This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Cyanocobalamin (57co) does in the body
In patients with correctible or temporary causes of vitamin B 12 deficiency, the benefit of continued long-term use of NASCOBAL following adequate correction of vitamin B 12 deficiency and underlying disease has not been established.
Vitamin B 12 can be converted to coenzyme B 12 in tissues, and as such is essential for conversion of methylmalonate to succinate and synthesis of methionine from homocysteine, a reaction which also requires folate. In the absence of coenzyme B 12 , tetrahydrofolate cannot be regenerated from its inactive storage form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and a functional folate deficiency occurs. Vitamin B 12 also may be involved in maintaining sulfhydryl (SH) groups in the reduced form required by many SH-activated enzyme systems. Through these reactions, vitamin B 12 is associated with fat and carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis.
Why people take it. In patients with correctible or temporary causes of vitamin B 12 deficiency, the benefit of continued long-term use of NASCOBAL following adequate correction of vitamin B 12 deficiency and underlying disease has not been established.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
What the registries record it as
The supplement label database classes it as vitamin, under the name Vitamin B12.
Its recorded molecular formula is C63H88CoN14O14P, weighing 1355.38.
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 177 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Sleep
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Mood
depression rating scale
Sleep
sleep patterns of the study population
Blood sugar
hba1c
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Infant Mortality Through 6 mo of Age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00860470
How many people
44567
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Anemia status
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03287882
How many people
25447
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Perinatal mortality, i.e., the number of stillbirths (fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more of gestation) and the number of deaths within the first 0-6 days of life per 1000 births (live births and stillbirths)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00133744
How many people
18962
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Major Vascular Events (MVE)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00124072
How many people
12064
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of home fortification sachets consumed
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02593136
How many people
11861
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Preterm Birth - number of live-births occurring earlier than 37 weeks gestation among all live-births (with known gestational age)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03921177
How many people
9859
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.11 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.3 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
□Cells in a dishNo evidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.No cell or bench record is stored.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
depression rating scale
clinical global impression improvement
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
reduction of plasma total homocysteine of vegetarians
hemoglobin concentration
hba1c
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
nonfatal myocardial infarction
fatal myocardial infarction
nonfatal stroke
fatal stroke and
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease
overall survival of receiving pralatrexate vs erlotinib
progression free survival
recurrent stroke
myocardial infarction
death due to other vascular causes
and 1 more.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (24)
dementia rating scale
best overall psa response
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events
primary end was a composite of
time to progression
safety number of drug related grade 3 or 4 toxicity
glutathione redox status
episodes diarrhea and pneumonia
prevalence of diarrhea
objective response rate
phase i maximum tolerated dose of pemetrexed
phase ii clinical response rate
phase i maximum tolerated dose of sirolimus
dose limiting toxicity rate
complete response or partial response
maximum tolerated dose
best overall response
particpants a categorical pasi change
operative time
sleep patterns of the study population
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Cyanocobalamin Nasal Spray is indicated for: Vitamin B12 maintenance therapy in adult patients with pernicious anemia who are in remission following intramuscular vitamin B12 therapy and who have no nervous system involvement Treatment of adult patients with dietary, drug-induced, or…
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.”
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of NASCOBAL did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary The limited available data on NASCOBAL in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary Vitamin B 12 is present in the milk of lactating women in concentrations which approximate the mother’s vitamin B 12 blood level.”
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
Nascobal is nasal at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Nasal spray: 500 mcg/0.1 mL (per actuation), packaged in a single-use device containing 0.125 mL of solution Nasal spray: 500 mcg cyanocobalamin/0.1 mL (per actuation) (3), recorded as fda label in effect 2024-03-01 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 697e0e52-c01b-4b53-9994-f79c46eb6b4f · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
A single-person plan is offered only as a structure for observing yourself. It never calculates an amount to take, and it cannot prove cause.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Cyanocobalamin (57co) studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Cyanocobalamin (57co) are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people∅Nothing found in the sources checked
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No traced study record is stored for this substance.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Quoted from a stored source.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q1
What did Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s largest trial (3750 people) and its longest (13 years) measure?
