This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Taurine does in the body
Taken in energy drinks and pre-workout formulas, and increasingly for anti-ageing
Taurine is not built into proteins and does not act on a receptor. It does three quieter jobs: it helps cells manage their water balance, it is attached to bile acids so they can do their work in the gut, and it chemically modifies a piece of the machinery that mitochondria use to read their own genes. Most people make enough from cysteine. Cats cannot make it at all, which is why cat food is fortified and why a taurine-starved cat develops heart failure that supplementation reverses. The question that matters for a human supplement is whether anyone is actually short of it, and the recent human data say most people are not.
What happened in people
No association was found between circulating taurine and age, muscle mass, strength, performance or mitochondrial function in 137 men aged 20 to 93
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The recorded finding that sits closest to something a person would notice. Written into the record, not signed off, and it carries no population or interval.
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
A limit recorded against this substance. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The four opening statements run to 149 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Randomisation
Randomisation means chance decides who gets which treatment.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a coin toss deciding the groups.
Where that stops being true. A coin toss is fair once. Fairness here comes from doing it for everyone.
What people get wrong. It is thought to make groups identical. It makes them similar on average, including on things nobody measured.
Allocation of participants to arms by a chance process, so that unmeasured factors are balanced in expectation.
Confidence interval
A confidence interval is the range the true answer is likely to sit in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a weather forecast giving a range rather than one number.
Where that stops being true. A forecast range covers tomorrow. This one covers what the study could resolve.
What people get wrong. The middle number is read as the answer. A range crossing zero means no change is still possible.
An interval estimate that would contain the true parameter in a stated proportion of repeated studies.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 11 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Energy
fatigue severity scale
Blood sugar
hba1c
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Left ventricular function on echocardiography against plasma taurine, before and after supplementation
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
Pion 1987 — taurine depletion and myocardial failure in cats
How many people
32
Study design
Controlled feline feeding study with echocardiography and supplementation
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
What a body can do day to day
What was found
Low plasma taurine with echocardiographic myocardial failure in 21 cats on commercial food and 2 of 11 on a marginally low purified diet; left ventricular function normalised on supplementation
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. A study in an obligate carnivore that cannot synthesise taurine. It establishes a deficiency disease and its cure, and says nothing about a species that makes its own.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Effect of isolated oral taurine on endurance performance
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
Waldron 2018 meta-analysis of oral taurine and endurance performance
How many people
10
Study design
Meta-analysis of 10 peer-reviewed studies with a 7-trial time-to-exhaustion sub-analysis
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Hedges g 0.40 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.67), P = 0.004; time-to-exhaustion g 0.43 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.75), P = 0.007
Repeated elsewhere
Partially Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No moderation by dose (P > 0.05) or by acute versus chronic supplementation (P = 0.897) — a positive effect with neither a dose-response nor a time-course. Sample size counts studies, not participants.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
Interval reported. 95% CI 0
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Health span and life span after taurine supplementation, and taurine against age
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
Singh 2023 — taurine deficiency as a driver of aging
How many people
0
Study design
Multi-species intervention and observational study in mice, monkeys, worms and humans
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Increased health span in mice and monkeys and life span in mice and worms; circulating taurine reported to decline with age across species
Repeated elsewhere
Failed to Replicate
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. The human component was observational and correlational. Sample size is recorded as zero because no human intervention was performed. The authors themselves wrote that clinical trials in humans "seem warranted", which the market treated as though they had already been run.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Circulating taurine concentration against chronological age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
Science 2025 — Is taurine an aging biomarker?
How many people
0
Study design
Longitudinal and cross-sectional cohort analysis in humans, nonhuman primates and mice
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Taurine increased or remained unchanged with age in three geographically distinct human cohorts, in nonhuman primates and in mice, measured both longitudinally and cross-sectionally
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Considerable variability was found in associations between taurine and age-related outcomes for gross motor function and energy homeostasis. Sample size recorded as zero because this was cohort analysis rather than an enrolled trial.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Exercise time, metabolic equivalents and exercise distance on exercise tolerance testing
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
Beyranvand 2011 — taurine and exercise capacity in heart failure
How many people
29
Study design
Randomised single-blind placebo-controlled, two weeks
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Within-group increases in exercise time, METs and distance on taurine, P < 0.0001 for all; no significant increase within the placebo group
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Single-blind, 29 patients, two weeks, and reported as within-group changes rather than a between-group comparison of change — the weakest analytic framing for an exercise test subject to learning effects.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 5 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.2 registered measures of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Start
Taurine
What a person takes: Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient.
