Testosterone

Hormone
Prescription only
Identity checked
Sources last checked 2026-09-04

This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.

Replacement therapy

From the FDA-approved label: Endogenous androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are responsible for the normal growth and development of the male sex organs and for maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. These effects include the growth and maturation of prostate, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum; the development of male hair distribution, such as facial, pubic, chest and axillary hair; laryngeal enlargement; vocal cord thickening; and alterations in body musculature and fat distribution. Testosterone and DHT are necessary for the normal development of secondary sex characteristics.

What happened in people

RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

A fixed RNAWiki sentence

Where this came from

Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.

No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.

No source is stored against this line.

The limit that matters most

Not recorded.

Where it acts: Not recorded.
Kind of result: No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision: Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.

What the registries record it as

The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 3XMK78S47O · read 2026-08-29

Where each sentence above came from

No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.

Shown as the opening line on this page.

No statement of the main limit is recorded.

The four opening statements run to 100 words.

Words this page uses

Four words worth knowing first

Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.

Stand-in result

A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.

Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.

What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.

A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.

Enzyme

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.

Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.

What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.

A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.

Receptor

A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.

Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.

What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.

A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.

Pathway

A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

A pathway is like a row of dominoes.

Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.

What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.

An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What was measured, goal by goal

One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.

Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.

There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.

Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal	Life outcome	What a body can do	How a person feels	A test result	A step in the body	Harms	How long	Who was studied
Muscle	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Only a number moved3 registered test measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Mood	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Waiting for a reviewer3 registered symptom measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Only a number moved1 registered test measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Body weight	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Only a number moved1 registered test measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Endurance	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Fertility and sexual health	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Only a number moved1 registered test measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.	Only a number moved1 registered test measure.	Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.	Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.	Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.	Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.

Which registered measures put each goal on this table

Muscle: lean body mass at 6 months; total lean body mass; lean body mass
Mood: hamilton depression rating scale; 21 item hamilton depression rating scale; geriatric depression scale
Focus: cognitive function
Blood sugar: insulin sensitivity
Body weight: muscle and body fat distribution
Endurance: vo2 max
Fertility and sexual health: sperm concentration
Cholesterol: very low density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion rate

Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.

What each mark on this table means

Nothing in the sources checked: No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
Only a number moved: 3 registered test measure.
Not recorded: Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
Waiting for a reviewer: Who was studied is listed further down the page.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What happened in people

Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.

lung injury score

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT04353180
How many people: 100000
Study design: Phase 3
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: A number that stands in for health
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Overall survival

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT00268476
How many people: 11992
Study design: Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Number of Participants With Biopsy-detectable Prostate Cancer at Years 2 and 4 (Crude Rate Approach)

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT00056407
How many people: 8231
Study design: Phase 3
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: A number that stands in for health
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Time From Randomization to the First Component Event of Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE): Number and Percentage of Participants With an Event

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT03518034
How many people: 5246
Study design: Phase 4
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: A number that stands in for health
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Change in cognitive function

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT06294431
How many people: 4794
Study design: Not applicable
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: What a body can do day to day
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Change in GI (Gastrointestinal) Health (1)

The study did not show it

Who was studied: NCT06376695
How many people: 4607
Study design: Not applicable
Compared against: Not recorded for this study
Kind of result: A number that stands in for health
What was found: Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere: Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

What we know: RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it: Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove: These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters: A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know: No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

How close this is to real life

The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.

Living longer, or avoiding a major event Evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
What a body can do day to day Evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
Measured performance Evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
Symptoms and quality of life Evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.3 registered measures of this kind.
A number that stands in for health Evidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.15 registered measures of this kind.
A step measured inside a person Evidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.1 registered measure inside human tissue.
Animals Evidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
Cells in a dish Evidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
A guess from software No evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.

Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Felt, measured, or meaningful

Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.

Felt

Things a person could notice without a test.

hamilton depression rating scale
21 item hamilton depression rating scale
geriatric depression scale

Measured

Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.

bone mineral density
lean body mass at 6 months
growth hormone concentration after injections
total lean body mass
insulin sensitivity
muscle and body fat distribution
vo2 max
muscle biopsy analysis
dihydrotestosterone concentration
area under the curve serum t

and 7 more.

Meaningful

Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.

cognitive function
progression free survival

A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.

Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.

Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.

Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.

Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.