3750 people in Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s largest registered study, 13 years in its longest registered window, measuring invasive mechanical ventilation or mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
38 na, 37 phase2, 22 phase3, 12 phase1, 8 phase4, 3 na or unstated, 1 early phase1; NCT03071666; 2029-12-31. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07004465.
These counts include studies where Cyanocobalamin (57co) was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
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na
38
phase2
37
phase3
22
phase1
12
phase4
8
na or unstated
3
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
1
Last recorded human testNCT07004465
2026-02-28
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From rat to human: where has Cyanocobalamin (57co) shown lifespan?
6 recorded entries; human; also "vitamin B12 500 mcg", "Vitamin B12 1000 μg", "10 µg Vitamin B12"
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human
NCT00400387
Cyanocobalamin 0.0035 mg
NCT01751087
vitamin B12 500 mcg
NCT02578680
Vitamin B12 1000 μg
NCT04731948
10 µg Vitamin B12
NCT05426395
Vitamin B12 10 µg
NCT06966856
Cyanocobalamin 1000 Mcg Oral Tablet
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Could one person measure Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s effect on dementia rating scale?
Dementia rating scale: measured in Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s trials.
Interpretation dementia rating scale is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
dementia rating scale; 2026-09-01
depression rating scale; 2026-09-01
best overall psa response; 2026-09-01
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events; 2026-09-01
primary end was a composite of; 2026-09-01
nonfatal myocardial infarction; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
fatal myocardial infarction; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
nonfatal stroke; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fatal stroke and; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time to progression; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
overall survival of receiving pralatrexate vs erlotinib; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
safety number of drug related grade 3 or 4 toxicity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glutathione redox status; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
episodes diarrhea and pneumonia; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
prevalence of diarrhea; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
objective response rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
phase i maximum tolerated dose of pemetrexed; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
phase ii clinical response rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
phase i maximum tolerated dose of sirolimus; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
29
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT01317849; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of best overall psa response, best overall response and chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy assessment did Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s trials measure?
best overall psa response, best overall response and chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy assessment lead 40 outcome terms across Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events, primary end was a composite of, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke and fatal stroke and follow.
Show the evidence
dementia rating scale
1
depression rating scale
1
best overall psa response
1
incidence of central nervous system hemorrhagic events
1
primary end was a composite of
1
nonfatal myocardial infarction
1
14 more recorded rows
fatal myocardial infarction
1
nonfatal stroke
1
fatal stroke and
1
sudden death attributed to coronary heart disease
1
time to progression
1
overall survival of receiving pralatrexate vs erlotinib
1
safety number of drug related grade 3 or 4 toxicity
1
glutathione redox status
1
episodes diarrhea and pneumonia
1
prevalence of diarrhea
1
objective response rate
1
phase i maximum tolerated dose of pemetrexed
1
phase ii clinical response rate
1
phase i maximum tolerated dose of sirolimus
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s 14 ongoing trials reports first?
