This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Semaglutide does in the body
Used for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related heart or kidney risk.
After a meal your gut releases a hormone called GLP-1 that tells the brain you have had enough. Natural GLP-1 is destroyed within minutes. Semaglutide is a rebuilt version with a fatty tail that clips onto albumin, the taxi protein of the blood, so one injection lasts a week. While it is there, the stomach empties more slowly and the appetite circuits in the brain run quieter.
What happened in people
In 1,961 adults, average weight fell about 15%, compared with about 2% after a dummy treatment.
✓ Reviewed first-read answer
Where this came from
A person wrote this and a reviewer approved it against this exact record. It carries no effect size.
A reviewer approved this against this record. The reviewed-claim record carrying the exact population and effect size does not exist yet.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
After stopping treatment, people regained about two thirds of the lost weight within a year.
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as protein.
FDA substance registry · 53AXN4NNHX · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C187H291N45O59, weighing 4113.58 g/mol.
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
The limit a reviewer approved as the one that matters most here.
The four opening statements run to 98 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved10 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Body weight
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
effect on insulin sensitivity; insulin secretion at 150 180 minutes; insulin secretion; hba1c; time to reach a plasma glucose below 115; substudy 2a insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response; substudy 1c insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response; glucose metabolism
Energy
ad libitum energy intake
Cholesterol
lipid metabolism
Body weight
hormone level corrected for weight change
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
10 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Results from the one trial this record names
In NCT02906930, Change in HbA1c from baseline (week 0) to week 26, in-trial period was Oral semaglutide 14 mg: mean change of -1.5 percentage points of HbA1c (standard deviation 1.0) against Placebo: mean change of -0.3 percentage points of HbA1c (standard deviation 1.2) in the comparison group at Week 0 to week 26. The recorded difference is Mean treatment difference -1.1 percentage points versus placebo (95% CI -1.3 to -0.9; p<0.0001 (pattern mixture model)).
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT02906930 · read 2026-08-27
Percentage change in body weight at week 68
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
STEP 1 (NCT03548935)
How many people
1961
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
P < 0.001
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Discontinuation for gastrointestinal events 4.5% versus 0.8%; gallbladder disorders more frequent on treatment
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous once-weekly pen, or oral tablet formulated with the SNAC absorption enhancer
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 4 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.20 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Where a source records it acting
Stomach: The mechanism of blood glucose lowering also involves a minor delay in gastric emptying in the early postprandial phase
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
Start
Semaglutide
What a person takes: Subcutaneous once-weekly pen, or oral tablet formulated with the SNAC absorption enhancer.
The measurement behind this step
Prefilled multi-dose or single-dose pens for weekly subcutaneous injection. The oral form pairs the peptide with sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate, which transiently raises gastric absorption enough to make a peptide tablet viable.
Getting in
Weekly injection, then a grip on albumin
The drug goes in under the skin once a week. Its fatty tail latches onto albumin, the blood protein that carries fats around, which stops the kidneys from clearing it quickly.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
The C18 diacid arm on Lys26 binds human serum albumin reversibly. Combined with the Aib substitution at position 8, which blocks DPP-4 cleavage, this extends the terminal half-life to roughly one week.
Reaching brain regions that sit outside the blood-brain barrier
It reaches the hunger-control parts of the brain through gateways where the usual barrier is deliberately leaky.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Access is through circumventricular organs, chiefly the area postrema and median eminence, and by transport into the arcuate nucleus, where GLP-1R-expressing POMC neurons are activated and NPY/AgRP tone falls.
In the pancreas it tells insulin-producing cells to respond harder, but only when blood sugar is already high, which is why it rarely causes lows on its own.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Agonism at the class B GPCR GLP-1R raises intracellular cAMP through Gs and adenylyl cyclase, amplifying glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon in a glucose-dependent way.
Slowing the stomach and quieting the appetite loop
Food leaves the stomach more slowly and the drive to eat drops, so people eat less without deciding to.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Vagal cholinergic input to the gastric fundus and antrum is inhibited, delaying solid-phase emptying, while central GLP-1R signalling lowers the defended body-weight set point.
