This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Ritonavir does in the body
HIV-1 infection
4 ) ] .
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · O3J8G9O825 · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C37H48N6O5S2, weighing 720.95.
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 16 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Formulation
A formulation is the exact made-up form a substance comes in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the difference between a whole bean and instant coffee.
Where that stops being true. Coffee tastes different. A formulation can change how much reaches the blood.
What people get wrong. Two products with the same name are assumed to behave the same. They often do not.
The specific composition and physical form of a product, including salt, excipients and release profile.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved4 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Cholesterol
fasting serum cholesterol at week 12; non high density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12; fasting serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12; serum triglyceride at week 12
Healthy ageing
incidence of mortality
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
4 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
lung injury score
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04353180
How many people
100000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04381936
How many people
70000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
All-cause mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02735707
How many people
20000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Rate of viral clearance for interventions relative to the no study arm (This is a superiority comparison)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05041907
How many people
3800
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Antepartum Component: Number of Confirmed Infant HIV Infections
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01061151
How many people
3747
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Linked Partner HIV Infection Rates in Early-ART and Delayed-ART Arms
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00074581
How many people
3526
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.3 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.11 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
quality of life
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in /min
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in
plasma hiv 1 rna 50 copies/ at week 48
fasting serum cholesterol at week 12
non high density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12
fasting serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12
serum triglyceride at week 12
relative change in pravastatin maximum plasma concentration
maximum observed plasma concentration
minimum plasma concentration
and 1 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
incidence of mortality
overall survival
progression free survival at 6 months
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (25)
who died
pharmacokinetic parameter area under the curve
pharmacokinetic parameter clearance
who discontinued treatment due to adverse events
treatment response at week 48
time from randomization to virologic failure
time from treatment dispensation to a grade 3/4 safety event
time from treatment dispensation to treatment modification
incidence of adverse events
adverse events
clinical adverse experiences through 24 weeks
virologic response
incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events
neuropsychological performance change
cd4 cell counts
time to confirmed virologic failure
time to virologic failure
auctau
cumulative probability of first virologic failure by week 96
pharmacokinetics
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
NORVIR tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. NORVIR oral powder is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “In HIV-infected patients age greater than 1 month to 21 years, the antiviral activity and adverse event profile seen during clinical trials and through postmarketing experience were similar to that for adult patients.”
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of NORVIR did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to NORVIR during pregnancy.”
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV.”
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “No dose adjustment of ritonavir is necessary for patients with either mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf.
On this record: This record is linked to 1 related forms. Evidence does not carry across all of them.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (9)
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as tablet, pellets, solution, capsule, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Ritonavir appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 5377 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
drug interaction — 1293 reaction mentions
abortion spontaneous — 690 reaction mentions
premature baby — 629 reaction mentions
virologic failure — 602 reaction mentions
hyperbilirubinaemia — 414 reaction mentions
drug resistance — 397 reaction mentions
lipodystrophy acquired — 375 reaction mentions
jaundice — 355 reaction mentions
blood bilirubin increased — 322 reaction mentions
premature delivery — 300 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
37 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 22 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52562-018 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as powder, solution, tablet and tablet, film coated, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52562-018 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is breast cancer resistance protein inhibitors [moa], cytochrome p450 1a2 inducers [moa] and cytochrome p450 2b6 inducers [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52562-018 · read 2026-08-29
13 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 9 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 8290add3-4449-4e58-6c97-8fe1eec972e3 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 8290add3-4449-4e58-6c97-8fe1eec972e3 · read 2026-08-29
Norvir is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS NORVIR Tablets White film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with “NK” on one side providing 100 mg ritonavir., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-07-23 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 2849298e-de6e-47bb-8194-56e075b33fc3 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.60668 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 5 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Ritonavir's largest trial (131005 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?
131005 people in Ritonavir's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Clearance estimates for each drug, adjusted for age and frailty. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
152 phase1, 137 phase2, 87 phase3, 63 phase4, 33 na, 29 na or unstated, 2 early phase1; NCT04381936; 2038-09-30. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07089680.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Ritonavir was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase1
152
phase2
137
phase3
87
phase4
63
na
33
na or unstated
29
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
2
Last recorded human testNCT07089680
2026-05-29
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Ritonavir shown lifespan?
Interpretation Clearance estimates for each drug, adjusted for age and frailty — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
mouse
mechanism-only
humanNCT01180075
healthspan; Clearance estimates for each drug, adjusted for age and frailty; 479
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
44 of Ritonavir's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
safety (7), futility/efficacy (4), accrual/recruitment (17), funding/business (4) and other (12): Ritonavir's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"no measurable response was detected at the 50% increase threshold."; 44 of 479 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00207948
terminated; "no measurable response was detected at the 50% increase threshold."
NCT00344487
terminated; "Inability to enroll subjects."
NCT00420355
terminated; "Unexpected adverse event"
NCT00443703
terminated; "primary efficacy analysis at Week 24 did not demonstrate non-inferiority of raltegravir versus lopinavir (+) ritonavir"
NCT00531986
terminated; "Unexpectedely high rates of treatment-failure"
NCT00632970
terminated; "no patients completed"
14 further recorded trials
NCT00679926
terminated; "Lack of enrollment"
NCT00765154
terminated; "Difficulties in recruitment due to a change in the nature of practice."
