No plain explanation of what this changes is stored. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 28 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 11 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Recovery
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Recovery
coma recovery time
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Change in malaria annual parasite incidence (API)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04241705
How many people
48960
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Adjusted incidence rate ratio before/after MSAT
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04093765
How many people
5542
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Proportion of deliveries with low birth weight
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03754322
How many people
2424
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Late Parasitological Failure
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01374581
How many people
2117
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Prevalence of placental malaria at delivery (tested by PCR)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03508349
How many people
1786
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
ACPR
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06962319
How many people
1510
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.4 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
maximum plasma concentration
maximum plasma concentration of rosiglitazone
maximum observed plasma concentration
heart rate blood pressure
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (7)
parasitological success
total beverage consumed
subjective response to iv cocaine
fever clearance time
coma recovery time
microbiome profile
functional brain images
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 9.7 to 12.5 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “In various published studies, healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate exhibited a mean plasma clearance ranging from 0.08 to 0.47 L/h/kg (median value: 0.17 L/h/kg) with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 9.7 to 12.5 hours.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Quinine sulfate capsules are an antimalarial drug indicated only for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Quinine sulfate has been shown to be effective in geographical regions where resistance to chloroquine has been documented [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 ) ].
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and efficacy of quinine sulfate in pediatric patients under the age of 16 has not been established.”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of quinine sulfate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond to treatment differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Prolonged experience with quinine in pregnant women over several decades, based on published prospective and retrospective observational studies, surveys, safety and efficacy studies, review articles, case reports and case series have not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data).”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Infertility In a published study 5 in 5 men receiving oral tablets of 600 mg quinine three times a day for one week, sperm motility was decreased and percent sperm with abnormal morphology was increased, but sperm count and serum testosterone were unaffected.”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C), quinine oral clearance (CL/F) is decreased, volume of distribution (V d /F) is increased, and half-life is prolonged, relative to subjects with normal liver function.”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “Clearance of quinine is decreased in patients with severe chronic renal failure.”
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Quinine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 486 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
69 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 29 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 12065-1704 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, liquid, pellet, powder, solution and solution/ drops, taken auricular (otic), oral and sublingual.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 12065-1704 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is antimalarial [epc].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 12065-1704 · read 2026-08-29
49 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 12 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 974f23e5-9062-42c1-9df3-12168edee141 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 974f23e5-9062-42c1-9df3-12168edee141 · read 2026-08-29
QUININE SULFATE is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS 324 mg capsules - size '0' capsules with white opaque body and cap, imprinted "201" with black ink on cap and body., recorded as fda label in effect 2024-09-16 in the United States.
US prescribing information · b2f73c64-b92c-49bf-ad39-e32ac83e4d3d · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.63666 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 3 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Quinine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Quinine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
10 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
4 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
4 of them state the same tMax, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
A7V27PHC7A
CAS registry number
130-95-0
PubChem compound
3034034
ChEMBL
CHEMBL170
ChEBI
52251
RxNorm concept
9071
EMA substance identifier
100000078599
European Chemicals Agency number
205-003-2
DrugBank
DB00468
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
6 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA021799, approved 20050812 to SUN PHARM INDUSTRIES.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
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Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Quinine's largest trial (302 people) and its longest (13 years) measure?
302 people in Quinine's largest registered study, 13 years in its longest registered window, measuring Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
11 phase1, 7 na, 5 phase4, 4 phase2, 3 phase3; NCT02902198; 2027-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2024, NCT05682339.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Quinine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase1
11
na
7
phase4
5
phase2
4
phase3
3
Last recorded human testNCT05682339
2024-06-24
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Quinine shown biomarker?
4 recorded entries; human; also "Quinine Sulphate Tablets 300 mg", "Quinine 648 mg", "Quinine Sulfate 324 mg Capsules"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00726895
Quinine Sulfate Capsules 324 mg
NCT00727272
Quinine Sulphate Tablets 300 mg
NCT00779259
Quinine 648 mg
NCT00785213
Quinine Sulfate 324 mg Capsules
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Quinine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "The results showed that initial bitterness (0-s pre-exposure) followed an inverted U-shaped function of temperature for both stimuli, but the differences across temperature were statistically significant only for quinine." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2022-11-15
7 recorded sentences naming Quinine; U-shaped, dose-response, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 28119357
"The results showed that initial bitterness (0-s pre-exposure) followed an inverted U-shaped function of temperature for both stimuli, but the differences across temperature were statistically significant only for quinine."