Sustained energy deficit, and what follows from it
Over a year, that daily deficit shows up as double-digit weight loss, better blood sugar, and in people with heart disease, fewer heart attacks and strokes.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Chronic agonism produces a maintained caloric deficit with loss of visceral and hepatic fat, lower HbA1c, and in SELECT a 20% relative reduction in three-point MACE. Roughly 40% of the lost mass is lean tissue, which is the ordinary composition of diet-induced loss.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
appetite
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
effect on exercise capacity
effect on insulin sensitivity
insulin secretion at 150 180 minutes
insulin secretion
hba1c
time to reach a plasma glucose below 115
substudy 2a insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response
substudy 1c insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response
plasma glucagon area under curve values
glucose metabolism
and 11 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
effect on 6 minute walk test
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (17)
effect on global left ventricular function
effect on regional left ventricular function
adverse events
islet function as measured by hyperglycemic clamp
ad libitum energy intake
gastric emptying rate
gastric emptying
food intake
frequency of adverse events
skin blood flow
treatment emergent adverse events recorded
lipid metabolism
incretin effect
plasminogen activation inhibitor 1
part b number of treatment emergent adverse events
splanchnic blood flow
treatment emergent adverse events
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. approximately one week
Read from the label, which states: “Semaglutide elimination half-life is approximately one week with an absolute clearance of approximately 0.04 L/hour in patients with type 2 diabetes. Semaglutide is present in the circulation for about five weeks after the last semaglutide tablet dose.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Adults with type 2 diabetes; adults with a BMI of 30 or more, or 27 or more with a weight-related condition; and adults with established cardiovascular disease plus overweight or obesity.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Who a named study recorded including and excluding
It included: Male or female, age above or equal to 18 years at the time of signing informed consent; Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least 30 days prior to day of screening; HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) between 7.0-9.5% (53-80 mmol/mol) (both inclusive); Treatment with diet and exercise for at least 30 days prior to day of screening.
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT02906930 · read 2026-08-27
It excluded: Family or personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 or medullary thyroid carcinomas; History of pancreatitis (acute or chronic); History of major surgical procedures involving the stomach potentially affecting absorption of trial product; Any of the following: myocardial infarction, stroke or hospitalisation for unstable angina or transient ischaemic attack within the past 180 days prior to the day of screening and randomisation; Renal impairment defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 as per Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula; Treatment with any medication for the indication of diabetes or obesity in a period of 90 days before the day of screening.
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT02906930 · read 2026-08-27
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and efficacy of OZEMPIC have not been established in pediatric patients.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “In the pool of placebo- and active-controlled glycemic control trials, 744 (23.6%) OZEMPIC-treated patients were 65 years of age and over and 102 OZEMPIC-treated patients (3.2%) patients were 75 years of age and over.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary There are limited data with semaglutide use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for adverse developmental outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of semaglutide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “No dose adjustment of OZEMPIC is recommended for patients with hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “No dose adjustment of OZEMPIC is recommended for patients with renal impairment.”
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
Oral peptide delivery: bioavailability was around 1% until the SNAC absorption enhancer made Rybelsus workable
The Alzheimer disease programme, declared a failure on its week 104 primary readout
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Given by a clinician
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Subcutaneous once-weekly pen, or oral tablet formulated with the SNAC absorption enhancer
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S9.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Prefilled multi-dose or single-dose pens for weekly subcutaneous injection. The oral form pairs the peptide with sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate, which transiently raises gastric absorption enough to make a peptide tablet viable.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
The recorded stepping schedule
What follows is the schedule printed on the label, recorded as it is written there. It is a record of what was done, not a recommendation.