The measurement behind this step
Sold in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA, and used as a food ingredient in energy drinks at roughly a gram per serving. Taurine is a cheap, high-purity commodity and content misstatement is rare. The relevant delivery problem is not purity but company: it is nearly always consumed alongside caffeine and sugar, which makes consumer attribution of any effect to taurine unreliable. Because beta-alanine competes with taurine for the SLC6A6 transporter, chronic beta-alanine use lowers muscle taurine — a genuine interaction between two supplements frequently sold in the same pre-workout formula.
Getting in
Most people make their own; cats cannot
Humans build taurine from a sulphur-containing amino acid. Cats lack the enzyme entirely, which is why cat food is fortified and human food is not.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO1) oxidises cysteine to cysteine sulphinic acid, which cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase converts toward hypotaurine and then taurine. Feline activity of the decarboxylase is negligible, making taurine dietarily essential for cats. No human recommended intake exists because adult synthesis plus animal-food intake covers requirement, which is precisely why a human deficiency claim needs evidence rather than analogy.
A dedicated transporter concentrates it inside cells
Taurine is pumped into cells and held at levels far above the blood, where it helps the cell manage its water balance.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
SLC6A6, the sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter, concentrates taurine intracellularly by one to two orders of magnitude, with the highest tissue concentrations in retina, cardiac and skeletal muscle, leukocytes and brain. Beta-alanine competes for the same transporter, which is why chronic beta-alanine supplementation lowers muscle taurine — a genuine interaction between two products often sold together.
It modifies mitochondrial tRNA so genes are read correctly
Taurine is chemically attached to a piece of the mitochondrial reading machinery. Without it, some mitochondrial proteins get built with the wrong amino acids.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
5-taurinomethyluridine at the wobble position of specific mitochondrial tRNAs is required for accurate codon decoding; its absence underlies the translation defect in MELAS. This is the only taurine function with a defined molecular target and a defined disease when it fails, and it is a presence requirement rather than an abundance requirement.
Taurine is stuck onto bile acids so they stay soluble in the gut, and inside cells it acts as ballast that keeps water balance stable.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase conjugates taurine to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid, giving taurocholate and taurochenodeoxycholate. Separately, taurine is one of the principal organic osmolytes in mammalian cells, released or accumulated in response to volume change. Neither function has been shown to be limiting in a healthy adult.
The human outcome data are small and now contradictory
Endurance improved slightly across ten trials, with no dose-response. The ageing claim rested on taurine falling with age, and in humans measured over time, it does not.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Waldron et al. found Hedges g 0.40 for endurance with no moderation by dose or duration. The 2025 Science analysis found circulating taurine increased or was unchanged with age across three human cohorts, primates and mice, measured longitudinally and cross-sectionally, and the Aging Cell study found no association with age, muscle mass, strength, performance or mitochondrial function in 137 men aged 20 to 93.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
fatigue severity scale
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hba1c
30 m sprint time
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
progression free survival
overall survival
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (6)
young mania rating scale
probing pocket depth
metabolomic profile
pathological complete response
visual acuity
classified as multidimensional responders after 28 days
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Energy drink consumers, who make up the overwhelming majority; athletes taking it for endurance; and a rapidly growing longevity market. Infants receive it in formula and cats in every commercial cat food, both by regulation.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
The human premise of the 2023 ageing paper, contradicted by two independent 2025 datasets
Any dose-response for the endurance effect, which meta-regression found absent in both dose and duration
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing.
On this record: The 2023 animal health-span results stand; the human deficiency framing built on top of them does not
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states.
