This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Tirzepatide does in the body
Tirzepatide is a single peptide shaped to fit both receptors, with a long fatty tail that keeps it circulating for about five days.
Your gut releases two different "you have eaten" hormones after a meal, GIP and GLP-1. Older drugs in this family imitated one of them. The result is stronger appetite suppression than imitating GLP-1 alone, and, in the one trial that compared them directly, more weight lost.
Why people take it. Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and obesity-related sleep apnoea
What happened in people
20.9% mean weight loss at 72 weeks on 15 mg versus 3.1% on placebo (SURMOUNT-1, n=2,539)
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The recorded finding that sits closest to something a person would notice. Written into the record, not signed off, and it carries no population or interval.
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as protein.
FDA substance registry · OYN3CCI6QE · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C225H348N48O68, weighing 4813.53 Da.
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
A limit recorded against this substance. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The four opening statements run to 97 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Biomarker
A biomarker is a number from a test that stands in for something about health.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A biomarker is like a fuel gauge.
Where that stops being true. A gauge is wired to the tank. Many biomarkers are only loosely tied to health.
What people get wrong. A better number is read as a better life. Several medicines improved a number and helped nobody.
A measurable indicator used as a substitute for a clinical outcome of interest.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Body weight
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved9 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved2 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Muscle
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved2 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Strength
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Body weight
body weight; who achieve 5 body weight reduction; weight loss; body mass index; relative change in body weight; body weight between treatment arms; body weight at 48 weeks; initial weight loss
Blood sugar
hba1c; glycated haemoglobin
Muscle
kilograms of lean mass by dual energy x ray absorptiometry; appendicular lean mass
Energy
kilograms of lean mass by dual energy x ray absorptiometry
Strength
muscle strength
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
9 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Results from the one trial this record names
In NCT03954834, Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), percentage of HbA1c was -1.87 (tirzepatide 5 mg, least squares mean change) against 0.04 (placebo) in the comparison group at Baseline to Week 40. The recorded difference is LS mean difference vs placebo -1.91 (95% CI -2.18 to -1.63; p<0.001).
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT03954834 · read 2026-08-27
Percentage change in body weight at week 72
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
SURMOUNT-1 (NCT04184622)
How many people
2539
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
P < 0.001
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Gastrointestinal adverse events concentrated in the 20-week escalation period
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous once-weekly single-dose pen, single-dose vial, or multi-dose KwikPen
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 4 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.18 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
□AnimalsNo evidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.No animal record is stored.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
It docks into two different hormone receptors. Everything before it in this class docked into one.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
The backbone is derived from GIP and engineered to retain GIP receptor agonism while acquiring GLP-1 receptor agonism, with unbalanced potency favouring GIPR.
In the pancreas it increases insulin release when glucose is high and reduces the hormone that raises glucose.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Both receptors are Gs-coupled and raise cAMP. GIPR agonism adds an effect on alpha cells and on adipose tissue that GLP-1R agonism alone does not have.
Appetite suppression plus an adipose-tissue effect
Appetite falls as with any drug in this class, and there appears to be an additional effect on how fat tissue handles energy.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Central GLP-1R and GIPR signalling suppress food intake; GIPR signalling in adipocytes is proposed to improve lipid buffering and insulin sensitivity, though the human evidence for that mechanism is indirect.