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
Day 1 to 30: 3 mg orally once daily for 30 days (this dosage is not effective for glycemic control) — Label-stated starting dosage (initiation phase) of RYBELSUS
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
Days 31 to 60: Increase the dosage to 7 mg orally once daily — Label-stated escalation dosage of RYBELSUS
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
Day 61 or thereafter: Maintain the dosage at 7 mg orally once daily if no additional glycemic control is needed, or increase the dosage to 14 mg orally once daily if additional glycemic control is needed — Label-stated maintenance dosage of RYBELSUS
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation are common and mostly early. Gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are uncommon but real. A rare optic-nerve event, NAION, is under review with an uncertain and low absolute risk. Contraindicated with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Semaglutide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 2266 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
nausea — 556 reaction mentions
vomiting — 423 reaction mentions
diarrhoea — 289 reaction mentions
pancreatitis — 277 reaction mentions
weight decreased — 173 reaction mentions
abdominal pain — 155 reaction mentions
decreased appetite — 106 reaction mentions
acute kidney injury — 103 reaction mentions
dehydration — 101 reaction mentions
diabetic ketoacidosis — 83 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Subcutaneous once-weekly pen, or oral tablet formulated with the SNAC absorption enhancer
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
The oral form pairs the peptide with sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino) caprylate, which transiently raises gastric absorption enough to make a peptide tablet viable.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
136 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 136 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0420-9237 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection, solution, powder and tablet, taken oral and subcutaneous.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0420-9237 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is glp-1 receptor agonist [epc], glucagon-like peptide 1 [cs] and glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) agonists [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0420-9237 · read 2026-08-29
5 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 5 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · read 2026-08-29
RYBELSUS is tablets at 3 mg, 7 mg and 14 mg, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2026-01-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
OZEMPIC is tablets at 1.5 mg, 4 mg and 9 mg, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2026-01-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 27f15fac-7d98-4114-a2ec-92494a91da98 · read 2026-08-27
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Semaglutide studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the metabolic change persists after treatment stops
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That it slows Alzheimer disease, which two phase 3 trials of 1,840 people each tested and did not show
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the SELECT cardiovascular benefit is separable from the weight loss that produced it; the trial was not designed to answer that
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Semaglutide are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
STEP 1: 14.9% mean weight loss at 68 weeks in adults without diabetes
In plain words
In 1,961 adults, weight fell 14.9% on semaglutide and 2.4% on placebo. Half the treated group lost 15% or more of their body weight.
What was measured
Percentage change in body weight at week 68
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Double-blind, 68-week trial, 2:1 randomisation, semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly plus lifestyle intervention. Mean weight change -14.9% versus -2.4%, treatment difference -12.4 percentage points (95% CI -13.4 to -11.5, P<0.001). Weight reduction of at least 15% in 50.5% versus 4.9%.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
SELECT: 20% relative reduction in major cardiovascular events without diabetes
In plain words
In 17,604 people who had heart disease and excess weight but not diabetes, semaglutide cut the rate of cardiovascular death, heart attack or stroke from 8.0% to 6.5% over about three and a half years.
What was measured
Time to first cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Event-driven superiority trial. Primary composite occurred in 569/8,803 (6.5%) versus 701/8,801 (8.0%); hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.90, P<0.001). Permanent discontinuation for adverse events was 16.6% versus 8.2%.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The claim that treatment resets metabolism permanently
In plain words
It does not. In the STEP 1 extension, people who stopped regained about two thirds of what they had lost within a year, and the blood-pressure and lipid improvements drifted back with it.
What was measured
Percentage of lost weight regained one year after withdrawal
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Off-treatment extension in 327 participants. Mean loss to week 68 was 17.3%; by week 120, one year after withdrawal, 11.6 percentage points had been regained, leaving a net 5.6% below baseline. Most cardiometabolic variables reverted toward baseline.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
evoke and evoke+: the Alzheimer disease hypothesis did not hold
In plain words
Two phase 3 trials, 1,840 people each, tested whether semaglutide slows early Alzheimer disease. The main cognitive readout at two years was negative and the sponsor declared the programme a failure.
What was measured
That GLP-1 receptor agonism is neuroprotective in humans
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
evoke (NCT04777396) and evoke+ (NCT04777409) each enrolled 1,840 participants with early Alzheimer disease. The interim readout of CDR-SB at week 104 did not separate from placebo. A later independent reanalysis of the published means reported scattered differences at weeks 130 and 156 on secondary scales, which is hypothesis-generating and not a positive trial.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The eye-injury signal moved from alarm to a low, uncertain risk
In plain words
Reports linked semaglutide to a rare optic-nerve stroke called NAION. The two main US eye societies reviewed the evidence and concluded the risk, if real, is small, and that the studies behind it are observational.
What was measured
Not recorded
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Joint consensus statement of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Available evidence is retrospective and drawn largely from electronic health record and claims data; several studies report a small possible increase, others report none, and the absolute magnitude remains low. Shared decision-making rather than blanket discontinuation is advised.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The manufacturing cost and the price are not in the same order of magnitude
In plain words
A peer-reviewed cost model puts sustainable manufacture of injectable semaglutide at under five dollars a month. US pharmacies acquire it for around a thousand.