Names that fit none of the three (18)

physical function
bone turnover marker
intratesticular hormone levels
satisfaction
common carotid artery intima media thickness
coronary artery calcium
pharmacokinetic
resting metabolic rate
carotid intima media thickness
prostate specific antigen
arterial stiffness
response
semen volume
endothelial progenitor cells
shim at 6 months after initial screening visit
completing at least 3 months of therapy a psa below baseline
time to psa progression
weight

These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Were people like you studied?

RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.

Who was studied

People similar to this profile were included.

Testosterone topical solution is indicated for replacement therapy in males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone. Primary hypogonadism (congenital or acquired): testicular failure due to conditions such as cryptorchidism, bilateral torsion, orchitis, vanishing testis syndrome, orchiectomy, Klinefelter's syndrome, chemotherapy, or toxic damage from alcohol or heavy metals.

Who is missing from the studies

Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

What the label states about particular groups

On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and efficacy of testosterone topical solution has not been established in males <18 years of age.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “There have not been sufficient numbers of geriatric patients involved in controlled clinical studies utilizing testosterone topical solution to determine whether efficacy in those over 65 years of age differs from younger patients.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Category X [see Contraindications (4)] - Testosterone topical solution is contraindicated during pregnancy or in women who may become pregnant.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Although it is not known how much testosterone transfers into human milk, testosterone topical solution is contraindicated in nursing women because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “No formal studies were conducted involving patients with hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “No formal studies were conducted involving patients with renal impairment.”
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30

Where the result stopped carrying

This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.

RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Why it might seem to do nothing

A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.

It was studied for a different goal

The studies measured something else entirely.

On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.

It was studied in different people

The people in the studies were not much like the reader.

On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

The evidence may simply be wrong

Small early studies often do not hold up.

On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)

A different form was studied: The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct: Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too: In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel: A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it: Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet: The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied: Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time: Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says: Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason: RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.

None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What taking it involves

The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.

How it is supplied

Prescription only

Quoted from a source

Where this came from

Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.

Read from the recorded approval status.

No source is stored against this line.

Form and route

Injection

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

The form and route recorded on this substance.

No source is stored against this line.

Who oversees it

Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.

Quoted from a source

Where this came from

Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.

Suppression classes recorded: S3.

No source is stored against this line.

What is in the pack

Sold as injectable, gel, metered, gel, solution, metered, given by the injection, transdermal, buccal route.

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.

No source is stored against this line.

Where it is registered

Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.

Counted from records

Where this came from

A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.

No source is stored against this line.

Why people stop

Not recorded.

Nothing recorded

Where this came from

RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.

No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.

No source is stored against this line.

What it would be like to takeNothing found in the sources checked

What can go wrong

Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.

Nothing found in the sources checked

No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.

The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.

Reports sent to a regulator

These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.

Testosterone appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 1781 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.

The recorded terms (10)

blood testosterone decreased — 421 reaction mentions
deep vein thrombosis — 234 reaction mentions
pulmonary embolism — 216 reaction mentions
blood testosterone increased — 183 reaction mentions
drug abuse — 166 reaction mentions
myocardial infarction — 149 reaction mentions
acute myocardial infarction — 123 reaction mentions
product deposit — 109 reaction mentions
polycythaemia — 100 reaction mentions
prostate cancer — 80 reaction mentions

open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.

Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Does the exact form matter?

Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.

The form that was studied

Injection

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

The form used in the studies cited on this page.

No source is stored against this line.

What is sold

Not recorded.

Nothing recorded

Where this came from

RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.

Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.

No source is stored against this line.

What is recorded as being sold

125 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 91 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51927-0357 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as gel, gel, metered, liquid, pellet, powder and solution, taken nasal, oral, subcutaneous and sublingual.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51927-0357 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is androgen receptor agonists [moa], androgen [epc] and androstanes [cs].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51927-0357 · read 2026-08-29
72 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 38 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 297fe55b-ac23-4a7f-bbbe-1005c0066931 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 297fe55b-ac23-4a7f-bbbe-1005c0066931 · read 2026-08-29
Testosterone is topical at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Testosterone topical solution is a topical solution available as a metered-dose pump that delivers 30 mg of testosterone per pump., recorded as fda label in effect 2025-06-04 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 6a46b5de-5d95-4570-91a6-3e4278028c59 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.40525–4.5465 USD per one gram, across 30 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Recorded price in US: 0.56242 USD per one millilitre, across 4 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28

Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What you could measure

This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.

Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.

Questions worth asking

Which of the trials of Testosterone studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?

Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.

RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What nobody knows yet

Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.

Missing populations

Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Missing long-term data

No completed tested study window is recorded.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

No reviewed conclusion

RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Missing interaction studies

No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Formulation uncertainty

Several salts, forms or products of Testosterone are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Mechanism not reviewed

No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Check any of this yourself

Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.

Where else this substance is registered

FDA substance identifier (UNII): 3XMK78S47O
RxNorm concept: 1599949

Checks this page had to pass

Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S3.
Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

How this medicine reached us

Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.

What the approval register records

40 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was ANDA080911, approved 19720713 to ENDO OPERATIONS.
Drugs@FDA application register · ANDA080911 · read 2026-08-29
Marketing status on the register: discontinued, none (tentative approval) and prescription.
Drugs@FDA application register · ANDA080911 · read 2026-08-29
The earliest marketing start date recorded for a listed product is 19800425.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51927-0357 · read 2026-08-29

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What to learn next

Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.

Which studies of this failed, and what did they measure?Surface a meaningful outcome
Were people like me actually studied?Reveal a population mismatch
How close is this evidence to something I would notice?Reveal the evidence boundary
What does nobody know about this yet?Reveal an important unknown
What is a stand-in result?Support deeper learning

This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.

What is not here

6 questions this page could not answer

These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.

The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.

The record as stored

The full record, for auditing

Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.

Recorded evidence blocks (14)

What did Testosterone's largest trial (5246 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?

5246 people in Testosterone's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) in Mean Total Score. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

78 phase2, 57 phase4, 51 phase3, 39 phase1, 29 na, 13 na or unstated, 8 early phase1; NCT00694733; 2024-09. Last human test completed 2026, NCT04895306.

Interpretation These counts include studies where Testosterone was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.

Show the evidence

phase2
78
phase4
57
phase3
51
phase1
39
na
29
na or unstated
13

2 more recorded rows

early phase1
8
Last recorded human test NCT04895306
2026-03-27

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

From C. elegans to human: where has Testosterone shown mechanism-only?

C. elegans: mechanism-only, NHP: mechanism-only, mouse: mechanism-only, rat: mechanism-only, dog: mechanism-only and human: mechanism-only (256): the rungs where Testosterone has a recorded finding. Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov · organism ladder · 2026-09-01

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) in Mean Total Score — the recorded outcome words.

Show the evidence

C. elegans
mechanism-only
NHP
mechanism-only
mouse
mechanism-only
rat
mechanism-only
dog
mechanism-only
human NCT01143818
mechanism-only; Percent Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Aging Male Symptoms (AMS) in Mean Total Score; 256

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

33 of Testosterone's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?

safety (1), futility/efficacy (1), accrual/recruitment (8), funding/business (7) and other (16): Testosterone's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

"Higher incidence of cardiovascular events in the testosterone arm of the trial. Decision taken by the DSMB on December 31st, 2009."; 33 of 256 registered studies

Show the evidence

Trial

NCT00240981
terminated; "Higher incidence of cardiovascular events in the testosterone arm of the trial. Decision taken by the DSMB on December 31st, 2009."
NCT00254553
terminated; "Recruitment issues"
NCT00304213
withdrawn; "Study never started, PI relocation"
NCT00398034
withdrawn; "The original PI (David Siegel) Left the VA"
NCT00433173
suspended; "Primary investigator is taking a leave of absence"
NCT00438321
terminated; "PI relocated"

14 further recorded trials

NCT00440440
withdrawn; "study merged with another study"
NCT00467987
terminated; "Company no longer making same drug doses."
NCT00515112
terminated; "This study has been terminated due to poor accrual"
NCT00577980
withdrawn; "Zero accrual and failure to generate multicenter interest."
NCT00675714
terminated; "At the request of the study site, this study has been closed and access to study-related data is unavailable. We are unable to submit the results-data."
NCT00705796
withdrawn; "financial constraints"
NCT00848497
terminated; "Lack of volunteers who would consent to participate and lack of funding"
NCT00957034
terminated; "Due to difficult patient enrollment."
NCT01084369
terminated; "Withdrawal of sponsorship"
NCT01122342
suspended; "Evaluating outcomes of current subjects pre further enrollment/dose reduction."
NCT01155518
terminated; "lack of funding"
NCT01469988
terminated; "Feasibility"
NCT01689896
withdrawn; "Difficult to obtain placebo"
NCT02147964
withdrawn; "No funding was obtained for this study."

