Its recorded molecular formula is C4H7NaO2, weighing 110.09.
PubChem record · 5222465 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 8 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
insulin sensitivity
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Safety and Effectiveness of Fenofibrate and Pravastatin in HIV-Positive Patients With Abnormal Blood Lipids
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00006412
How many people
630
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs), Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Treatment Related AEs and Treatment Related SAEs
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01463306
How many people
605
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Pain VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Response. Percentage of Subjects With a Greater Than or Equal to 30% Reduction in Pain VAS From Baseline (BOCF).
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00423813
How many people
573
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Subjects Reporting Adverse Events
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00423605
How many people
560
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Pain VAS (Visual Analog Scale) Response. Percentage of Subjects With a Greater Than or Equal to 30% Reduction in Pain VAS From Baseline (BOCF).
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00371137
How many people
548
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Changes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Scale
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06676514
How many people
405
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. No reviewed result.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
inflammatory parameters
concentration of total plasma ketones
liver function tests
insulin sensitivity
nighttime blood pressure
area under the plasma concentration versus time curve
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
difference in remission rate
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (1)
complete blood count
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear∅Nothing found in the sources checked
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: inflammatory parameters; concentration of total plasma ketones; liver function tests.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Butyric Acid are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
40UIR9Q29H
CAS registry number
107-92-6
PubChem compound
264
ChEBI
17968
RxNorm concept
1362696
EMA substance identifier
100000126091
European Chemicals Agency number
203-532-3
DrugBank
DB03568
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✗ Not passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries no source: the record holds neither an explanation nor a recorded use.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Butyric Acid's largest trial (200 people) and its longest (9 years) measure?
200 people in Butyric Acid's largest registered study, 9 years in its longest registered window, measuring Concentration of Total Plasma Ketones. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
22 na, 9 phase2, 4 phase3, 2 phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT05456763; 2022-06; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06556745.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Butyric Acid was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
22
phase2
9
phase3
4
phase1
2
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT06556745
2026-06-04
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Butyric Acid shown lifespan?
"Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) decided not to accept study grant from Stanley Medical Research Foundation. because of budget considerations."; 2 of 34 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02654405
withdrawn; "Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) decided not to accept study grant from Stanley Medical Research Foundation. because of budget considerations."
NCT03010865
withdrawn; "sponsor withdrew the funds because the smell of sodium butyrate made blinding impossible"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Butyric Acid used Sodium Butyrate 5 mmol — over how long?
2 recorded entries; human; also "Sodium Butyrate 80 mmol"
Show the evidence
human
NCT04415333
Sodium Butyrate 5 mmol
NCT04415333
Sodium Butyrate 80 mmol
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Butyric Acid was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "BKMR revealed a non-linear joint effect, with the overall association shifting from positive to negative when the mixture quantile exceeded 0.5; butyric acid showed an inverted U-shaped relationship." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-07-28
5 recorded sentences naming Butyric Acid; U-shaped, dose-response, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 42517812
"BKMR revealed a non-linear joint effect, with the overall association shifting from positive to negative when the mixture quantile exceeded 0.5; butyric acid showed an inverted U-shaped relationship."
dose-responsePMID 42012901
"Butyrate showed a dose-response increase that correlated with Ace-K consumption, suggesting its microbial metabolism."
biphasicPMID 42514970
"In vitro release studies with hydrocortisone-17-butyrate (H-17-B; encapsulation efficiency of 79.8% ± 4.8%) demonstrated biphasic kinetics best fit by bi-exponential models (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.95)."
dose-response
PMID 40525114
"A linear dose-response relationship was also observed between butyric acid and CVD mortality (<i>P</i> nonlinearity >.05)."
PMID 41089274
"In the NHANES cohort, higher dietary butyrate intake was independently associated with a higher eGFR (<i>β</i> = 1.61; 95% CI: 0.29-2.92; <i>p</i> = 0.02), with a significant nonlinear dose-response (<i>P</i> for non-linearity = 0.0006)."
recorded 2026-07-28 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Butyric Acid's effect on inflammatory parameters?