The largest average weight loss of any approved drug, so far
At the top dose, about a fifth of body weight over 72 weeks, plus lower HbA1c and fewer apnoea events during sleep.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Mean -20.9% at 72 weeks in SURMOUNT-1, HbA1c reduction of up to 2.30 percentage points in SURPASS-2, and a reduced apnoea-hypopnoea index in SURMOUNT-OSA.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
haemoglobin a1c
hemoglobin a1c
body weight
who achieve 5 body weight reduction
hba1c
weight loss
levels of lipids in circulation
kilograms of lean mass by dual energy x ray absorptiometry
body mass index
glycated haemoglobin
and 9 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
from randomization to first occurrence of death from mace 3
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (19)
one or more serious adverse event
total clamp disposition index
apnea hypopnea index
brain function
mdsc in peripheral blood
assessment of complete pathologic response
allocated to each isa
gastrointestinal symptoms
hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response 50
main objective of registry
presence of rgv in stomach
tracking the use of intubation due to rgv
aspiration events due to rgv
treatment emergent adverse events
incidence and severity of adverse events
primary objective
safety and adverse events
composite cv outcome
binge eating episodes
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. approximately 5 days
Read from the label, which states: “The apparent population mean clearance of tirzepatide is 0.061 L/h with an elimination half-life of approximately 5 days, enabling once-weekly dosing.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Adults with type 2 diabetes; adults with a BMI of 30 or more, or 27 or more with a weight-related condition; and adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Who a named study recorded including and excluding
It included: Have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).; Are naïve to diabetes injectable therapies and have not used any oral antihyperglycemic medications (OAMs) during the 3 months preceding screening.; Have HbA1c between ≥7.0% and ≤9.5%.; Be of stable weight (± 5%) for at least 3 months before screening.; Have a BMI ≥23 kilograms per meter squared (kg/m²) at screening..
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT03954834 · read 2026-08-27
It excluded: Have type 1 diabetes mellitus.; Have had chronic or acute pancreatitis any time prior to study entry.; Have proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic maculopathy or nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy requiring acute treatment.; Have disorders associated with slowed emptying of the stomach, or have had any stomach surgeries for the purpose of weight loss.; Have an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/minute/1.73 m².; Have had a heart attack, stroke, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure in the past 2 months..
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT03954834 · read 2026-08-27
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of MOUNJARO have not been established in pediatric patients less than 10 years of age.”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “In the pool of seven clinical trials, 1539 (30.1%) MOUNJARO-treated patients were 65 years of age or older, and 212 (4.1%) MOUNJARO-treated patients were 75 years of age or older at baseline.”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data with MOUNJARO use in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-related risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary In a single-dose clinical lactation study, the concentration of tirzepatide in breast milk was found to be either undetectable or low compared to the maternal administered dose ( see Data ).”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “No dosage adjustment of MOUNJARO is recommended for patients with hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “No dosage adjustment of MOUNJARO is recommended for patients with renal impairment.”
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
Earlier unbalanced GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists in the same programme did not reach the potency needed for a weekly human dose
The superiority hypothesis in SURPASS-CVOT, which was prespecified and not met
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Given by a clinician
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Subcutaneous once-weekly single-dose pen, single-dose vial, or multi-dose KwikPen
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
5 mg to 15 mg, injected once weekly with a 20-week stepwise escalation to the maintenance dose.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
The recorded stepping schedule
What follows is the schedule printed on the label, recorded as it is written there. It is a record of what was done, not a recommendation.
US prescribing information · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · read 2026-08-27
Starting dosage: 2.5 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly — The 2.5 mg dosage is for treatment initiation and is not intended for glycemic control.
US prescribing information · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · read 2026-08-27
After 4 weeks: 5 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly
US prescribing information · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · read 2026-08-27
After at least 4 weeks on the current dose: Dosage increases in 2.5 mg increments; maximum dosage 15 mg injected subcutaneously once weekly in adults — If additional glycemic control is needed.
US prescribing information · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · read 2026-08-27
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting and constipation are the dominant adverse events and cluster during escalation. Acute pancreatitis, gallbladder disease and acute kidney injury from volume depletion are uncommon. Boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumours based on rodent data; contraindicated with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Tirzepatide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 10 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (2)
weight decreased — 6 reaction mentions
diabetic ketoacidosis — 4 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Subcutaneous once-weekly single-dose pen, single-dose vial, or multi-dose KwikPen
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
eek stepwise escalation to the maintenance dose.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
167 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 167 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-6523 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection, solution and powder, taken subcutaneous.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-6523 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is g-protein-linked receptor interactions [moa], glp-1 receptor agonist [epc] and glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) agonists [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-6523 · read 2026-08-29
8 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 8 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 78aad975-4971-49fa-b4b0-6aa39f76d2e7 · read 2026-08-29
MOUNJARO is injection (pre-filled single-dose pens, single-dose vials, multi-dose vials, or single-patient-use kwikpens) at Injection: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 12.5 mg, or 15 mg per 0.5 mL in single-dose pen or single-dose vial, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2026-07-29 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · read 2026-08-27
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Tirzepatide studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the weight-loss advantage over semaglutide implies a cardiovascular advantage; the outcome trial did not show one
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the GIP receptor component is the reason for the extra weight loss, which no human trial has isolated
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
Any stated per-dose manufacturing cost, since no published cost model covers this molecule
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Tirzepatide are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
SURMOUNT-1: 20.9% mean weight loss at 72 weeks on the 15 mg dose
In plain words
In 2,539 adults with obesity and without diabetes, the highest dose produced a fifth of body weight lost. More than half the group on 15 mg lost at least 20%.
