This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Corticotropin does in the body
Acthar Gel is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of infantile spasms in infants and children under 2 years of age.
The mechanism of action of Acthar Gel in the treatment of infantile spasms is unknown. Acthar Gel and endogenous ACTH stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, and a number of weakly androgenic substances. Prolonged administration of large doses of Acthar Gel induces hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex and continuous high output of cortisol, corticosterone and weak androgens. The release of endogenous ACTH is under the influence of the nervous system via the regulatory hormone released from the hypothalamus and by a negative corticosteroid feedback mechanism.
Why people take it. Acthar Gel is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of infantile spasms in infants and children under 2 years of age.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as protein.
FDA substance registry · K0U68Q2TXA · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 143 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 21 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
pain vas
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Physician's Global Assessment (PGA)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02953821
How many people
172
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Treatment Period: Scores on a Scale for Telephone-administered Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03068754
How many people
143
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
What a body can do day to day
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Percentage of Participants With Complete or Partial Remission in Proteinuria at 24 Weeks
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01386554
How many people
60
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
DBT: Number of Participants in Each Category of Assessment Based on Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), a Pulmonary Function Test Parameter at Week 24
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03320070
How many people
55
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
What a body can do day to day
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Proportion of Subjects With Adverse Events (AEs) That Required Study Drug Discontinuation or Could Not be Controlled With Concomitant Medication
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01906658
How many people
43
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Percentage of responders to Acthar at the end of treatment.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03066869
How many people
40
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.2 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
pain vas
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
serum creatinine
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
improvement in edss and kurtzke functional scale
annualized relapse rate
remission of proteinuria
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (16)
proteinuria
retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
adverse events
acr20
complete response
timed 25 foot walk
cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity
renal function
das28
safety
treatment related adverse events
systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index
physician s global assessment
incidence of systemic adverse events
conjunctival hyperemia
corneal staining
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The efficacy of Acthar Gel for the treatment of infantile spasms in infants and children less than 2 years of age was evaluated in a randomized, single blinded (video EEG interpreter blinded) clinical trial and an additional active control supportive trial [see Clinical Studies (14) ] .”
US prescribing information · 7b48ddec-e815-45f4-9ca0-5c0daaf56f30 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Based on Acthar Gel's pharmacological effect of stimulating an endogenous steroid response [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1) ] , Acthar Gel may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.”
US prescribing information · 7b48ddec-e815-45f4-9ca0-5c0daaf56f30 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no available data on the presence of corticotropin in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 7b48ddec-e815-45f4-9ca0-5c0daaf56f30 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S1.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Corticotropin appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 742 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
weight increased — 100 reaction mentions
insomnia — 88 reaction mentions
condition aggravated — 83 reaction mentions
peripheral swelling — 81 reaction mentions
hypertension — 80 reaction mentions
blood glucose increased — 75 reaction mentions
injection site bruising — 65 reaction mentions
fluid retention — 64 reaction mentions
blood pressure increased — 57 reaction mentions
swelling — 49 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
2 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 2 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · f27544ee-a0e2-4d84-b193-1c9efdf9e34c · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · f27544ee-a0e2-4d84-b193-1c9efdf9e34c · read 2026-08-29
Acthar is intramuscular at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection available as: 400 USP Units/5 mL (80 USP Units/mL) in a multi-dose vial for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. 40 USP Units/0.5 mL in a single-dose pre-filled SelfJect inject…, recorded as fda label in effect 2026-07-15 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 7b48ddec-e815-45f4-9ca0-5c0daaf56f30 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Corticotropin studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Corticotropin are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
K0U68Q2TXA
RxNorm concept
309541
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Quoted from a stored source.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S1.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
1 approved application covers products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA022432, approved 20101015 to QUESTCOR PHARMA.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q2
What did Corticotropin's largest trial (259 people) and its longest (18 years) measure?