NCT00768989
terminated; "Efficacy endpoint met, but overall experimental dosing regimen not considered optimal to support further clinical development in this population."
NCT00775606
terminated; "Study stopped 12/2010 due to poor enrollment. Only 15 of 60 needed enrolled."
NCT00855413
terminated; "Study halted by sponsor due to slow enrollment."
NCT00981318
terminated; "unable to enroll expected number of subjects"
NCT01031849
terminated; "patient sample not reached"
NCT01095094
terminated; "Study did not meet its primary objective"
NCT01165645
withdrawn; "no patients enrolled"
NCT01194856
terminated; "Closed due to low enrollment"
NCT01601626
terminated; "The study was stopped early due to feasibility concerns."
NCT01614405
terminated; "Protracted gastrointestinal symptoms were experienced by most patients who were subsequently found to be in the treatment arm on LPV/r. This observation resulted in cessation of enrolment and a decision not to continue the RCT"
NCT01620944
terminated; "Business objectives have changed"
NCT01700790
terminated; "No Further Funding"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Ritonavir used Kaletra 200 mg/50 mg tablets — over how long?
Did Ritonavir move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "We aimed to investigate a range of epigenetic ageing biomarkers in a substudy of the NEAT001/ANRS143 clinical trial, which compared ritonavir-boosted darunavir with either raltegravir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive adults." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2021-04-01
1 recorded sentence; 2021; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 33794182
2021; "We aimed to investigate a range of epigenetic ageing biomarkers in a substudy of the NEAT001/ANRS143 clinical trial, which compared ritonavir-boosted darunavir with either raltegravir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive adults."
recorded 2021-04-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Ritonavir's effect on who died?
Who died: measured in Ritonavir's trials.
Interpretation who died is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
who died; 2026-09-01
pharmacokinetic parameter area under the curve; 2026-09-01
pharmacokinetic parameter clearance; 2026-09-01
who discontinued treatment due to adverse events; 2026-09-01
treatment response at week 48; 2026-09-01
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in /min; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plasma hiv 1 rna 50 copies/ at week 48; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time from randomization to virologic failure; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time from treatment dispensation to a grade 3/4 safety event; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time from treatment dispensation to treatment modification; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of mortality; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
clinical adverse experiences through 24 weeks; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fasting serum cholesterol at week 12; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
non high density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fasting serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum triglyceride at week 12; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
virologic response; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; 2026-08-06
human trials at or under30
163
smallest human trial
0; NCT00006339; PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of adverse events, auctau and cd4 cell counts did Ritonavir's trials measure?
who discontinued treatment due to adverse events, treatment response at week 48, plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in /min, plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in, plasma hiv 1 rna 50 copies/ at week 48 and time from randomization to virologic failure follow.
Show the evidence
who died
1
pharmacokinetic parameter area under the curve
1
pharmacokinetic parameter clearance
1
who discontinued treatment due to adverse events
1
treatment response at week 48
1
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in /min
1
14 more recorded rows
plasma apv cl/f following dosing expressed in
1
plasma hiv 1 rna 50 copies/ at week 48
1
time from randomization to virologic failure
1
time from treatment dispensation to a grade 3/4 safety event
1
time from treatment dispensation to treatment modification
1
incidence of mortality
1
incidence of adverse events
1
adverse events
1
clinical adverse experiences through 24 weeks
1
fasting serum cholesterol at week 12
1
non high density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12
1
fasting serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol at week 12
1
serum triglyceride at week 12
1
virologic response
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Ritonavir's 15 ongoing trials reports first?