What was measured
Percentage change in body weight at week 72
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Phase 3, four arms, 72 weeks. Mean weight change -15.0%, -19.5% and -20.9% for 5, 10 and 15 mg versus -3.1% for placebo (P<0.001 for all). Weight reduction of at least 20% reached by 57% on 15 mg versus 3% on placebo.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
SURMOUNT-5: beat semaglutide head-to-head, 20.2% against 13.7%
In plain words
The only direct comparison, 751 adults over 72 weeks. Tirzepatide produced more weight loss and a larger waist reduction than semaglutide.
What was measured
Percentage change in body weight at week 72, direct comparison
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Phase 3b, open-label, maximum tolerated dose in each arm. Least-squares mean weight change -20.2% (95% CI -21.4 to -19.1) versus -13.7% (95% CI -14.9 to -12.6), P<0.001. Waist circumference -18.4 cm versus -13.0 cm.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
That more weight loss must mean fewer cardiovascular events
In plain words
SURPASS-CVOT put tirzepatide against dulaglutide, an older and much cheaper GLP-1 agonist, in 13,299 people. Tirzepatide was not worse. It was not shown to be better either.
What was measured
Three-point MACE versus an active GLP-1 comparator
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Active-comparator noninferiority trial in type 2 diabetes with atherosclerotic disease. Primary composite in 801/6,586 (12.2%) on tirzepatide versus 862/6,579 (13.1%) on dulaglutide; hazard ratio 0.92 (95.3% CI 0.83 to 1.01), P=0.003 for noninferiority, P=0.09 for superiority.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
SURMOUNT-OSA: apnoea events fell, in a trial that measured apnoea events
In plain words
In 469 adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea, the apnoea-hypopnoea index fell substantially, and this became a licensed indication in 2024.
What was measured
Change in apnoea-hypopnoea index at week 52
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Two 52-week phase 3 trials, with and without positive airway pressure therapy, reporting change in apnoea-hypopnoea index as the primary endpoint.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
No published cost-of-production estimate covers this molecule
In plain words
The peer-reviewed cost models that exist for semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide and exenatide do not produce a figure for tirzepatide. Anyone quoting one is quoting something unsourced.
What was measured
Any specific per-dose manufacturing cost quoted for tirzepatide
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The 2024 JAMA Network Open cost-based-price analysis covers insulins, SGLT2 inhibitors and four GLP-1 agonists, but not tirzepatide. The 2023 Obesity estimated-minimum-price paper searched tirzepatide prices but reported estimated minimum prices only for semaglutide, liraglutide, orlistat, phentermine/topiramate and naltrexone/bupropion. This dossier therefore carries no pricing block.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Compounded and research-use-only tirzepatide moved from fringe to mainstream and back
In plain words
While supply was short, compounded copies were legal in the US. When the shortage ended, that route closed, and a large unregulated market selling vials for research use only did not.
What was measured
Not recorded
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
A pharmacy-practice analysis documents manufacturers selling semaglutide and tirzepatide vials direct to consumers labelled for research purposes only or not for human consumption, frequently without reconstitution supplies, dosing information, prescriber oversight or quality standards.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
3 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
A single 39-residue peptide that switches on both incretin receptors at once, producing 20.9% mean weight loss at 72 weeks in SURMOUNT-1 and beating semaglutide head-to-head, without yet beating an older GLP-1 on cardiovascular events.
Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Tirzepatide's largest trial (887132 people) and its longest (12 years) measure?