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Human studies of Testosterone used Testosterone Gel (1%) — over how long?

studies of Testosterone used the recorded amount. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

20 recorded entries; human; also "Testosterone Gel (1%)", "Topical testosterone gel 1% (active formulation)", "Testim 1% (testosterone gel)"

Show the evidence

human

NCT00193661
Testosterone Gel (1%)
NCT00240981
Topical testosterone gel 1% (active formulation)
NCT00254553
Testim 1% (testosterone gel)
NCT00345969
Transdermal Testosterone gel (1%)
NCT00350701
androgel 10g
NCT00365794
Topical testosterone gel 10 g/day

14 more recorded rows

human NCT00392912
AndroGel 1% 5g packets (Solvay Pharmaceuticals)
human NCT00405353
Androgel 10 grams of gel containing 100 mg of testosterone
human NCT00433173
Androgel 1%
human NCT00694733
Testim 1% gel
human NCT00706719
Testim 1%
human NCT00805207
1% AndroGel
human NCT01143818
AndroGel (testosterone gel) 1%
human NCT01187485
Androderm® 2.5mg
human NCT01187485
Androderm® 5.0mg
human NCT01187485
Androderm® 7.5mg
human NCT01327495
Testosterone 1% gel 1.25 g
human NCT01327495
Testosterone 1% gel 2.5 g
human NCT01327495
Testosterone 1% gel 5.0 g
human NCT01327495
testosterone 1% gel 10 g

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Did Testosterone move GrimAge, and by how much?

GrimAge: "In the multivariate MR analysis adjusting for body mass index (BMI), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake frequency, total and bioavailable testosterone levels, we found that the causal effects of BMR on PhenoAge and GrimAge accelerations were both dependent on BMI,…" Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2024-09-03

4 recorded sentences; 2024; biomarker

Show the evidence

GrimAge
2024; "In the multivariate MR analysis adjusting for body mass index (BMI), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake frequency, total and bioavailable testosterone levels, we found that the causal effects of BMR on PhenoAge and GrimAge accelerations were both dependent on BMI, and also dependent on T2D, smoking, and bioavailable testosterone levels for…"
PhenoAge PMID 38975310
2024; "For PhenoAge-AAge, subgroup analysis of the accelerated aging group showed an increased HR of 1.904 (95% CI, 1.374-2.639) in males with CAge <50 years and 1.233 (95% CI, 1.088-1.397) in those having testosterone levels <12 nmol/L. Moreover, AAge-associated risk of BPH was independent of and additive to genetic risk."
epigenetic age PMID 37369886
2024; "Higher testosterone and testosterone/estradiol ratio were associated with lower DNAm PAI and a younger epigenetic age in men."
epigenetic clock PMID 38233512
2024; "To help address these gaps, we explored associations between social adversity and biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and salivary cytokine hierarchical "clusters" based on the three interleukins), neuroendocrine function (cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and progesterone), neuromodulation…"

recorded 2024-09-03 · last checked 2026-09-04

More Testosterone was worse in human: at what point?

U-shaped in human: "Testosterone exhibited a U-shaped relationship with CVR in premenopausal females, yet was linked to lower CBF and CVR, and longer ATT in postmenopausal females." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-06-26

5 recorded sentences naming Testosterone; U-shaped, hormesis, biphasic

Show the evidence

U-shaped

PMID 42361914
"Testosterone exhibited a U-shaped relationship with CVR in premenopausal females, yet was linked to lower CBF and CVR, and longer ATT in postmenopausal females."
"In both sexes, a U-shaped association between total testosterone and ICH was found, independent of common cerebrovascular disease risk factors (P=0.006)."

hormesis
"This is the first population-level evidence of Cd-induced testosterone hormesis (low-dose stimulation, high-dose suppression), challenging the linear no-threshold model in Cd risk assessment."

biphasic

"<title>Abstract</title> <p>Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread reproductive toxicant conventionally known to suppress testosterone synthesis, but this study first identifies a threshold-dependent biphasic association between blood cadmium (BCd) and serum testosterone in a general male population."
"Results revealed a significant biphasic association (Pnonlinear=0.03;Ptrend<0.01), with an inflection point at 0.7 μg/L. Below this threshold, each 1 μg/L increase in BCd was associated with a 93.54 ng/dL rise in testosterone (95% CI:54.21–132.88; P<0.001), while above it, the effect attenuated to 18.67 ng/dL (95% CI:2.94–34.39; P=0.020)."

recorded 2026-06-26 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which of 21 item hamilton depression rating scale, area under the curve serum t and arterial stiffness did Testosterone's trials measure?