dose-response
PMID 36377620
"An increase in fat in the emulsions (from 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% oil emulsions stabilized with 0.125 wt% whey protein isolate) caused a significant decrease in perceived bitterness that was accompanied by a decrease in the aqueous concentration of the hydrophobic bitterant quinine Specifically, the bitterness of quinine was reduced ∼13% in the o/w emulsion with more fat, and this drop paralleled a drop…"
"In vitro testing of PPQ resistant parasites demonstrated a bimodal dose-response, the existence of a swollen digestive vacuole phenotype, and an increased susceptibility to quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine and lumefantrine."
biphasicPMID 30674769
"The in vitro release test demonstrated that the coated particles released quinine over 2 h in a biphasic mode."
dose-response
PMID 27819948
"A dose-response effect may be responsible for the absence of antiepileptic properties of quinine in humans."
PMID 27819948
"A dose-response effect may be responsible for the absence of antiepileptic properties of quinine in humans with severe malaria."
PMID 27819948
"This review identifies the need for further studies on the antiepileptic properties of quinine with sufficient power, designed to capture seizure prevalence and incidence as outcomes, that have the ability to control for confounders appropriately and that can explore the dose-response effect of quinine on seizures."
recorded 2022-11-15 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Quinine's half-life is 9.7 to 12.5 hours — which schedules were studied?
9.7 to 12.5 hours, the half-life Quinine's label states. openfda-label · 1f32f05c-a215-40be-b951-e41a7b54a8a0 · 2026-08-30
bioavailability 76 to 88% %.
Show the evidence
half life
9.7 to 12.5 hours hours; In various published studies, healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate exhibited a mean plasma clearance ranging from 0.08 to 0.47 L/h/kg (median value: 0.17 L/h/kg) with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 9.7 to 12.5 hours.
tmax
After a single oral dose of quinine sulfate, the mean quinine T max was longer, and mean AUC and C max were higher in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria than in healthy subjects, as shown in Table 1 below.
bioavailability
76 to 88% %; 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption The oral bioavailability of quinine is 76 to 88% in healthy adults.
metabolism
Metabolism Quinine is metabolized almost exclusively via hepatic oxidative cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways, resulting in four primary metabolites, 3-hydroxyquinine, 2´-quinone, O -desmethylquinine, and 10,11-dihydroxydihydroquinine.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Quinine's effect on maximum plasma concentration?
Maximum plasma concentration: measured in Quinine's trials.
Interpretation maximum plasma concentration is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
maximum plasma concentration; 2026-09-01
maximum plasma concentration of rosiglitazone; 2026-09-01
maximum observed plasma concentration; 2026-09-01
parasitological success; 2026-09-01
total beverage consumed; 2026-09-01
heart rate blood pressure; 2026-09-01
5 more recorded rows
biomarkers
subjective response to iv cocaine; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fever clearance time; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
coma recovery time; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
microbiome profile; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
functional brain images; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; hours; 9.7 to 12.5 hours; 2026-08-30
human trials at or under30
16
smallest human trial
0; NCT02276989; PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q8
Which of coma recovery time, fever clearance time and functional brain images did Quinine's trials measure?
coma recovery time, fever clearance time and functional brain images lead 11 outcome terms across Quinine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation parasitological success, total beverage consumed, heart rate blood pressure, subjective response to iv cocaine, fever clearance time and coma recovery time follow.
Show the evidence
maximum plasma concentration
1
maximum plasma concentration of rosiglitazone
1
maximum observed plasma concentration
1
parasitological success
1
total beverage consumed
1
heart rate blood pressure
1
5 more recorded rows
subjective response to iv cocaine
1
fever clearance time
1
coma recovery time
1
microbiome profile
1
functional brain images
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Quinine's 2 ongoing trials reports first?
Effect of tastants on cerebral blood flow measured by functional brain MRI; Suicidal Thoughts; latest 2028-02
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02902198
"Taste Physiology in Obese Volunteers Before and After Bariatric Surgery"; n 16; "Effect of tastants on cerebral blood flow measured by functional brain MRI"; 2027-12
NCT06349915
"A Pilot Evaluation of a Digital Peer Support Intervention for Suicidal Adolescents"; n 46; "Suicidal Thoughts"; 2028-02
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which 11 trials of Quinine posted no result?