"Vitamin B12 Supplementation During Pregnancy on Cognitive Development"; n 800; "Length"; 2029-12-31
NCT05005897
"Early Infant Micronutrition and Development"; n 600; "Neurodevelopment"; 2029-10-15
NCT05096663
"Testing the Use of Combination Immunotherapy Treatment (N-803 [ALT-803] Plus Pembrolizumab) Against the Usual Treatment for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (A Lung-MAP Treatment Trial)"; n 82; "Overall survival"; 2027-12-01
NCT05426395
"Vitamin B12 Dose Escalation Trial in Pregnancy"; n 50; "Assessing the steady state pharmacokinetics of B12 upon oral administration in pregnant women."; 2026-12
NCT05751187
"Pembrolizumab Plus Bevacizumab and Chemotherapy for Non-Squamous NSCLC Patients"; n 54; "Overall Response Rate (ORR)"; 2027-12-30
NCT06581900
"Study of Vitamin B12 Metabolism in Children With Sickle Cell Disease Exposed to MEOPA"; n 29; "Proportion of patients who will present a Vitamin B12 deficiency"; 2026-12
8 further recorded trials
NCT06632470
"Clinical Utility and Safety of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome in Moderate Neurocognitive Impairment (Dementia)"; n 54; "Number of moderate dementia patients with normal range of blood parameters assessed by hemoglobin level, hematocrit level, leukocyte level, thrombocyte level, HbA1c level, kidney function and liver function"; 2025-10-01
NCT06639789
"Effect of a New Formulation of Vitamin B12 on Physical and Mental"; n 18; "Wingate test"; 2024-12-31
NCT06772220
"Pilot Study of Open Label Homocysteine Management Therapy in Levodopa-treated Parkinson's Disease"; n 150; "Hyperhomocysteinemia and B vitamin deficiency"; 2025-12-31
NCT06966856
"This Randomized, Clinical Trial Evaluates the Efficacy of Oral Versus Sublingual Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Correcting Early-onset Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Adult Patients Using Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs). The Primary Outcome is the Change in Serum Vitamin B12 Levels Over a 6-week"; n 23; "Change in Serum Vitamin B12 Concentration"; 2029-12-30
NCT07029698
"A Study to See if a Combination of Vitamins That is Injected Into a Muscle is as Good and Safe as a Vitamin That is Taken by Mouth"; n 46; "Vitamin B12"; 2026-12
NCT07048860
"ICOPE INTENSE-K Pilot Study"; n 40; "Estimation of the effect size of the intervention on the cognitive function"; 2025-12-31
NCT07341789
"Effects of Vitamin B12 and Natural Orange Extract, and Their Combination on Physical and Mental Performance"; n 20; "Wingate test"; 2026-06
NCT07665671
"Vitamin B12 Absorption Study"; n 12; "Tmax of total vitamin b12 and holoTC between AmpliB and standard vitamin B12."; 2026-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which running trial of Cyanocobalamin (57co) could settle lifespan?
NCT05096663 measures Overall survival, reading out 2027-12-01.
1 open trial; n 82; "Testing the Use of Combination Immunotherapy Treatment (N-803 [ALT-803] Plus Pembrolizumab) Against the Usual Treatment for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (A Lung-MAP Treatment Trial)"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT05096663
"Testing the Use of Combination Immunotherapy Treatment (N-803 [ALT-803] Plus Pembrolizumab) Against the Usual Treatment for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (A Lung-MAP Treatment Trial)"; n 82; "Overall survival"; 2027-12-01
Q9
Which 42 trials of Cyanocobalamin (57co) posted no result?
Posted no result
42 of 42 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00004495, NCT00004734, NCT00266487, NCT00306358, NCT00826657 and NCT04731948, and 36 more
Completion dates
oldest 2000-09; newest 2024-03-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00004495
2000-09
NCT00004734
2004-02
NCT00266487
2004-03
NCT00306358
2005-10
NCT00826657
2006-11
NCT04731948
2006-12-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT00114400
2007-02
NCT00056225
2007-06
NCT00692315
2007-12
NCT00120484
2008-01
NCT01311739
2008-06
NCT00164970
2008-12
NCT00710138
2010-08
NCT00710359
2010-08
NCT01312831
2010-12
NCT00717730
2011-09
NCT00554827
2012-02
NCT03522428
2012-12-23
NCT00400387
2013-04
NCT01795131
2013-12
Q10
At the median, Cyanocobalamin (57co)'s trials enrolled 54 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
54
Largest enrolment
3750
Registered trials counted
103
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
Redisol, Cyanocobalamin co 57 component of dicopac kit cyanocobalamin co-57, Cyanocobalamin co 57 component of rubratope-57 kit cyanocobalamin co-57, Cyanocobalamin co 57 component of schilling test kit cyanocobalamin co-57, Rubratope-57, Behepan, Berubigen, Betalin 12, Calomist, Cobavite, Cyanocobalamin component of co 57 schilling test kit, Cyanocobalamin component of depinar
Development code
NSC-80365
Sources (7)
Sources
ClinicalTrials.govclinicaltrials.gov ·
ClinicalTrials.govClinicalTrials.gov API v2 snapshot 2026-09-01T09:00:05 ·
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 7 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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