259 people in Corticotropin's largest registered study, 18 years in its longest registered window, measuring Recurrence-free survival time(day) within 48 weeks. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
44 phase4, 16 na, 16 phase2, 12 phase3, 4 na or unstated, 3 early phase1, 3 phase1; NCT01421797; 2024-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2025, NCT02541955.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Corticotropin was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
44
na
16
phase2
16
phase3
12
na or unstated
4
early phase1
3
2 more recorded rows
phase1
3
Last recorded human testNCT02541955
2025-05-20
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From mouse to human: where has Corticotropin shown lifespan?
2 recorded entries; human; injection; also "Acthar 80 unit injection", "Corticotropin 80Unit/Ml Repository Injection"
Show the evidence
human
NCT02382523
injection; Acthar 80 unit injection
NCT03287635
Corticotropin 80Unit/Ml Repository Injection
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More Corticotropin was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "EPH treated fish showed the strongest down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor 1, up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor and 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 gene expression and a suppressed cortisol response 3 hr after the acute stress, differences that could influence hormesis and be affecting how…" Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2021-10-01
4 recorded sentences naming Corticotropin; hormesis, dose response, biphasic
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hormesisPMID 30885921
"EPH treated fish showed the strongest down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor 1, up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor and 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 gene expression and a suppressed cortisol response 3 hr after the acute stress, differences that could influence hormesis and be affecting how EPH fish cope and recover from the stress event."
dose responsePMID 34146101
"In Study 1, evaluable participants with baseline A4 > 2× ULN (n = 11; 19-67 years, 55% female) had reductions from baseline in ACTH (-59.4% to -28.4%), 17-OHP (-38.3% to 0.3%), and A4 (-24.2% to -18.1%), with no clear dose response."
biphasicPMID 32450347
"At hippocampal level, the withdrawal-induced changes in the levels of AMPA receptor GluA1 and GluA2/3 subunits, PSD 95 protein, corticotropin-releasing factor (Crf) and Crf receptor 1 (CrfR1) mRNA were biphasic: AMPA receptor subunit and PSD95 protein levels initially remained unchanged and decreased after 60-90 days, whereas Crf/CrfR1 mRNA levels initially increased and then markedly decreased…"
dose responsePMID 24085685
"Both dose response (100 nM-10 μM AZA) and time course (4-96 h) experiments were carried out for measurement of ACTH secretion and POMC gene expression."
recorded 2021-10-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of acr20, adverse events and annualized relapse rate did Corticotropin's trials measure?
acr20, adverse events and annualized relapse rate lead 21 outcome terms across Corticotropin's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
serum creatinine, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, adverse events, acr20, complete response and timed 25 foot walk follow.
Show the evidence
proteinuria
1
improvement in edss and kurtzke functional scale
1
annualized relapse rate
1
serum creatinine
1
retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
1
adverse events
1
14 more recorded rows
acr20
1
complete response
1
timed 25 foot walk
1
cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity
1
renal function
1
das28
1
safety
1
treatment related adverse events
1
systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index
1
physician s global assessment
1
incidence of systemic adverse events
1
conjunctival hyperemia
1
corneal staining
1
remission of proteinuria
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
What will the one ongoing trial of Corticotropin report, and when?
Recurrence-free survival time(day) within 48 weeks
Show the evidence
TrialNCT06079788
"Study of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Children With Frequent Relapse or Steroid-dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized，Open-label Clinical Trial."; n 140; "Recurrence-free survival time(day) within 48 weeks"; 2026-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Corticotropin could settle lifespan?
NCT06079788 measures Recurrence-free survival time(day) within 48 weeks, reading out 2026-12-31.
1 open trial; n 140; "Study of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Children With Frequent Relapse or Steroid-dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized，Open-label Clinical Trial."
Show the evidence
TrialNCT06079788
"Study of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Children With Frequent Relapse or Steroid-dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized，Open-label Clinical Trial."; n 140; "Recurrence-free survival time(day) within 48 weeks"; 2026-12-31
Q10
Which 15 trials of Corticotropin posted no result?