On this record: This is sold as a supplement, so no agency checked what is in a given tub before it was sold.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (8)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA, and used as a food ingredient in energy drinks at roughly a gram per serving. Taurine is a cheap, high-purity commodity and content misstatement is rare. The relevant delivery problem is not purity but company: it is nearly always consumed alongside caffeine and sugar, which makes consumer attribution of any effect to taurine unreliable. Because beta-alanine competes with taurine for the SLC6A6 transporter, chronic beta-alanine use lowers muscle taurine — a genuine interaction between two supplements frequently sold in the same pre-workout formula.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Well tolerated at gram doses with no consistent adverse effect pattern in the trial literature, and EFSA has examined its use in energy drinks. The realistic hazards are contextual rather than intrinsic: energy drinks deliver taurine with substantial caffeine and sugar, and the adverse events attributed to those drinks are consistent with caffeine. Long-term safety of gram-scale daily taurine taken for longevity purposes over years has not been studied, which matters now that it is being sold on a premise that human data do not support.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Taurine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 3 most-reported reaction terms, 64 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral powder or capsule; overwhelmingly consumed as an energy drink ingredient
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Taurine is a cheap, high-purity commodity and content misstatement is rare. The relevant delivery problem is not purity but company: it is nearly always consumed alongside caffeine and sugar, which makes consumer attribution of any effect to taurine unreliable. Because beta-alanine competes with taurine for the SLC6A6 transporter, chronic beta-alanine use lowers muscle taurine — a genuine interaction between two supplements frequently sold in the same pre-workout formula.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
24 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 7 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 83027-0019 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, injection, solution, liquid, powder, solution and tablet, taken intravenous, oral and sublingual.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 83027-0019 · read 2026-08-29
20 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 4 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 4f40a4bc-d27d-41c1-aad9-edd7cd1dcace · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 4f40a4bc-d27d-41c1-aad9-edd7cd1dcace · read 2026-08-29
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: hba1c; 30 m sprint time.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting, such as: fatigue severity scale.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That taurine declines with age in humans, which longitudinal data contradict
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the cat cardiomyopathy result implies anything about a human who synthesises taurine
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That taurine is responsible for the effect of an energy drink that also contains caffeine
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That within-group improvements in a 29-patient single-blind trial establish a cardiac benefit
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Taurine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
The cat cardiomyopathy result is real, and it is a deficiency disease
In plain words
Cats fed too little taurine develop heart failure. Giving them taurine restores normal heart function. This is the strongest taurine finding in existence, and it is about a species that cannot make it.
What was measured
Plasma taurine concentration and echocardiographic left ventricular function before and after supplementation in cats
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Pion and colleagues reported in Science that low plasma taurine concentrations with echocardiographic evidence of myocardial failure were observed in 21 cats fed commercial cat foods and in 2 of 11 cats fed a purified diet containing marginally low taurine for four years. Oral taurine supplementation raised plasma taurine and was associated with normalisation of left ventricular function in both groups. Because myocardial taurine concentration is directly related to plasma concentration, the authors proposed a direct link between myocardial taurine depletion and reduced mechanical function. The finding changed commercial cat food formulation worldwide and effectively eliminated taurine-deficiency cardiomyopathy in cats. It is also a textbook deficiency result in an obligate carnivore that lacks cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase and therefore cannot synthesise taurine at all. Humans can. Citing this study in support of a human supplement is the exact error this file exists to name: a deficiency effect is not a supplement effect.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The 2023 ageing claim, and the 2025 human data that contradicted its premise
In plain words
A 2023 Science paper said taurine falls with age and that replacing it extended healthy life in mice and monkeys. In 2025, measuring the same people repeatedly over time, another Science group found taurine goes up or stays flat with age in humans.
What was measured
Circulating taurine concentration against chronological age, measured longitudinally and cross-sectionally in human, primate and mouse cohorts
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Singh et al. reported in Science in 2023 that circulating taurine declines with age in mice, monkeys and humans, that supplementation increased health span in mice and monkeys and life span in mice, and that mechanistically taurine reduced cellular senescence, protected against telomerase deficiency, suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased DNA damage and attenuated inflammaging. They concluded that "taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging" and that clinical trials in humans "seem warranted." In 2025 a Science report titled "Is taurine an aging biomarker?" found that circulating taurine concentrations increased or remained unchanged with age in three geographically distinct human cohorts as well as in nonhuman primates and mice, measured both longitudinally and cross-sectionally, with considerable variability in associations between taurine and age-related outcomes for gross motor function and energy homeostasis. Their conclusion: changes in circulating taurine "are not a universal feature of aging." Independently, an Aging Cell study of 137 physically inactive and physically active men aged 20 to 93 found no association between circulating taurine and age, muscle mass, strength, physical performance or mitochondrial function. The animal intervention results in the 2023 paper are not overturned by any of this. The human premise on which the product was sold is.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The endurance effect is real and small, and dose did not matter
In plain words
Pooling ten trials, taurine produced a small improvement in endurance performance. Taking more of it, or taking it for longer, did not make the effect bigger.