What was measured
Modelled cost-based price versus published national acquisition cost
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Cost-based price modelled from active-pharmaceutical-ingredient shipment data, formulation cost, operating expense, tax and a 10% margin: $0.89 to $4.73 per month at 0.77 mg weekly. A separate estimated-minimum-price analysis put a 30-day course at $40. US NADAC in the 2026 file is $996 for a four-dose Ozempic pen.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
3 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
A fatty-acid-anchored copy of the gut hormone GLP-1 that survives a week in the bloodstream, and in a 1,961-person trial cut body weight by 14.9% against 2.4% on placebo at 68 weeks.
Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q2
What did Semaglutide's largest trial (887132 people) and its longest (25 years) measure?
887132 people in Semaglutide's largest registered study, 25 years in its longest registered window, measuring Motor Function. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
147 phase3, 104 phase1, 101 phase2, 76 na or unstated, 74 phase4, 54 na, 6 early phase1; NCT05441267; 2048-08-17. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07271251.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Semaglutide was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase3
147
phase1
104
phase2
101
na or unstated
76
phase4
74
na
54
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
6
Last recorded human testNCT07271251
2026-08-04
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From mouse to human: where has Semaglutide shown lifespan?
accrual/recruitment (7), funding/business (3), sponsor decision unspecified (1) and other (13): Semaglutide's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"PI left JHU"; 24 of 550 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00686972
terminated; "PI left JHU"
NCT00798590
terminated; "PI left JHU"
NCT00853944
terminated; "Sponsor withdrew funding du to lack of enrollment. Lack of enrollment was due to decrease in number of islet transplant procedures"
NCT00966654
terminated; "PI left JHU"
NCT02417103
terminated; "Recruiting failure"
NCT04012255
terminated; "The trial was terminated for strategic reasons."
14 further recorded trials
NCT04133922
withdrawn; "the study drug could not be obtained"
NCT04287179
withdrawn; "COVID19 impact on this trial was evaluated and a delay of at least 6-9 months was expected. In parallel, the development of a new type of pen injector, which was an important part of the trial, was ceased and thus this trial was cancelled."
NCT04624672
terminated; "Poor enrollment"
NCT04741074
terminated; "low recruitment"
NCT04938388
terminated; "Principal Investigator no longer at study site."
NCT05209165
suspended; "Company decision"
NCT05444153
withdrawn; "Sponsor decision"
NCT05473286
withdrawn; "Rybelsus® was not launched in Germany during the planned duration of NN9924-4540 study."
NCT05579977
terminated; "The decision to terminate clinical development of PF-07081532 is based on pharmacokinetic data from Phase 1 drug-drug-interaction studies and laboratory measurements of elevated transaminases in these Phase 1 studies as well as a Phase 2…"
NCT05671653
terminated; "The decision to terminate clinical development of lotiglipron is based on pharmacokinetic data from Phase 1 drug-drug-interaction studies and laboratory measurements of elevated transaminases in these Phase 1 studies as well as a Phase 2…"
NCT05829460
withdrawn; "Low accrual"
NCT06083675
withdrawn; "Due to internal reprioritization, trial was cancelled."
NCT06222437
withdrawn; "IRB did not approve"
NCT06354101
withdrawn; "Terminated by sponsor before enrolling any patients into the study."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Human studies of Semaglutide used Semaglutide 0.5 mg — over how long?
20 recorded entries; human; subcutaneous; also "Semaglutide 0.5 mg", "Semaglutide 1.0 mg", "Semaglutide placebo 0.5 mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT03061214
Semaglutide 0.5 mg
NCT03061214
Semaglutide 1.0 mg
NCT03061214
Semaglutide placebo 0.5 mg
NCT03061214
Semaglutide placebo 1.0 mg
NCT03288740
Placebo (semaglutide 0.5 mg)
NCT03288740
Placebo (semaglutide 1.0 mg)
14 more recorded rows
humanNCT03552757
Semaglutide 2.4 mg
humanNCT03611322
Semaglutide, 0.25 mg
humanNCT03611322
Semaglutide, 0.5 mg
humanNCT03611322
Semaglutide, 1.0 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide 3 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide 7 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide B 3 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide B 7 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide C 3 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide C 7 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide D 3 mg
humanNCT03638778
Semaglutide D 7 mg
humanNCT04624672
Semaglutide (1 Mg Dose)
humanNCT04741074
subcutaneous; Semaglutide 2 mg/1.5 ml (1.34 mg/ml), prefilled pen-injector for subcutaneous injection solution
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Did Semaglutide move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "We report a post hoc exploratory epigenetic age analysis of a 32-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (NCT04019197) of semaglutide in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipohypertrophy (semaglutide n = 45; placebo n = 39)." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2026-05-19
6 recorded sentences; 2026, 2025; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 42156721
2026; "We report a post hoc exploratory epigenetic age analysis of a 32-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (NCT04019197) of semaglutide in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipohypertrophy (semaglutide n = 45; placebo n = 39)."