21 item hamilton depression rating scale, area under the curve serum t and arterial stiffness lead 40 outcome terms across Testosterone's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

intratesticular hormone levels, lean body mass at 6 months, satisfaction, hamilton depression rating scale, common carotid artery intima media thickness and coronary artery calcium follow.

Show the evidence

bone mineral density
1
physical function
1
bone turnover marker
1
intratesticular hormone levels
1
lean body mass at 6 months
1
satisfaction
1

14 more recorded rows

hamilton depression rating scale
1
common carotid artery intima media thickness
1
coronary artery calcium
1
cognitive function
1
21 item hamilton depression rating scale
1
growth hormone concentration after injections
1
total lean body mass
1
pharmacokinetic
1
insulin sensitivity
1
muscle and body fat distribution
1
vo2 max
1
resting metabolic rate
1
muscle biopsy analysis
1
carotid intima media thickness
1

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which of Testosterone's 18 ongoing trials reports first?

18 registered trials of Testosterone are open; earliest completion 2025-08. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

Dose Range Measure of serum levels of testosterone in response to varying doses; Symptoms of androgen deficiency; latest 2033-03-01

Show the evidence

Trial

NCT01894308
"A Dose Ranging Study to Examine TDS-Testosterone 5%"; n 48; "Dose Range Measure of serum levels of testosterone in response to varying doses"; 2027-02
NCT04760574
"Association Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Male Hypogonadism"; n 1200; "Symptoms of androgen deficiency"; 2030-11
NCT04798469
"Pain Alleviation With Testosterone in Opioid-Induced Hypogonadism"; n 150; "Changes in scores in the Pain Interference Subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questionnaire"; 2027-12-30
NCT04807894
"Prevention of Recurrent UTI Using Vaginal Testosterone Versus Placebo Placebo"; n 100; "To assess whether topical vaginal testosterone cream is more effective than placebo in reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections."; 2026-12-31
NCT04833426
"Impact of Peri-operative tEstosterone Levels on oNcological and Functional Outcomes in RadiCal prostatEctomy"; n 140; "Clinically relevant (≥12 points) difference in the EPIC-26 sexual functioning domain score, 12 months after radical prostatectomy between groups."; 2029-12
NCT05249634
"Testosterone Treatment in Men With Chronic Kidney Disease"; n 20; "Testosterone concentrations"; 2028-12

12 further recorded trials

NCT05318755
"China Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy Study"; n 240; "Change from Baseline Insulin Sensitivity at 12 months"; 2028-12-31
NCT05586802
"Sex Steroids Balance for Metabolic and Reproductive Health in Klinefelter Syndrome"; n 150; "Design 1 : sperm retrieval rate at mTESE biopsy"; 2027-04-30
NCT06084338
"Randomized Phase II Trial of Targeted Radiation With no Castration for Mcrpc"; n 60; "6-month radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS)"; 2028-12-31
NCT06247267
"The Effect of Sex Steroid Replacement Therapy in the Hypogonadism and Transgender Active-Duty Population"; n 75; "Effects of sex steroid hormone replacement therapy on body composition"; 2025-08
NCT06294990
"Klinefelter Syndrome and Testosterone Treatment in Puberty"; n 32; "Changes in body fat mass"; 2029-12-31
NCT06455969
"Adaptions and Resiliency to Multi-Stressor OpeRations"; n 120; "Biomechanical: Tendon Cross-Sectional Area, change from baseline and throughout training, mean"; 2027-08
NCT06670053
"Puberty, Testosterone, and Brain Development"; n 100; "Change in headache burden"; 2026-12
NCT06733350
"Testosterone Replacement Therapy for the Treatment of Low Testosterone in Hypogonadal Men With Localized Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance"; n 600; "Gleason grade progression"; 2029-01-15
NCT07143279
"Testosterone Supplementation in Patients in Best Supportive Care: Impact on Quality of Life"; n 20; "Quality of life assessed by ADL questionnaire"; 2027-11
NCT07212712
"The Role of Estrogen and Testosterone in Determining Brain Blood Flow and Metabolic Regulation in Humans"; n 50; "Cerebral blood flow responses to estrogen and testosterone"; 2027-12-31
NCT07254429
"COMPASS - COpenhagen MenoPAuSe Study"; n 192; "Change in bone remodeling from baseline to week 8."; 2028-05
NCT07568574
"Impact of Medically Supervised Performance-Enhancing Substances (PES) on Elite Athletes"; n 60; "The incidence and severity of Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), including adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs), as assessed by the study physicians from baseline to 5.5 years after enrollment."; 2033-03-01