887132 people in Tirzepatide's largest registered study, 12 years in its longest registered window, measuring Aging Biomarkers: Cellular Senescence Markers in Plasma. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
66 phase2, 46 phase3, 36 phase4, 30 phase1, 22 na or unstated, 11 na, 5 early phase1; NCT06191848; 2037-05. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06534411.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Tirzepatide was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
66
phase3
46
phase4
36
phase1
30
na or unstated
22
na
11
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
5
Last recorded human testNCT06534411
2026-07-09
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
Tirzepatide was tested only in human — what did it show?
accrual/recruitment (1), funding/business (1), sponsor decision unspecified (1) and other (1): Tirzepatide's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"The study was discontinued prematurely for administrative reasons"; 4 of 209 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT06009653
withdrawn; "The study was discontinued prematurely for administrative reasons"
NCT06354101
withdrawn; "Terminated by sponsor before enrolling any patients into the study."
NCT06515418
terminated; "Dosing of both study drugs has been discontinued due to observation of liver transaminitis without clinically significant symptoms in some subjects receiving azelaprag. All participant visits have been completed."
NCT06901349
withdrawn; "Study terminated for strategic business reasons"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Tirzepatide used Tirzepatide 5、10、15mg — over how long?
4 recorded entries; human; also "NA-931 150 mg + no Tirzepatide", "tirzepatide 5 mg", "Tirzepatide Injection 15mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT05553093
Tirzepatide 5、10、15mg
NCT06732245
NA-931 150 mg + no Tirzepatide
NCT07619989
tirzepatide 5 mg
NCT07796477
Tirzepatide Injection 15mg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Tirzepatide's half-life is approximately 5 days — which schedules were studied?
approximately 5 days, the half-life Tirzepatide's label states. openfda-label · 0818426a-53eb-4db7-9609-bbae1e7a3964 · 2026-08-27
bioavailability 80% %.
Show the evidence
half life
approximately 5 days; The apparent population mean clearance of tirzepatide is 0.061 L/h with an elimination half-life of approximately 5 days, enabling once-weekly dosing.
tmax
Absorption Following subcutaneous administration, the time to maximum plasma concentration of tirzepatide ranges from 8 to 72 hours.
bioavailability
80% %; The mean absolute bioavailability of tirzepatide following subcutaneous administration is 80%.
metabolism
Metabolism Tirzepatide is metabolized by proteolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone, beta-oxidation of the C20 fatty diacid and amide hydrolysis.
recorded 2026-08-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Tirzepatide's effect on one or more serious adverse event?
One or more serious adverse event: measured in Tirzepatide's trials.
Interpretation one or more serious adverse event is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
one or more serious adverse event; 2026-09-01
haemoglobin a1c; 2026-09-01
hemoglobin a1c; 2026-09-01
total clamp disposition index; 2026-09-01
body weight; 2026-09-01
who achieve 5 body weight reduction; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
from randomization to first occurrence of death from mace 3; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
apnea hypopnea index; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
brain function; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
weight loss; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
mdsc in peripheral blood; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
levels of lipids in circulation; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
kilograms of lean mass by dual energy x ray absorptiometry; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
assessment of complete pathologic response; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
body mass index; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
allocated to each isa; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
gastrointestinal symptoms; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glycated haemoglobin; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; approximately 5 days; 2026-08-27
human trials at or under30
36
smallest human trial
0; NCT06009653; PHASE4; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of allocated to each isa, apnea hypopnea index and appendicular lean mass did Tirzepatide's trials measure?
allocated to each isa, apnea hypopnea index and appendicular lean mass lead 40 outcome terms across Tirzepatide's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
total clamp disposition index, body weight, who achieve 5 body weight reduction, from randomization to first occurrence of death from mace 3, kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary and apnea hypopnea index follow.
Show the evidence
one or more serious adverse event
1
haemoglobin a1c
1
hemoglobin a1c
1
total clamp disposition index
1
body weight
1
who achieve 5 body weight reduction
1
14 more recorded rows
from randomization to first occurrence of death from mace 3
1
kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire clinical summary
1
apnea hypopnea index
1
brain function
1
hba1c
1
weight loss
1
mdsc in peripheral blood
1
levels of lipids in circulation
1
kilograms of lean mass by dual energy x ray absorptiometry
1
assessment of complete pathologic response
1
body mass index
1
allocated to each isa
1
gastrointestinal symptoms
1
glycated haemoglobin
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Tirzepatide's 132 ongoing trials reports first?