What was measured
Hedges g for endurance performance and time to exhaustion, with dose and duration as meta-regression moderators
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Waldron and colleagues meta-analysed ten peer-reviewed studies of isolated oral taurine and endurance performance, with a sub-analysis of seven time-to-exhaustion trials, using doses from 1 to 6 g per day given acutely or for up to two weeks. Taurine improved overall endurance performance with a Hedges g of 0.40 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.67, P = 0.004), and similarly in time-to-exhaustion trials (g 0.43, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.75, P = 0.007). Meta-regression found no difference between acute and chronic supplementation for the full sample (P = 0.897) or the time-to-exhaustion group (P = 0.896), and the dose did not moderate the effect (P > 0.05). A small positive effect with no dose-response and no time-course is an uncomfortable combination: a genuine pharmacological effect would usually show at least one of the two. Ten studies is also a small evidence base for a meta-analysis, and the isolated-taurine requirement excludes the way almost everyone actually consumes it, which is alongside caffeine and sugar.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The energy drink attribution problem: caffeine is in the same can
In plain words
Almost all taurine consumed comes in energy drinks, where it sits alongside caffeine and sugar. Nothing in that experience can be attributed to the taurine.
What was measured
That taurine is responsible for the stimulant effect of an energy drink that also contains a substantial caffeine dose
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
EFSA examined the use of taurine and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone as constituents of so-called energy drinks and published a scientific opinion on their safety in 2009. The scientific point for a reader is one of attribution rather than toxicity: a typical energy drink contains roughly a gram of taurine alongside caffeine at a dose with a large, replicated, independently established effect on alertness and performance. Any subjective effect from the can is therefore attributable to a compound that is already known to produce it. The taurine meta-analysis deliberately restricted itself to isolated taurine for exactly this reason, and found a small effect with no dose-response. Marketing that describes taurine as the "energy" component of an energy drink is assigning to the ingredient with weak evidence a result produced by the ingredient with strong evidence.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The heart failure trial is 29 patients, two weeks, and single-blind
In plain words
The human cardiac evidence most often cited is a two-week trial in 29 heart failure patients in which only the participants, not the investigators, were blinded.
What was measured
That taurine improves cardiac function in humans, on the basis of within-group changes in a 29-patient single-blind two-week trial
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Beyranvand and colleagues ran a randomised single-blind placebo-controlled trial in 29 patients with heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction below 50% and NYHA class II or III, giving 15 patients taurine 500 mg three times daily and 14 patients placebo for two weeks, with exercise tolerance testing before and after. Mean age was 60.57 +/- 6.54 years, 26 of 29 were male, and mean ejection fraction was 29.27 +/- 6.97%. Exercise time, metabolic equivalents and exercise distance all increased significantly within the taurine group (P < 0.0001 for all) and did not increase significantly in the placebo group. The design limits are severe: 29 patients, two weeks, single-blind, and a within-group significance framing rather than a between-group comparison of change. That last point matters most — a within-group P value in a 15-patient arm on a learning-affected exercise test is close to uninformative. This trial is nonetheless routinely cited as evidence that taurine helps the failing human heart.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The one mechanism with a molecular target: mitochondrial tRNA modification
In plain words
Taurine chemically modifies part of the machinery mitochondria use to read their own genes. Without that modification, certain mitochondrial proteins are built wrong.
What was measured
Presence of the 5-taurinomethyluridine modification on mitochondrial tRNA and consequent mitochondrial translation fidelity
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Taurine is the substrate for 5-taurinomethyluridine, a modification at the wobble position of specific mitochondrial transfer RNAs that is required for accurate decoding of the codons those tRNAs read. Loss of the modification impairs synthesis of mitochondrially encoded respiratory chain subunits, and it is the accepted molecular basis of the mitochondrial disease MELAS, where the underlying mutation prevents the modification from being installed. This is by a wide margin the best-defined thing taurine does, and it is the mechanism the 2023 ageing paper leaned on when it reported that taurine "suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction". The gap to a supplement claim is the same one that recurs throughout this file: the modification requires taurine to be present, not abundant, and no evidence establishes that a replete adult's mitochondrial tRNAs are under-modified or that adding taurine modifies them further.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
4 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
Taurine cures a real and fatal deficiency disease in cats and is genuinely required in infant formula, and a 2018 meta-analysis found a small endurance benefit (Hedges g 0.40) — but the anti-ageing claim that built the current market rests on a 2023 Science paper whose central human premise, that taurine falls with age, was contradicted in 2025 by longitudinal data from three human cohorts.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Taurine's largest trial (300 people) and its longest (7.9 years) measure?
300 people in Taurine's largest registered study, 7.9 years in its longest registered window, measuring morbidity and mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
15 na, 11 phase2, 6 phase1, 3 phase3, 1 phase4; NCT01192828; 2017-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07604519.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Taurine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
15
phase2
11
phase1
6
phase3
3
phase4
1
Last recorded human testNCT07604519
2026-06-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Taurine shown lifespan?