Posted no result
11 of 11 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00000706, NCT00299208, NCT00495508, NCT02563704, NCT02974348 and NCT01289561, and 5 more
Completion dates
oldest 1988-12; newest 2024-06-24
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00000706
1988-12
NCT00299208
2005-07
NCT00495508
2009-06
NCT02563704
2014-03
NCT02974348
2014-10
NCT01289561
2015-01
5 further recorded trials
NCT02092766
2015-04
NCT01851473
2015-10-07
NCT02946970
2016-01
NCT05720390
2024-04-09
NCT05682339
2024-06-24
Q11
At the median, Quinine's trials enrolled 24 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
24
Largest enrolment
302
Registered trials counted
28
Q12
What do 486 spontaneous reports say about Quinine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Quinine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 486 reaction mentions were counted: drug hypersensitivity 97; electrocardiogram qt prolonged 58; toxicity to various agents 54; thrombotic microangiopathy 50. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL170 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug hypersensitivity
97
electrocardiogram qt prolonged
58
toxicity to various agents
54
thrombotic microangiopathy
50
acute kidney injury
44
cognitive disorder
42
4 more recorded rows
fall
36
fibromyalgia
35
mood altered
35
sacroiliitis
35
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Quinine and CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2: shared by which compounds?
CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 appear in Quinine's recorded interaction sentences, 25 in all. openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
Interpretation pharmacokinetics
Show the evidence
CYP1A2
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Cigarette Smoking (CYP1A2 inducer): In healthy male heavy smokers, the mean quinine AUC following a single 600 mg dose was 44% lower, the mean C max was 18% lower, and the elimination half-life was shorter (7.5 hours versus 12 hours) than in their non-smoking counterparts.
pharmacokinetics
Theophylline or aminophylline (CYP1A2 substrate): In 19 healthy subjects who received multiple doses of quinine sulfate capsules 648 mg every 8 hours x 7 days with a single 300 mg oral dose of theophylline, the mean theophylline AUC was 10% lower than when theophylline was given alone.
CYP2C19
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
CYP2C8
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
CYP2C9
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
CYP2D6
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Effects of quinine on other drugs Results of in vivo drug interaction studies suggest that quinine has the potential to inhibit the metabolism of drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
pharmacokinetics
Although clinical drug interaction studies have not been performed, antimalarial doses (greater than or equal to 600 mg) of quinine may inhibit the metabolism of other drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates (e.g., flecainide, debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, metoprolol, paroxetine) [see Drug Interactions (7) ].
pharmacokinetics
Desipramine (CYP2D6 substrate): Quinine (750 mg/day for 2 days) decreased the metabolism of desipramine in patients who were extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, but had no effect in patients who were poor CYP2D6 metabolizers.
pharmacokinetics
Lower doses (80 mg to 400 mg) of quinine did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of other CYP2D6 substrates, namely, debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, and methoxyphenamine.
CYP2E1
pharmacokinetics
Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine.
pharmacokinetics
Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine.
CYP3A4
pharmacokinetics
In vitro studies using human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes have shown that quinine is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4.
pharmacokinetics
Effects of quinine on other drugs Results of in vivo drug interaction studies suggest that quinine has the potential to inhibit the metabolism of drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Quinine and sirtuin?
"Virtual screening using ligand-based pharmacophores predicted that gartanin, quinidine, and quinine to be the best candidates as SIRT1 activators." — where Quinine and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2024-02-17
"Virtual screening using ligand-based pharmacophores predicted that gartanin, quinidine, and quinine to be the best candidates as SIRT1 activators."
PMID 31377446
"Based on in silico and in vitro study results, mulberin, gartanin, quinidine, and quinine had good activity as SIRT1 activators."
NAD+
PMID 38382303
"NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase (NQO1) is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells, and have been used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy."
PMID 35373233
"Therefore, modulation of Nrf2 by dietary phytochemicals appears to be a promising approach for breast cancer prevention, which further removes excessive carcinogenic metabolites by inducing Phase II cytoprotective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)."
PMID 32707633
"Furthermore, EAEP improved the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) via the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B/ protein kinase B (TrkB/Akt) signaling pathway."
recorded 2024-02-17 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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