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which running trial of Testosterone could settle insulin sensitivity?

NCT05318755 measures Change from Baseline Insulin Sensitivity at 12 months, reading out 2028-12-31.

2 open trials; n 240; "China Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy Study"

Show the evidence

Trial

NCT05318755
"China Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy Study"; n 240; "Change from Baseline Insulin Sensitivity at 12 months"; 2028-12-31
NCT06084338
"Randomized Phase II Trial of Targeted Radiation With no Castration for Mcrpc"; n 60; "6-month radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS)"; 2028-12-31

Which 78 trials of Testosterone posted no result?

Posted no result: 78 of 78 completed trials
Registrations: NCT00202241, NCT00004400, NCT00161304, NCT00161486, NCT00006158 and NCT00969163, and 72 more
Completion dates: oldest 2001-06; newest 2024-06-26

Show the evidence

Trial

NCT00202241
2001-06
NCT00004400
2001-09
NCT00161304
2004-11
NCT00161486
2004-11
NCT00006158
2004-12
NCT00969163
2005-06

14 further recorded trials

NCT00156650
2005-07
NCT00009555
2006-03
NCT00140153
2006-04
NCT00161447
2006-04
NCT00161421
2006-07
NCT00018356
2006-08
NCT00202462
2006-11
NCT00280267
2006-12
NCT00229593
2007-01
NCT00131495
2007-02
NCT00193661
2007-03
NCT00372008
2007-04
NCT00962637
2007-05
NCT00141492
2007-06

At the median, Testosterone's trials enrolled 53 people — anything larger?

Median enrolment: 53
Largest enrolment: 5246
Registered trials counted: 250

What do 1781 spontaneous reports say about Testosterone — and not say?

These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.

Testosterone appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 1781 reaction mentions were counted: blood testosterone decreased 421; deep vein thrombosis 234; pulmonary embolism 216; blood testosterone increased 183. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL386630 · 2026-06-24

Show the evidence

blood testosterone decreased
421
deep vein thrombosis
234
pulmonary embolism
216
blood testosterone increased
183
drug abuse
166
myocardial infarction
149

4 more recorded rows

acute myocardial infarction
123
product deposit
109
polycythaemia
100
prostate cancer
80

recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04

Was Testosterone studied with fasting and exercise?

fasting and exercise are named in Testosterone's label sentences: "This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) during resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscular strength, and the testosterone:cortisol ratio in obese males." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-07-31

2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise

Show the evidence

fasting
This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) during resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscular strength, and the testosterone:cortisol ratio in obese males.
exercise
We leveraged a randomized clinical trial that was investigating responses to supervised exercise (EX) with or without a topical testosterone gel (T) following hip fracture surgery to evaluate the role of RDW as a biomarker predictive of musculoskeletal outcomes.

recorded 2026-07-31 · last checked 2026-09-04

What is recorded about Testosterone and sirtuin?