GrimAge
PMID 42156721
2026; "In adjusted analyses, semaglutide reduced epigenetic aging across multiple second- and third-generation clocks, including PhenoAge ( - 4.9 years/year, p = 0.004), PCGrimAge ( - 3.1, p = 0.007), GrimAge V2 ( - 2.3, p = 0.009), OMICmAge ( - 2.2, p = 0.009), RetroAge ( - 2.2, p = 0.030), and DunedinPACE ( - 0.09 units, 9% slower, p = 0.01)."
2025; "After adjustment for sex, BMI, hsCRP, and sCD163, semaglutide significantly decreased epigenetic aging: PCGrimAge (-3.1 years, P = 0.007), GrimAge V1 (-1.4 years, P = 0.02), GrimAge V2 (-2.3 years, P = 0.009), PhenoAge (-4.9 years, P = 0.004), and DunedinPACE (-0.09 units, ≈9 % slower pace, P = 0.01)."
epigenetic clock
2025; "Eleven organ-system clocks showed concordant decreased with semaglutide, most prominently inflammation, brain and heart, whereas an Intrinsic Capacity epigenetic clock was unchanged (P = 0.31)."
PMID 42014432
2026; "This post hoc analysis of the 24-week SLIM LIVER single-arm trial (ACTG A5371, No. NCT04216589, registered 02nd Jan 2020) in 41 PWH with MASLD receiving semaglutide (1.0 mg weekly) aimed to evaluate its effect on epigenetic aging and determine whether changes in epigenetic clocks associate with clinical responsiveness."
epigenetic agePMID 42014432
2026; "These data suggest early signals of semaglutide responsiveness and relationships to epigenetic age biomarkers."
recorded 2026-05-19 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Semaglutide's half-life is approximately one week — which schedules were studied?
approximately one week, the half-life Semaglutide's label states. openfda-label · 42bdd912-2393-44c4-b7e0-47672ca28991 · 2026-08-27
bioavailability approximately 0.4% to 1% %.
Show the evidence
half life
approximately one week; Semaglutide elimination half-life is approximately one week with an absolute clearance of approximately 0.04 L/hour in patients with type 2 diabetes. Semaglutide is present in the circulation for about five weeks after the last semaglutide tablet dose.
bioavailability
approximately 0.4% to 1% %; Semaglutide estimated absolute bioavailability was approximately: • 0.4% to 1% after oral administration of 3 mg, 7 mg and 14 mg of RYBELSUS.
metabolism
Metabolism The primary route of elimination for semaglutide is metabolism following proteolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone and sequential beta-oxidation of the fatty acid sidechain.
recorded 2026-08-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of ad libitum energy intake, adverse events and appetite did Semaglutide's trials measure?
ad libitum energy intake, adverse events and appetite lead 40 outcome terms across Semaglutide's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
effect on 6 minute walk test, effect on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion at 150 180 minutes, insulin secretion, hba1c and adverse events follow.
Show the evidence
effect on global left ventricular function
1
effect on regional left ventricular function
1
effect on exercise capacity
1
effect on 6 minute walk test
1
effect on insulin sensitivity
1
insulin secretion at 150 180 minutes
1
14 more recorded rows
insulin secretion
1
hba1c
1
adverse events
1
islet function as measured by hyperglycemic clamp
1
time to reach a plasma glucose below 115
1
ad libitum energy intake
1
gastric emptying rate
1
gastric emptying
1
appetite
1
food intake
1
frequency of adverse events
1
substudy 2a insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response
1
substudy 1c insulin c peptide and incretin hormone response
1
skin blood flow
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Semaglutide's 214 ongoing trials reports first?