Change from Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c); Percent Change from Baseline in Renal Sinus Fat Content (MRI); latest 2037-05
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT05433584
"A Study of Tirzepatide Compared With Intensified Conventional Care in Adult Participants With Type 2 Diabetes"; n 780; "Change from Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)"; 2027-11
NCT05536804
"A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) in Participants With Overweight or Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease With or Without Type 2 Diabetes"; n 140; "Percent Change from Baseline in Renal Sinus Fat Content (MRI)"; 2026-10
NCT05553093
"Effects of Tirzepatide and Insulin Glargine on Glucolipid Metabolism and Brain Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"; n 150; "blood sugar changes"; 2027-10-31
NCT05556512
"A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) on the Reduction on Morbidity and Mortality in Adults With Obesity"; n 15374; "Time to First Occurrence of Any Component Event of Composite (All-Cause Death, Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction (MI), Nonfatal Stroke, Coronary Revascularization, or Heart Failure Events)"; 2027-10
NCT05708859
"Effect of Tirzepatide on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis Using MDCT"; n 120; "Reduction of total non-calcified coronary plaque volume"; 2026-05
NCT05756764
"Anti-obesity Pharmacotherapy and Inflammation"; n 30; "weight loss"; 2026-02-20
14 further recorded trials
NCT05822544
"Phase 1/1b Study of TLC-6740 in Healthy Subjects and Subjects With Obesity, With or Without Diabetes"; n 564; "Incidence of TLC-6740 treatment-emergent adverse events"; 2027-01
NCT05912621
"Tirzepatide: Reversal of Lipotoxicity and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Humans With Overweight/Obesity"; n 66; "Change in Adipocyte Size"; 2029-12
NCT05933499
"Effect of Tirzepatide and Bimagrumab on Body Composition, Insulin Sensitivity, and Bone in Adults With Obesity"; n 63; "Change in number of kilograms of lean mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry"; 2029-03-31
NCT06037252
"A Study of Investigational Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Doses in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity"; n 414; "Percent Change From Baseline in Body Weight"; 2026-10
NCT06073184
"Weight-loss Drug for Fertility-Sparing Treatment of Atypical Hyperplasia and Low-grade Cancer of the Endometrium"; n 71; "Assessment of Complete Pathologic Response"; 2032-02
NCT06075667
"A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) Once Weekly in Adolescent Participants Who Have Obesity or Overweight With Weight-Related Comorbidities"; n 160; "Percent Change from Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)"; 2029-07
NCT06143956
"A Master Protocol Study (LY900038) of Multiple Intervention-Specific-Appendices (ISAs) in Adult Participants With Obesity or Overweight"; n 1481; "Number of Participants Allocated to Each ISA"; 2028-02
NCT06162715
"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Post-Bariatric Surgery (GRABS) Pilot Trial"; n 30; "Weight loss"; 2027-12-01
NCT06180616
"Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Concurrent Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity"; n 40; "Body weight"; 2028-12
NCT06191848
"Subcutaneous Tirzepatide Once-weekly in Patients With Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis (STOP KNEE-OA)"; n 352; "Percentage of patients who undergo knee replacement in the target joint"; 2037-05
NCT06246799
"Comparative Effectiveness of Two Initial Combination Therapies in Patients With Recent Onset Diabetes"; n 256; "number of subjects achieving HbA1c <6.5% at 6 months (Efficacy)"; 2029-06-30
NCT06439277
"A Study of Tirzepatide in Adolescents With Obesity and Weight-Related Comorbidities (SURMOUNT-ADOLESCENTS-2)"; n 300; "Percent Change from Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)"; 2030-12
NCT06517212
"Tirzepatide Weight Loss for MRD+ Early Breast Cancer"; n 48; "ctDNA efficacy"; 2030-12-31
NCT06518837
"Tirzepatide for Weight Loss Intervention in Early-Stage Hormone Receptor Positive/HER2 Negative Breast Cancer"; n 40; "Weight Loss Reduction with Tirzepatide during Adjuvant Treatment for HR+/Her2- Breast Cancer (Measured by Body Weight Reduction)"; 2027-09-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Tirzepatide could settle lifespan?