"Interventions targeting this axis-NAD⁺ precursors (NMN/NR), Sirtuin activators (resveratrol/quercetin), and lifestyle strategies (intermittent fasting/exercise)-demonstrate efficacy in preclinical models: NMN restores sperm quality (+40% normality) and testosterone synthesis; resveratrol reduces sperm DNA fragmentation by 45% via SIRT3…" — where Testosterone and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-09-01

sirtuin, NAD+, autophagy, mTOR, AMPK, IGF-1; PMID 41714893, 41604684, 42461311, 42208704

Show the evidence

sirtuin PMID 41714893
"Interventions targeting this axis-NAD⁺ precursors (NMN/NR), Sirtuin activators (resveratrol/quercetin), and lifestyle strategies (intermittent fasting/exercise)-demonstrate efficacy in preclinical models: NMN restores sperm quality (+40% normality) and testosterone synthesis; resveratrol reduces sperm DNA fragmentation by 45% via SIRT3 activation."
NAD+ PMID 41714893
"Interventions targeting this axis-NAD⁺ precursors (NMN/NR), Sirtuin activators (resveratrol/quercetin), and lifestyle strategies (intermittent fasting/exercise)-demonstrate efficacy in preclinical models: NMN restores sperm quality (+40% normality) and testosterone synthesis; resveratrol reduces sperm DNA fragmentation by 45% via SIRT3 activation."

sirtuin

PMID 41604684
"Crucially, Sirt1 overexpression in transgenic mice (Sirt1<sup>TG</sup>) or pharmacological activation of SIRT1 (SRT1720) and RAB7 (ML-098) rescued testosterone synthesis and restored lipophagy flux."
PMID 41604684
"This study identifies the SIRT1-FOXO1-RAB7 axis as a core target for 6:2 Cl-PFAES-induced suppression of testosterone biosynthesis via lipophagy dysregulation, providing critical molecular insights for assessing the reproductive risks of PFOS alternatives."

autophagy PMID 42461311
"Together, these findings demonstrate that testosterone supports mitochondrial-lysosomal homeostasis and autophagy during toxic liver injury, whereas androgen deprivation favors defective autophagy and maladaptive apoptosis, underscoring hormone-dependent regulation of hepatocellular stress responses."

mTOR

PMID 42208704
"In vivo experiments demonstrated that XCYSF restored testosterone levels in LOH rats and exerted therapeutic effects by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway."
PMID 42208704
"XCYSF and its active component tribuloside promote testosterone synthesis and alleviate LOH by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway."
PMID 42621446
"BFR engages mTORC1 signaling, myostatin suppression, satellite-cell proliferation, HIF-1α stabilization, and angiogenic gene expression to produce hypertrophic and functional outcomes broadly comparable to high-load resistance training; it elicits acute endocrine (growth hormone, IGF-1, testosterone, catecholamines) and metabolic (lactate, reactive oxygen species, AMPK) responses, together with…"

AMPK PMID 42621446
"BFR engages mTORC1 signaling, myostatin suppression, satellite-cell proliferation, HIF-1α stabilization, and angiogenic gene expression to produce hypertrophic and functional outcomes broadly comparable to high-load resistance training; it elicits acute endocrine (growth hormone, IGF-1, testosterone, catecholamines) and metabolic (lactate, reactive oxygen species, AMPK) responses, together with…"

IGF-1

PMID 42621446
"BFR engages mTORC1 signaling, myostatin suppression, satellite-cell proliferation, HIF-1α stabilization, and angiogenic gene expression to produce hypertrophic and functional outcomes broadly comparable to high-load resistance training; it elicits acute endocrine (growth hormone, IGF-1, testosterone, catecholamines) and metabolic (lactate, reactive oxygen species, AMPK) responses, together with…"
PMID 42678900
"Thelarche with low LH is associated with elevated DHEAS, testosterone, estrone, and IGF-1 concentrations, which is partly explained by BF%, suggesting that aromatization of adrenal androgens to estrogens in adipose tissue is one hormonal mechanism of thelarche in girls without gonadotropin activation."

AMPK PMID 42134159
"These findings demonstrate that miR-27b-3p suppresses Leydig cell proliferation and testosterone production by targeting PPARG, thereby modulating AMPK signaling."

autophagy

PMID 42424014
"This study investigated the dose-dependent impact of CNM on testicular histology, carbohydrate and lipid storage patterns, apoptosis, testosterone status, and autophagy-related gene expression in healthy rats."
PMID 42424014
"These findings suggest that CNM alters testicular structural organization, carbohydrate and lipid storage patterns, testosterone status, apoptosis, and autophagy-related gene expression in a dose-dependent manner."