Second-phase insulin response during GPA test; Change in Plasminogen Activation inhibitor-1 (PAi-1); latest 2048-08-17
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01851694
"Beta-cell Response to Incretin Hormones in Cystic Fibrosis"; n 45; "Second-phase insulin response during GPA test"; 2026-12
NCT01858896
"GLP-1 and Hypoglycemia"; n 28; "Change in Plasminogen Activation inhibitor-1 (PAi-1)"; 2026-12
NCT03811561
"A Research Study to Look at How Semaglutide Compared to Placebo Affects Diabetic Eye Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes"; n 1500; "Presence of at least 3 steps Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subject level progression."; 2027-11-07
NCT03884075
"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, the HEpatic Response to Oral Glucose, and the Effect of Semaglutide (NAFLD HEROES)"; n 104; "Histological Improvement"; 2027-12-31
NCT03899402
"Triple Therapy in T1DM"; n 78; "Change in HbA1c following dapagliflozin"; 2026-06-30
NCT04019197
"Effects of Semaglutide in HIV-Associated Lipohypertrophy"; n 108; "Effects of Semaglutide on Quantity of Abdominal Fat (Total, Subcutaneous, Visceral) at Week 32 Compared to Baseline"; 2026-09-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT04174755
"Semaglutide's Efficacy in Achieving Weight Loss for Those With HIV"; n 80; "Changes in total body weight (in Kg)"; 2027-07
NCT04451837
"Semaglutide and Dapagliflozin in Diabetic Patients With Different Pathophysiology"; n 200; "Hba1c"; 2026-12-31
NCT04822181
"Research Study on Whether Semaglutide Works in People With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)"; n 1205; "Part 1: Resolution of steatohepatitis and no worsening of liver fibrosis (Yes/No)"; 2029-04-25
NCT04873050
"Treatment to Regress to Normoglycemia in Women with a Recent History of GDM"; n 102; "Regression to normoglycemia"; 2026-03-01
NCT05067621
"Semaglutide Effects in Obese Youth With Prediabetes/New Onset Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"; n 60; "Change in Oral Disposition Index (oDI)"; 2027-01
NCT05071898
"Pharmacogenetics of Response to GLP1R Agonists"; n 600; "First phase insulin secretion"; 2028-04
NCT05073835
"Semaglutide 2.4 mg in Patients With Poor Weight-loss"; n 70; "Weight loss"; 2025-09
NCT05119179
"Pharmacogenetics of the Response to GLP-1 in Mexican-Americans With Prediabetes"; n 300; "Mean change in beta cell responsivity"; 2026-10-31
NCT05173714
"Sit Less, Interact and Move More (SLIMM) 2 Study"; n 156; "Average Change in Sedentary Duration at Months 8, 10 and 12 from Randomization"; 2027-03-31
NCT05202353
"A Study in People With Obesity to Test the Effects of BI 456906 Compared With Semaglutide on Glucagon Receptor Activity in the Liver"; n 29; "Percentage of glucagon (GCG) receptors occupancy in the liver using Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging at End of Treatment (EOT) visit"; 2027-01-15
NCT05220917
"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study"; n 781430; "MACE"; 2027-09-30
NCT05254314
"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in the Treatment of Adult, Obesity-related, Symptomatic Asthma (GATA-3)"; n 100; "The efficacy of semaglutide on asthma control questionnaire-7 score in subjects with symptoms, persistent asthma and obesity."; 2026-12
NCT05333003
"Semaglutide in Comorbid Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder and Obesity"; n 92; "Weight change"; 2026-08
NCT05340868
"Genetics of the Acute Response to Oral Semaglutide"; n 1000; "Glycemic measures - change in HbA1c (%)"; 2025-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which running trial of Semaglutide could settle lifespan?
NCT07390110 measures Composite of worsening heart failure event (exacerbated symptoms of heart failure resulting in hospitalization, intravenous diuretic therapy in an urgent care setting) or all-cause mortality., reading out 2026-06-30.