2 recorded entries; human; also "Taurine supplementation in capsules of 500 grams of taurine powder, total dosage: 1.5 grams/day"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00420823
Taurine 4g
NCT05149716
Taurine supplementation in capsules of 500 grams of taurine powder, total dosage: 1.5 grams/day
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
More Taurine was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "Interestingly, aging increased the circulating and tissue concentrations of taurine suggesting that elevated taurine may serve as a hormetic stress response metabolite that regulates mechanism of age-related inflammation." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-10-01
5 recorded sentences naming Taurine; hormetic, hormesis, dose-response
Show the evidence
hormetic
"Interestingly, aging increased the circulating and tissue concentrations of taurine suggesting that elevated taurine may serve as a hormetic stress response metabolite that regulates mechanism of age-related inflammation."
PMID 38432405
"This paper represents the first integrative assessment and documentation of taurine-induced hormetic effects in the biological and biomedical areas, their dose response features, mechanistic frameworks, and possible public health, therapeutic and commercial applications."
PMID 38432405
"Taurine-induced hormetic effects are documented in a wide range of experimental models, cell types and for numerous biological endpoints, with most of these experimental findings being reported within the past five years."
hormesisPMID 38432405
"It is suggested that the concept of hormesis may have a transformative effect on taurine research and its public health and therapeutic applications."
dose-responsePMID 41275513
"Subgroup and dose-response analyses indicated that a daily taurine dose of 1.5-3.0 g was more effective in improving these cardiometabolic risk factors."
recorded 2026-10-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Could one person measure Taurine's effect on young mania rating scale?
Young mania rating scale: measured in Taurine's trials.
Interpretation young mania rating scale is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
young mania rating scale; 2026-09-01
fatigue severity scale; 2026-09-01
probing pocket depth; 2026-09-01
hba1c; 2026-09-01
metabolomic profile; 2026-09-01
progression free survival; 2026-09-01
5 more recorded rows
biomarkers
overall survival; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pathological complete response; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
visual acuity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
30 m sprint time; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
classified as multidimensional responders after 28 days; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
7
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
4; NCT00391001; PHASE1; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; TERMINATED
Q6
Which of 30 m sprint time, classified as multidimensional responders after 28 days and fatigue severity scale did Taurine's trials measure?
30 m sprint time, classified as multidimensional responders after 28 days and fatigue severity scale lead 11 outcome terms across Taurine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Taurine Effect on Glycemic, Lipidic and Inflammatory Profile in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes"; n 94; "HbA1c"; 2025-12
NCT06128252
"Clinical Study of Taurine Combined With Neoadjuvant Chemo-Immunotherapy for Treatment of Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer"; n 96; "Pathological complete response"; 2027-06-30
NCT06639711
"Taurine Eye Drops May Prevent the Progression of Cataract"; n 50; "Visual Acuity"; 2024-12-20
NCT06721949
"Taurine Supplementation in Long COVID"; n 300; "Mean change in Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) from baseline to three months"; 2028-12
NCT07567742
"Taurine for the Prevention and Treatment of Radiation-induced Oral Mucositis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma"; n 130; "Incidence of Severe Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis"; 2029-03-30
NCT07656051
"Taurine and Nitrate Supplementation on Thermoregulatory in T2DM"; n 18; "Whole body sweat rate"; 2028-04-01
3 further recorded trials
NCT07682402
"Taurine Supplementation in Adolescents With Post-COVID Condition"; n 30; "Mean Change in Plasma Taurine Levels from Baseline to Three Months"; 2028-12-31
NCT07710547
"TCP-600 Supplementation and Performance Response in Professional Football Players"; n 65; "Proportion of Participants Classified as Multidimensional Responders After 28 Days"; 2026-09
NCT07730255
"Exercise and Taurine Supplementation on Intramuscular Fat in Older Women With Obesity"; n 44; "Change from Baseline in Intramuscular Fat Fraction Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Dixon Technique)"; 2026-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 10 trials of Taurine posted no result?