IGF-1 PMID 41355050
"Stimulation of GH and IGF-1 secretion, intramuscular IGF-1 receptor, and muscle protein synthesis and inhibition of muscle atrophy genes further contribute to testosterone's anabolic effects."
AMPK
"Mechanistically, testosterone excess inhibits IGFBP1 and PRL expression, followed by phosphorylating of AMPK that stimulates PDK4 expression."

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Where it is registered

Identifiers, relations and other names

The exact record

UNII: 3XMK78S47O
ChEMBL id: CHEMBL386630
PubChem CID: 91667979
CAS number: 67308-98-9
RxCUI: 1989005
InChIKey: MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N

Trade name: Androderm, Androgel, Androgel 1%, Andropatch, Axiron, Fortesta, Intrinsa, Natesto, Striant, Striant sr, Testim 1%, Testoderm
Also called: Android-t, Androlan, Homosterone, Livensa, Testiculosterone, Testosterona, Testosterone ciii, Virosterone, androgen, aveed, fe 999303, high dose testosterone
Development code: NSC-9700, TESTIM
Salt form: t gel, testosterone gel, testosterone nasal gel, transdermal t-gel, Testosterone Propionate, Natesto nasal gel, Testosterone Gel, 1%

Sources (12)

Sources

ClinicalTrials.gov clinicaltrials.gov · 2026-09-01
ClinicalTrials.gov ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 snapshot 2026-09-01T09:00:05 · 2026-09-01
this record's own fields 2,3,5 · 2026-09-04
Europe PMC dose-response search · 2026-06-26
Europe PMC epigenetic clock search · 2024-09-03
Europe PMC pathway abstract search · 2026-09-01

6 more sources

Europe PMC search · 2026-06-15
Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov organism ladder · 2026-09-01
open-targets-adr CHEMBL386630 · 2026-06-24
openfda-label ca5d4865-356b-45e7-b603-fe299e450abc · 2026-07-06
openfda-label+europepmc K1:3XMK78S47O · 2026-07-31
national registers US, EU, CA · 2026-09-04

ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work

How these records are assembled · Which registers were checked

Index-quality checks

identity passed: no open identity hold
required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
source coverage passed: 12 source rows
no critical contamination: no quarantine open
canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page

This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.

What Testosterone does in the body

What the registries record it as

Four words worth knowing first

What was measured, goal by goal

What happened in people

lung injury score

Overall survival

Number of Participants With Biopsy-detectable Prostate Cancer at Years 2 and 4 (Crude Rate Approach)

Time From Randomization to the First Component Event of Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE): Number and Percentage of Participants With an Event

Change in cognitive function

Change in GI (Gastrointestinal) Health (1)

How close this is to real life

Felt, measured, or meaningful

Felt

Measured

Meaningful

Were people like you studied?

Who was studied

Who is missing from the studies

What the label states about particular groups

Where the result stopped carrying

Why it might seem to do nothing

What taking it involves

How it is supplied

Form and route

Who oversees it

What is in the pack

Where it is registered

Why people stop

What can go wrong

Reports sent to a regulator

Does the exact form matter?

The form that was studied

What is sold

What is recorded as being sold

What you could measure

Questions worth asking

What nobody knows yet

Missing populations

Missing long-term data

No reviewed conclusion

Missing interaction studies

Formulation uncertainty

Mechanism not reviewed

Check any of this yourself

Where else this substance is registered

Checks this page had to pass

How this medicine reached us

What the approval register records

What to learn next

6 questions this page could not answer

The full record, for auditing

What did Testosterone's largest trial (5246 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?

From C. elegans to human: where has Testosterone shown mechanism-only?

33 of Testosterone's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?

Trial

Human studies of Testosterone used Testosterone Gel (1%) — over how long?

human

Did Testosterone move GrimAge, and by how much?

More Testosterone was worse in human: at what point?

U-shaped

biphasic

Which of 21 item hamilton depression rating scale, area under the curve serum t and arterial stiffness did Testosterone's trials measure?

Which of Testosterone's 18 ongoing trials reports first?

Trial

Which running trial of Testosterone could settle insulin sensitivity?

Trial

Which 78 trials of Testosterone posted no result?

Trial

At the median, Testosterone's trials enrolled 53 people — anything larger?

What do 1781 spontaneous reports say about Testosterone — and not say?

Was Testosterone studied with fasting and exercise?

What is recorded about Testosterone and sirtuin?

sirtuin

mTOR

IGF-1

autophagy

The exact record

Sources