Inflammatory parameters: measured in Butyric Acid's trials.
Interpretation inflammatory parameters is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
inflammatory parameters; 2026-09-01
concentration of total plasma ketones; 2026-09-01
complete blood count; 2026-09-01
liver function tests; 2026-09-01
insulin sensitivity; 2026-09-01
nighttime blood pressure; 2026-09-01
2 more recorded rows
biomarkers
difference in remission rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
area under the plasma concentration versus time curve; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
17
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT02654405; PHASE2/PHASE3; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, complete blood count and concentration of total plasma ketones did Butyric Acid's trials measure?
area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, complete blood count and concentration of total plasma ketones lead 8 outcome terms across Butyric Acid's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation liver function tests, insulin sensitivity, nighttime blood pressure, difference in remission rate and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve follow.
Show the evidence
inflammatory parameters
1
concentration of total plasma ketones
1
complete blood count
1
liver function tests
1
insulin sensitivity
1
nighttime blood pressure
1
2 more recorded rows
difference in remission rate
1
area under the plasma concentration versus time curve
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Butyric Acid's 8 ongoing trials reports first?
Number of participants that experience pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index score <10.; Gastrointestinal symptom severity.; latest 2028-12-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT05218850
"The Use of Butyrate Therapy in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis"; n 10; "Number of participants that experience pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index score <10."; 2027-06-30
NCT06514573
"Butyrate Supplementation in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders"; n 128; "Gastrointestinal symptom severity."; 2026-11
NCT06653426
"The NaBu Effect on Menstruation in Women"; n 15; "Change in Average Menstrual Symptom Scores"; 2026-12
NCT06776016
"Dietary Supplements to Treat Radiation-Induced Rectal Injury"; n 33; "Number of participants with alleviated rectal bleeding (degraded by 1 or more)"; 2026-12-31
NCT07180446
"Can Gut Bacteria Predict Who Benefits Most From Exercise? A Gut Supplement to Help Exercise Non-Responders"; n 40; "Change in Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IR)"; 2026-06-30
NCT07583017
"Effect of Oral Calcium Butyrate Supplementation in Obesity"; n 42; "Monocyte mitochondrial maximal respiration in pmol O₂/min/10⁶"; 2028-12-30
2 further recorded trials
NCT07591012
"Sodium Butyrate and Kluyveromyces Marxianus Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"; n 40; "Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of ButyMixx"; 2027-03-30
NCT07684248
"Butyrate or Intensive Lifestyle Modification in Type 1 Diabetes and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"; n 200; "Changes in Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) by hepatic elastography (FibroScan®): Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP)"; 2028-02-15
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Butyric Acid could settle insulin sensitivity?
NCT07180446 measures Change in Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IR), reading out 2026-06-30.
1 open trial; n 40; "Can Gut Bacteria Predict Who Benefits Most From Exercise? A Gut Supplement to Help Exercise Non-Responders"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT07180446
"Can Gut Bacteria Predict Who Benefits Most From Exercise? A Gut Supplement to Help Exercise Non-Responders"; n 40; "Change in Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IR)"; 2026-06-30
Q10
Which 12 trials of Butyric Acid posted no result?
Posted no result
12 of 12 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00693355, NCT00800930, NCT00696098, NCT02271802, NCT03274648 and NCT04620057, and 6 more
Completion dates
oldest 2008-05; newest 2024-06-15
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00693355
2008-05
NCT00800930
2009-01
NCT00696098
2009-10
NCT02271802
2009-11
NCT03274648
2019-07-05
NCT04620057
2021-12-31
6 further recorded trials
NCT05456763
2022-06
NCT04879914
2022-09-30
NCT04722549
2022-12-11
NCT04673656
2023-02-07
NCT05152615
2024-03-15
NCT05576597
2024-06-15
Q11
At the median, Butyric Acid's trials enrolled 31.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
31.5
Largest enrolment
200
Registered trials counted
34
Q12
What is recorded about Butyric Acid and mTOR?