Posted no result
10 of 10 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00420823, NCT00497978, NCT00217165, NCT02535143, NCT01381354 and NCT04279600, and 4 more
Completion dates
oldest 2010-12; newest 2021-03-13
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00420823
2010-12
NCT00497978
2011-10
NCT00217165
2011-12
NCT02535143
2015-07
NCT01381354
2016-05
NCT04279600
2018-05-01
4 further recorded trials
NCT04192539
2018-12-17
NCT03907267
2020-01-01
NCT05149716
2020-07-03
NCT04772508
2021-03-13
Q9
At the median, Taurine's trials enrolled 60 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
60
Largest enrolment
300
Registered trials counted
29
Q10
What do 64 spontaneous reports say about Taurine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Taurine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 3 most-reported reaction terms, 64 reaction mentions were counted: parenteral nutrition associated liver disease 50; hyperhidrosis 7; hyperthermia 7. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL239243 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
parenteral nutrition associated liver disease
50
hyperhidrosis
7
hyperthermia
7
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Taurine studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Taurine's label sentences: "This trial investigated the effects of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance training, with and without taurine supplementation, on plasma asprosin, spexin, and body composition in obese men." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-07-16
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
This trial investigated the effects of 12 weeks of combined aerobic-resistance training, with and without taurine supplementation, on plasma asprosin, spexin, and body composition in obese men.
recorded 2026-07-16 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Taurine and mTOR?
"Environmental stressors could exacerbate PCV2 pathogenesis by amplifying ROS-dependent autophagy, while interventions like taurine mitigate viral replication via ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway inhibition." — where Taurine and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-01
"Environmental stressors could exacerbate PCV2 pathogenesis by amplifying ROS-dependent autophagy, while interventions like taurine mitigate viral replication via ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway inhibition."
AMPKPMID 40995216
"Environmental stressors could exacerbate PCV2 pathogenesis by amplifying ROS-dependent autophagy, while interventions like taurine mitigate viral replication via ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway inhibition."
autophagyPMID 40995216
"Environmental stressors could exacerbate PCV2 pathogenesis by amplifying ROS-dependent autophagy, while interventions like taurine mitigate viral replication via ROS/AMPK/mTOR pathway inhibition."
AMPK
PMID 38549461
"Taurine treatment suppresses the expression of lipogenic genes (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c [SREBP1c], fatty acid synthase [FAS], Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPARγ]) and increases the expression of β-oxidation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [PPARα], liver x receptor beta [LXRβ], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator…"
PMID 38549461
"Taurine exerts lipid lowering effects through activating SIRT1/AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathways and regulating their downstream targets."
sirtuinPMID 38549461
"Taurine exerts lipid lowering effects through activating SIRT1/AMPK/FOXO1 signaling pathways and regulating their downstream targets."
mTORPMID 41398135
"Additionally, taurine reduce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β expression, modulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and beclin-1, restored brain metabolic enzyme activity, enhanced neurotransmitter levels, and prevented alterations in α-synuclein and paraoxonase 1 (PON1)."
autophagyPMID 41398135
"In conclusion, taurine protects against melamine-induced neurotoxicity in rats by improving autophagic response, downregulating apoptosis and inflammation markers, inhibiting oxidative stress, and potentially restoring brain metabolic enzyme activities and neurotransmitter levels."
mTORPMID 42004259
"Taurine enhanced cholesterol utilization by facilitating its conversion into bile acids and activating key nutrient-sensing pathways such as the mTOR pathway, thereby improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity."
autophagyPMID 41620010
"While limited to a single in vitro model, this study provides foundational evidence that taurine-mediated modulation of autophagy may represent a potential therapeutic avenue for protein misfolding-related neurodegenerative disorders."
IGF-1
"After the taurine treatment, the mRNA expression of insulin-like peptide receptor (ILPR), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein (IGFBPRP), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), S6 kinase (S6K), and rhodopsin-like gene (CGI_10012534) significantly increased, which were 2.15-fold (p < 0.01),…"
3 more recorded rows
sirtuinPMID 41546042
"This study aims to determine whether long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) taurine up-regulated gene 1 (TUG1) can promote the osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) by modulating the miR-138/silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) axis and to explore the underlying mechanisms."
NAD+PMID 42644018
"Key advances include: <i>i</i>) regulatory approval of high-dose taurine supplementation (9-12 g/day), which achieved complete prevention of stroke-like episodes in 60% of participants in a phase III trial; <i>ii</i>) phase IIb data (company-reported) indicating that sonlicromanol (KH176) showed signals of improvement in cognition, mood, and fatigue, supporting progression to a phase III…"
sirtuinPMID 35211764
"Thus, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of long non‑coding (lnc)RNA taurine‑upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the serum of T2DM patients, as well as in HIEC‑6 and SW480 cells following treatment with high glucose and high fat (HGHF)."
recorded 2026-08-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.