Posted no result
15 of 15 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00552487, NCT00950781, NCT01021540, NCT01028287, NCT01769937 and NCT01049451, and 9 more
Completion dates
oldest 2006-07; newest 2023-07-07
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00552487
2006-07
NCT00950781
2010-02
NCT01021540
2010-10
NCT01028287
2011-07
NCT01769937
2013-04
NCT01049451
2013-07
9 further recorded trials
NCT01888354
2014-08
NCT00805753
2014-09
NCT01813591
2015-11
NCT01987167
2016-12
NCT02092883
2017-07
NCT03419650
2021-08-25
NCT02931175
2021-10-28
NCT04461535
2023-02-20
NCT03727776
2023-07-07
Q11
At the median, Corticotropin's trials enrolled 19 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
19
Largest enrolment
259
Registered trials counted
94
Q12
What do 742 spontaneous reports say about Corticotropin — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Corticotropin appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 742 reaction mentions were counted: weight increased 100; insomnia 88; condition aggravated 83; peripheral swelling 81. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1201610 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
weight increased
100
insomnia
88
condition aggravated
83
peripheral swelling
81
hypertension
80
blood glucose increased
75
4 more recorded rows
injection site bruising
65
fluid retention
64
blood pressure increased
57
swelling
49
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Corticotropin studied with fasting?
fasting is named in Corticotropin's label sentences: "ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (also adrenocorticotropin and corticotropin); ADA: American Diabetes Association; AEs: Adverse events; ADX: Adrenalectomized; AR: Acute rejection; AUC: Area under the curve; BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density; BPAR: Biopsy-proven acute rejection; cAMP:…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2018-10-05
1 recorded statement; fasting
Show the evidence
fasting
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (also adrenocorticotropin and corticotropin); ADA: American Diabetes Association; AEs: Adverse events; ADX: Adrenalectomized; AR: Acute rejection; AUC: Area under the curve; BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density; BPAR: Biopsy-proven acute rejection; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophospahte; CBG: Corticosteroid-binding globulin; CBP: CREB binding protein;…
recorded 2018-10-05 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Corticotropin and mTOR?
"Together, these results identified a novel GRID1/GluD1-dependent trans-synaptic autophagy mechanism, the deficit of which drives chronic pain.<b>Abbreviations</b>: aCSF: artificial cerebro spinal fluid; AMPARs: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; ATG: autophagy related; BAPTA:…" — where Corticotropin and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2025-10-28
"Together, these results identified a novel GRID1/GluD1-dependent trans-synaptic autophagy mechanism, the deficit of which drives chronic pain.<b>Abbreviations</b>: aCSF: artificial cerebro spinal fluid; AMPARs: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; ATG: autophagy related; BAPTA: 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; BECN1: beclin 1; CBLN1: cerebellin…"
autophagyPMID 41147487
"Together, these results identified a novel GRID1/GluD1-dependent trans-synaptic autophagy mechanism, the deficit of which drives chronic pain.<b>Abbreviations</b>: aCSF: artificial cerebro spinal fluid; AMPARs: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors; ATG: autophagy related; BAPTA: 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; BECN1: beclin 1; CBLN1: cerebellin…"
sirtuinPMID 37386058
"Specifically, decreased SIRT1 in parallel with increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression was found in the BNST of anxiety model mice, whereas pharmacological activation or local overexpression of SIRT1 in the BNST reversed chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors, downregulated CRF upregulation, and normalized CRF neuronal hyperactivity."
AMPKPMID 41077338
"This involved the chemogenetic or optogenetic modulation of the neural activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-regulated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons projecting to the PVH."
IGF-1PMID 41113420
"Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment, covering the disease severity measured by the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24), depressive symptoms measured by the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), brain cognitive function measured by P300 and fNIRS, neurosecretory system function measured through corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and…"
autophagyPMID 34685469
"In this study, we investigated autophagy, glial activation status, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the brains of mice after 5 days of sleep fragmentation (SF)."
2 more recorded rows
AMPKPMID 32643799
"5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-regulated neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) that express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are necessary and sufficient for the fasting-induced selection of carbohydrate over an HFD in mice."
mTORPMID 36704298
"Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified the PCs as an integrated stress response (PC2; EIF2-mTOR, corticotropin signaling, etc.), inflammatory factor translation (PC3; PI3K-p70S6K signaling), and neurite growth inhibition (PC4; Rho pathways)."
recorded 2025-10-28 · last checked 2026-09-04
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