To determine the proportion of infants who have treatment-limiting adverse events within the first 14 days of treatment; All-cause mortality; latest 2038-09-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02369406
"Early Infant HIV Treatment in Botswana"; n 67; "To determine the proportion of infants who have treatment-limiting adverse events within the first 14 days of treatment"; 2029-06-30
NCT02735707
"Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"; n 20000; "All-cause mortality"; 2028-02
NCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
NCT04746183
"AGILE (Early Phase Platform Trial for COVID-19)"; n 600; "Master Protocol: Dose-finding/Phase I"; 2027-03-31
NCT05150691
"A Phase 1/2a Study of DB-1303/BNT323 in Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors"; n 796; "Phase 1: Percentage of Participants with Dose-Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) as assessed by CTCAE v5.0."; 2027-10
NCT05261139
"EPIC-Peds: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir)/Ritonavir in Patients Under 18 Years of Age With COVID-19 That Are Not Hospitalized But Are at Risk for Severe Disease"; n 160; "Cohort 1-2: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir"; 2026-07-30
9 further recorded trials
NCT05387369
"A Real World Study of Paxlovid for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients Confirmed With COVID-19"; n 2000; "Viral shedding time"; 2027-03-30
NCT05614349
"Canadian Adaptive Platform Trial of Treatments for COVID-19 in Community Settings"; n 797; "All-cause hospitalization or death rate"; 2025-06-28
NCT05852873
"PAxlovid loNg cOvid-19 pRevention triAl With recruitMent In the Community in Norway"; n 2000; "Symptoms of long-COVID"; 2027-06-11
NCT06428045
"STARLITE for Unresectable High-Grade Gliomas"; n 24; "Number of Participants Experiencing Dose-Limiting Toxicity"; 2030-04-30
NCT06792214
"Antiviral Strategies in the Prevention of Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes Following COVID-19: The paxloviD/Remdesivir Effectiveness For the prEvention of loNg coviD Clinical Trial"; n 118; "Recruitment rate"; 2027-01
NCT06799650
"Clinical Trial of Gammora® Plus Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV"; n 40; "Total Proviral HIV DNA quantitation"; 2026-11-01
NCT07157007
"Early-stage Trial to Determine a Safe and Effective Dose for Ratutrelvir in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19"; n 90; "Safety based on adverse events incidence"; 2026-03
NCT07597902
"SARS-CoV-2 and Herpesvirus Inhibition for Ending Long COVID Dysfunction"; n 150; "EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)"; 2028-06-30
NCT07792096
"An Adaptive Platform Trial for Evaluation of Novel Treatment Regimens in Children and Adolescents With HIV in Africa"; n 800; "The proportion of participants alive with HIV VL <400 c/mL at 48 weeks"; 2029-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Ritonavir could settle lifespan?
NCT02735707 measures All-cause mortality, reading out 2028-02.
2 open trials; n 20000; "Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02735707
"Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"; n 20000; "All-cause mortality"; 2028-02
NCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
Q10
Which 177 trials of Ritonavir posted no result?
Posted no result
177 of 177 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00001058, NCT00000822, NCT00000892, NCT00000898, NCT00000914 and NCT00001108, and 171 more
Completion dates
oldest 1999-01; newest 2024-08-21
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00001058
1999-01
NCT00000822
1999-05
NCT00000892
1999-08
NCT00000898
2000-05
NCT00000914
2000-06
NCT00001108
2000-06
14 further recorded trials
NCT00001087
2000-07
NCT00000906
2000-09
NCT00001091
2000-10
NCT00001968
2000-11
NCT00000888
2001-04
NCT00000913
2001-04
NCT00000924
2001-06
NCT00001083
2001-06
NCT00001688
2001-11
NCT00000859
2001-12
NCT00004584
2002-01
NCT00000918
2002-02
NCT00196625
2002-02
NCT00000941
2002-03
Q11
At the median, Ritonavir's trials enrolled 50 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
50
Largest enrolment
131005
Registered trials counted
471
Q12
What do 5377 spontaneous reports say about Ritonavir — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Ritonavir appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 5377 reaction mentions were counted: drug interaction 1293; abortion spontaneous 690; premature baby 629; virologic failure 602. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL163 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug interaction
1293
abortion spontaneous
690
premature baby
629
virologic failure
602
hyperbilirubinaemia
414
drug resistance
397
4 more recorded rows
lipodystrophy acquired
375
jaundice
355
blood bilirubin increased
322
premature delivery
300
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Ritonavir and CYP2D6: shared by which compounds?
CYP2D6 appear in Ritonavir's recorded interaction sentences, 1 in all. openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
Interpretation pharmacokinetics
Show the evidence
CYP2D6pharmacokinetics
In vitro studies utilizing human liver microsomes have demonstrated that cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is the major isoform involved in ritonavir metabolism, although CYP2D6 also contributes to the formation of M–2.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Ritonavir studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Ritonavir's label sentences: "We performed a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL during ≥6 months on stable darunavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg once daily) or lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily)…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
We performed a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL during ≥6 months on stable darunavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg once daily) or lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily) monotherapy, fasting total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol…
exercise
The initial trial within the RECOVER-VITAL platform evaluated two durations of an antiviral drug, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, to test the proposed etiology of viral persistence on the Long COVID symptom clusters of autonomic dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, and exercise intolerance.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Ritonavir and autophagy?
"This study was designed to explore the possible molecular mechanism of itraconazole and ritonavir in the treatment of <i>Candida albicans</i> infection through autophagy pathway." — where Ritonavir and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2025-07-14
autophagy, mTOR; PMID 40727105, 29848702
Show the evidence
autophagy
PMID 40727105
"This study was designed to explore the possible molecular mechanism of itraconazole and ritonavir in the treatment of <i>Candida albicans</i> infection through autophagy pathway."
PMID 40727105
"The overlapping targets of itraconazole and ritonavir, and those-related to <i>C. albicans</i> and autophagy were screened."
PMID 40727105
"PPI network showed that PIK3R1, RELA, STAT3, HSP90AA1, TP53, JUN, GRB2, EGFR, ESR1 and TNF were potential core targets of autophagy therapy for <i>C. albicans</i> infection with itraconazole and ritonavir."
mTORPMID 29848702
"The effectiveness of combination of ritonavir and delanzomib appears to be due to the induction of ER stress and inhibition of the mTOR pathway."
recorded 2025-07-14 · last checked 2026-09-04
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