10 open trials; n 25664; "Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin Among Individuals With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (STEP-HFpEF DM ORAL)"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT07390110
"Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin Among Individuals With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (STEP-HFpEF DM ORAL)"; n 25664; "Composite of worsening heart failure event (exacerbated symptoms of heart failure resulting in hospitalization, intravenous diuretic therapy in an urgent care setting) or all-cause mortality."; 2026-06-30
NCT07295223
"Effect of Glp-1 and Antidiabetic sgLT2 Agents for myoCardial infarcTion and Ultrasensitive Inflammatory Surveillance (GALACTUS Trial)"; n 44; "Inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity PCR)"; 2026-09
NCT06980623
"Comparative Effectiveness of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction"; n 26000; "Hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality"; 2026-10-01
NCT07293325
"Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for Genetic Aging Delay in Adults With Obesity"; n 66; "Change in DNA methylation-based biological age measured by iWatchAge"; 2027-06-02
NCT07325435
"Beta Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes: Differential Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLIP-Receptor Agonists"; n 60; "Change in Stimulated C-peptide Index during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is a measure of Beta Cell Function and will be measuresd at baseline and at 16 weeks after treatment with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist or SGLT2-Inhibitor"; 2028-06-30
NCT07428746
"Investigating the Impact of GLP-1 RA Therapy on Osteosarcopenia in Older Female Adults With Diabetes"; n 20; "Change in handgrip strength"; 2028-11
4 further recorded trials
NCT07275697
"Waiting on Atrial Fibrillation Intervention Therapy (WAIT) Study"; n 200; "Arrhythmia-free survival at 12 months after catheter ablation, excluding the 3-month blanking period, with recurrence defined as any ILR-detected AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia ≥30 seconds."; 2028-12-30
NCT07091500
"Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist Therapy and Exercise Training in People With Obesity"; n 40; "Physical function"; 2029-08-01
NCT07592546
"Translational Health Research Into Vascular and Neurocognitive Effects of Weight Loss"; n 240; "Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP)"; 2030-06-01
NCT06975111
"Focusing on the Menopausal Transition to Improve Mid-Life Women's Health"; n 200; "Epigenetic aging measurements of "PhenoAge""; 2030-10-01
Q11
Which 126 trials of Semaglutide posted no result?
Posted no result
126 of 126 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00859079, NCT00285896, NCT03144271, NCT00264199, NCT00822003 and NCT00813020, and 120 more
Completion dates
oldest 2007-01; newest 2024-08-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00859079
2007-01
NCT00285896
2007-05
NCT03144271
2007-10-08
NCT00264199
2007-12
NCT00822003
2008-09
NCT00813020
2009-04
14 further recorded trials
NCT00851773
2009-10
NCT01079624
2009-11
NCT00833716
2010-07-26
NCT00882492
2011-05
NCT01272973
2011-07
NCT00940134
2012-01
NCT01324505
2012-01
NCT01619345
2012-08
NCT01572753
2012-09-08
NCT01686945
2013-04-08
NCT01766245
2013-05
NCT01739283
2013-11
NCT01749163
2014-03
NCT01866748
2014-04
Q12
At the median, Semaglutide's trials enrolled 123.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
123.5
Largest enrolment
887132
Registered trials counted
550
Q13
What do 2266 spontaneous reports say about Semaglutide — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Semaglutide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 2266 reaction mentions were counted: nausea 556; vomiting 423; diarrhoea 289; pancreatitis 277. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL2108724 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
nausea
556
vomiting
423
diarrhoea
289
pancreatitis
277
weight decreased
173
abdominal pain
155
4 more recorded rows
decreased appetite
106
acute kidney injury
103
dehydration
101
diabetic ketoacidosis
83
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Semaglutide studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Semaglutide's label sentences: "Compared with placebo, semaglutide significantly reduced fasting glucose (-0.87 mmol/L [95% CI -1.15, -0.59]; P < 0.001), improved insulin sensitivity (8.60 [5.82, 13.65]; P = 0.001), and lowered insulin resistance (-0.69 [-1.00, -0.20]; P = 0.006)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-05-31
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
Compared with placebo, semaglutide significantly reduced fasting glucose (-0.87 mmol/L [95% CI -1.15, -0.59]; P < 0.001), improved insulin sensitivity (8.60 [5.82, 13.65]; P = 0.001), and lowered insulin resistance (-0.69 [-1.00, -0.20]; P = 0.006).
exercise
Adults aged 18-65 years with T2DM and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.0% to ≤ 10.5% despite stable metformin therapy and diet & exercise control were randomised (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of Test semaglutide or Reference semaglutide once weekly for 24 weeks, using an identical dose-escalation regimen (from 0.25 to 2.0 mg per week).
recorded 2026-05-31 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Semaglutide and mTOR?