NCT06980623 measures Hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality, reading out 2026-10-01.
6 open trials; n 26000; "Comparative Effectiveness of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT06980623
"Comparative Effectiveness of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction"; n 26000; "Hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality"; 2026-10-01
NCT06721507
"2024 Tirzepatide-Bariatric Surgery"; n 50; "Change in inflammatory markers c reactive protein (CRP)"; 2026-12-31
NCT07293325
"Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for Genetic Aging Delay in Adults With Obesity"; n 66; "Change in DNA methylation-based biological age measured by iWatchAge"; 2027-06-02
NCT06657209
"Normal-weight Diabetes: Adipocyte-directed Therapy With Pioglitazone or Tirzepatide"; n 104; "Insulin resistance in normal weight women with diabetes compared to those with no diabetes"; 2027-12-15
NCT07738276
"Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide, a Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist, on Functional Capacity in Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure Patients With Obesity"; n 60; "Change in 6-Minute Walk Distance"; 2027-12-22
NCT07220473
"Tirzepatide to Slow Biological Aging"; n 90; "Change in DNA Methylation-Based Biological Age"; 2028-01
Q10
Which 2 trials of Tirzepatide posted no result?
Posted no result
2 of 2 completed trials
Registrations
NCT05582096 and NCT05766358
Completion dates
oldest 2023-06-08; newest 2024-05-24
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT05582096
2023-06-08
NCT05766358
2024-05-24
Q11
At the median, Tirzepatide's trials enrolled 120 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
120
Largest enrolment
887132
Registered trials counted
209
Q12
What do 10 spontaneous reports say about Tirzepatide — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Tirzepatide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 10 reaction mentions were counted: weight decreased 6; diabetic ketoacidosis 4. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL4297839 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
weight decreased
6
diabetic ketoacidosis
4
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Tirzepatide studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Tirzepatide's label sentences: "Participants were randomized (1:1) to ixekizumab plus tirzepatide or ixekizumab as adjunct to diet and exercise in both treatment arms." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-07-01
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
Participants were randomized (1:1) to ixekizumab plus tirzepatide or ixekizumab as adjunct to diet and exercise in both treatment arms.
recorded 2026-07-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Tirzepatide and NAD+?
"Mechanistically, tirzepatide boosted NAD<sup>+</sup> levels by nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD + synthesis , which in turn activating the Pink1-Parkin mitophagy pathway." — where Tirzepatide and NAD+ appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-06-24
"Mechanistically, tirzepatide boosted NAD<sup>+</sup> levels by nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD + synthesis , which in turn activating the Pink1-Parkin mitophagy pathway."
autophagyPMID 42114682
"Inhibition of autophagy or NAMPT abolished the mitochondrial and reno-protective effects of tirzepatide."
NAD+
PMID 42114682
"Inhibition of autophagy or NAMPT abolished the mitochondrial and reno-protective effects of tirzepatide."
PMID 42114682
"Taken together, our findings demonstrate that tirzepatide protects against cisplatin‑induced AKI by enhancing NAMPT‑dependent NAD + restoration and promoting mitophagy, highlighting a promising therapeutic strategy for chemotherapy‑related nephrotoxicity."
AMPK
PMID 42119472
"Mechanistically, Tirzepatide activated the AMPK signaling pathway and suppressed NF-κB p65 phosphorylation-effects that were reversed by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Tirzepatide also reduced the mRNA expression of downstream NF-κB target genes TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS, an effect abrogated by Compound C."
PMID 42119472
"These findings demonstrate that Tirzepatide alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulating the AMPK/NF-κB pathway, offering a novel therapeutic candidate and mechanistic insight for ALI treatment."
PMID 42449952
"We propose a mechanistic, translational hypothesis in which tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, may modulate four interconnected pathological axes of refractory endometriosis-Warburg-type metabolic reprogramming with lactate accumulation, peritoneal immune dysfunction, NF-κB/NLRP3/TGF-β1-driven…"
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
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This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.