autophagyPMID 40799529
"In line with in vitro results, Se@Tri-PTs administration obviously attenuated folic acid-induced AKI and autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in mice."
mTORPMID 39542123
"To overcome drug resistance and side effects observed in conventional chemotherapy, the present study aims to deliver rapamycin (RAP), a mTOR protein inhibitor, into a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) functionalized with folic acid for promoting active targeting to breast cancer cells."
sirtuin
PMID 35417465
"Our current work aimd to explore the possible ameliorative potency of folic acid and its association with the hepatic miR-21, -34a, and -122 expression as well as their targeted genes, HBP1, SIRT1, and SREBP-1c in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL)."
PMID 35417465
"In conclusions, the anti-steatotic, insulin-sensitizing, glucose-lowering and lipotropic potencies of folic acid in NAFL rats may be linked to the epigenetic modulation of the hepatic microRNAs (miR-21, -34a, and -122) and the expression of their target genes (HBP1, SIRT1, and SREBP-1c)."
recorded 2025-12-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.