"We posit that semaglutide may precipitate acute sarcopenia via unexpected GLP-1R-mTOR-satellite cells axis crosstalk, disrupting AMPK-mTOR balance to suppress anabolic mTORC1/IGF-1 signaling (potentially by 25-35%) while enhancing catabolic FOXO/ubiquitin-proteasome and excessive autophagy pathways." — where Semaglutide and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-22
"We posit that semaglutide may precipitate acute sarcopenia via unexpected GLP-1R-mTOR-satellite cells axis crosstalk, disrupting AMPK-mTOR balance to suppress anabolic mTORC1/IGF-1 signaling (potentially by 25-35%) while enhancing catabolic FOXO/ubiquitin-proteasome and excessive autophagy pathways."
AMPKPMID 42545324
"We posit that semaglutide may precipitate acute sarcopenia via unexpected GLP-1R-mTOR-satellite cells axis crosstalk, disrupting AMPK-mTOR balance to suppress anabolic mTORC1/IGF-1 signaling (potentially by 25-35%) while enhancing catabolic FOXO/ubiquitin-proteasome and excessive autophagy pathways."
autophagyPMID 42545324
"We posit that semaglutide may precipitate acute sarcopenia via unexpected GLP-1R-mTOR-satellite cells axis crosstalk, disrupting AMPK-mTOR balance to suppress anabolic mTORC1/IGF-1 signaling (potentially by 25-35%) while enhancing catabolic FOXO/ubiquitin-proteasome and excessive autophagy pathways."
IGF-1PMID 42545324
"We posit that semaglutide may precipitate acute sarcopenia via unexpected GLP-1R-mTOR-satellite cells axis crosstalk, disrupting AMPK-mTOR balance to suppress anabolic mTORC1/IGF-1 signaling (potentially by 25-35%) while enhancing catabolic FOXO/ubiquitin-proteasome and excessive autophagy pathways."
AMPKPMID 42545324
"This could extend to myokine reprogramming (elevated myostatin/GDF15, reduced irisin/IL-15), glucagon/α-cell compensation inducing hyperglucagonemia (15-25% rise), microbiome-bile acid shifts fostering low-grade inflammation (IL-6/TNF-α upregulation by 10-15%), mitochondrial mass reduction (20-25% via AMPK), and NMJ disassembly, collectively impairing muscle as the primary glucose sink (reducing…"
sirtuin
PMID 42410087
"Finally, screening of anti-diabetic compounds identified semaglutide as a potent modulator that restores the SIRT1/NLRP3 balance and alleviates calcification in vitro and in vivo."
PMID 42410087
"Modulation of the SIRT1-NLRP3 axis, particularly by semaglutide, may represent a promising strategy for preventing valve calcification."
mTORPMID 42381999
"Mechanistically, semaglutide inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway through GLP-1R activation, thereby reversing IL-1β- and DMM-induced autophagy suppression and restoring the balance of extracellular matrix metabolism in chondrocytes."
autophagyPMID 42381999
"Mechanistically, semaglutide inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway through GLP-1R activation, thereby reversing IL-1β- and DMM-induced autophagy suppression and restoring the balance of extracellular matrix metabolism in chondrocytes."
mTORPMID 42381999
"Semaglutide exerts protective effects against OA by activating GLP-1R in chondrocytes, inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy."
autophagyPMID 42381999
"Semaglutide exerts protective effects against OA by activating GLP-1R in chondrocytes, inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, and enhancing chondrocyte autophagy."
sirtuinPMID 42315078
"An in vivo mouse lung fibrosis model was established using bleomycin and treated with semaglutide, and the key targets of semaglutide were explored using heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) shRNA or Sirt1 inhibitor."
AMPKPMID 42389271
"We highlight drug-specific effects: metformin may act via AMPK/mTOR and immune reprogramming; SGLT-2 inhibitors may exert direct cytotoxicity and indirect metabolic benefits; GLP-1 RAs show class-wide neutrality except high-dose semaglutide; DPP-4 inhibitors display dual pro- and anti-tumor effects; insulin and most secretagogues elevate CRC risk via hyperinsulinemia; while TZDs and AGIs offer…"
IGF-1
PMID 41187648
"Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that 4-HI administration modulated mRNA expression of IGF-1, GLP-1, and cytokines."
PMID 41187648
"4-HI exhibits neuroprotective potential in the EBrD-induced demyelination by targeting IGF-1 and GLP-1 pathways, reducing neuroinflammation, restoring myelin integrity, and improving neurobehavioral outcomes."
recorded 2026-07-22 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
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