"This study suggests that butyrate may alleviate DSS-induced UC in mice by blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to facilitating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating the gut microbiota." — where Butyric Acid and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-08
"This study suggests that butyrate may alleviate DSS-induced UC in mice by blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to facilitating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating the gut microbiota."
autophagyPMID 41379810
"This study suggests that butyrate may alleviate DSS-induced UC in mice by blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to facilitating autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and by modulating the gut microbiota."
"We used a multi-layered approach, including 16S rRNA sequencing, targeted metabolomics, MeRIP-seq, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, to elucidate the mechanistic role of intestinal <i>Odoribacter</i>/butyric acid pathway-mediated METTL3/IGF-1 m6A modification in DEHP-induced endometriosis."
mTORPMID 41227387
"Butyrate priming was observed to result in autophagy activation, potentially through mTOR pathway inhibition, evidenced by changes in related gene expression using RT-qPCR assay and a 2.5-fold increase in GFP-LC3B accumulation."
autophagy
PMID 41227387
"Butyrate priming was observed to result in autophagy activation, potentially through mTOR pathway inhibition, evidenced by changes in related gene expression using RT-qPCR assay and a 2.5-fold increase in GFP-LC3B accumulation."
PMID 41227387
"Supporting this, pharmacological inhibition of ROS using the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cystine (NAC) or autophagy with chloroquine reduced the butyrate-enhanced bacterial clearance."
mTORPMID 41227387
"Furthermore, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin synergized with butyrate priming, whereas the mTOR activator L-leucine counteracted enhanced antimicrobial activity."
AMPK
PMID 40935212
"EBE ameliorates MASLD by reshaping the gut microbiota to enrich F. prausnitzii-derived butyrate, which in turn stimulates endogenous GLP-1 secretion and activates the hepatic GLP-1R/AMPK axis to preserves lipid metabolism disorders."
PMID 41466538
"Mechanistically, butyrate inhibited apoptosis and promoted autophagy, accompanied by alterations in the AMPK-Akt signaling pathway."
NAD+PMID 41664134
"Gut microbiota analyses at lactation day 14 revealed NR-enriched beneficial taxa (Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae, Subdoligranulum, Clostridium butyricum, Succiniclasticum) across sow-offspring dyads, which was associated with the activation of microbial NAD⁺ enzymes (NadR/NAMPT; P < 0.05) and enhancement of systemic short-chain fatty acid flux, notably an increase in plasma…"
AMPKPMID 41868170
"In parallel, butyrate activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) signaling, leading to suppression of p53 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling."
sirtuin
PMID 42280427
"Genomic analyses suggest that sodium butyrate modulates hepatic metabolic and inflammatory pathways by downregulating <i>PPAR</i> (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) and <i>SIRT3</i> (sirtuin 3) expression and reducing <i>TNF</i> (tumor necrosis factor) gene expression, highlighting its potential role in regulating lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a porcine model."
PMID 42570864
"This study aims to develop and validate a continuous regulatory-metabolic framework integrating sirtuin 1-dependent transcriptional control into human genome-scale metabolism and to quantify the metabolic impact of microbiome-derived butyrate in intestinal epithelial cells."
NAD+
"Gut microbiota analyses revealed NR-enriched beneficial taxa ( <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic> , <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> , <italic>Lachnospiraceae</italic> , <italic>Subdoligranulum</italic> , <italic>Clostridium butyricum</italic> , <italic>Succiniclasticum</italic> ) across sow-offspring dyads, which was associated with the activation of microbial NAD⁺ enzymes ( <italic>NadR</italic> /…"
recorded 2026-08-08 · last checked 2026-09-04
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