This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Psilocybine does in the body
Nothing approved. Tested for depression that has not responded to other treatments, and for depression and anxiety in people with cancer
Psilocybin itself does almost nothing. An enzyme in the gut wall and liver strips a phosphate group off it within minutes, and the product — psilocin — is the molecule that acts. Psilocin switches on the same serotonin receptor LSD does, mostly on cells in the outer layer of the brain, and the networks that normally keep the brain organised into stable, habitual patterns become temporarily less rigid. The lasting change in mood scores that some trials find weeks later is not explained by that; the drug is gone within a day.
What happened in people
A 6.6-point MADRS advantage of 25 mg over 1 mg at week 3 in 233 patients with treatment-resistant depression, with the 10 mg arm failing to separate
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The recorded finding that sits closest to something a person would notice. Written into the record, not signed off, and it carries no population or interval.
That an active comparator producing a 20-minute flush or a 1 mg microdose preserves the blind against a six-hour psychedelic session
Where it acts
Cortical 5-HT2A receptors, with the largest reported functional changes in the default mode network
Kind of result
The kind of result is not recorded
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 2RV7212BP0 · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C12H17N2O4P, weighing 284.25.
PubChem record · 10624 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
A limit recorded against this substance. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The four opening statements run to 141 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Randomisation
Randomisation means chance decides who gets which treatment.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a coin toss deciding the groups.
Where that stops being true. A coin toss is fair once. Fairness here comes from doing it for everyone.
What people get wrong. It is thought to make groups identical. It makes them similar on average, including on things nobody measured.
Allocation of participants to arms by a chance process, so that unmeasured factors are balanced in expectation.
Confidence interval
A confidence interval is the range the true answer is likely to sit in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a weather forecast giving a range rather than one number.
Where that stops being true. A forecast range covers tomorrow. This one covers what the study could resolve.
What people get wrong. The middle number is read as the answer. A range crossing zero means no change is still possible.
An interval estimate that would contain the true parameter in a stated proportion of repeated studies.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer10 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
25 mg vs 1 mg: -6.6 (95% CI -10.2 to -2.9), P<0.001. 10 mg vs 1 mg: -2.5 (95% CI -6.2 to 1.2), P=0.18
Repeated elsewhere
Partially Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Adverse events in 179 of 233 (77%). Suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviour or self-injury occurred in all three dose groups. Sustained response at 12 weeks did not support the primary result.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral capsule, one or two supervised administrations with psychological support
Interval reported. 95% CI -10
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Between-group difference 2.0 points (95% CI -5.0 to 0.9), P=0.17
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Sixteen secondary outcomes generally favoured psilocybin and none was corrected for multiple comparisons, which is why the trial is frequently cited as a psilocybin win despite a negative primary.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral capsule, one or two supervised administrations with psychological support
Interval reported. 95% CI -5
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 4 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.14 registered measures of this kind.
□A number that stands in for healthNo evidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.No registered study measures this.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Start
Psilocybine
What a person takes: Oral capsule, one or two supervised administrations with psychological support.
The measurement behind this step
Synthetic psilocybin in a capsule, given in a session of six to eight hours with trained monitors present and structured preparation and integration visits around it. The psychological support is part of every trial protocol in this file and has never been removed as an experimental variable, so the drug's effect without it is unmeasured.
Getting in
Swallowed as a capsule, converted before it reaches the blood
The capsule contains psilocybin, which is not the active drug. Enzymes strip a chemical group off it during absorption, and what circulates is a different molecule.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Oral 1 to 30 mg. Alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal wall, kidney and liver dephosphorylates psilocybin to psilocin during first pass; the parent compound is essentially undetectable in plasma. Peak plasma psilocin is reached at roughly 2 hours, with most of it circulating as the glucuronide.
The converted molecule is small and fat-soluble enough to pass out of the blood into brain tissue within minutes.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Psilocin, 204.27 g/mol, crosses the blood-brain barrier readily and distributes to cortical regions with high 5-HT2A receptor density, including prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex.
It switches on the same serotonin receptor LSD uses. Blocking that receptor first blunts the experience.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Psilocin is an agonist at 5-HT2A, with additional activity at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C. Duration is shorter than LSD — four to six hours rather than eight to twelve — consistent with faster receptor dissociation and rapid glucuronidation and renal clearance.
Large-scale network organisation changes for a few hours
Brain regions that normally work as a tightly coupled group become less tightly coupled, and regions that usually do not talk to each other do.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Gq-coupled signalling in layer V pyramidal neurons increases cortical excitability. Functional imaging during psilocybin sessions reports desegregation of default mode network connectivity and increased global connectivity between normally distinct networks. The correlation between these measures and clinical outcome is reported inconsistently and is not an established mediator.
Depression scores fall for weeks after the drug has gone
Ratings taken three to six weeks later are lower than after the comparator. The drug cleared the body on day one; nothing established explains the gap.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Measured endpoints are MADRS at day 21 or day 43 and QIDS-SR-16 at week 6. Psilocin is cleared within about 24 hours. Candidate mechanisms for persistence — 5-HT2A-driven dendritic spine formation, altered predictive processing — are preclinical or theoretical and have not been demonstrated to mediate the clinical effect in humans.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
anxiety
states of consciousness questionnaire
persisting effects questionnaire
hads anxiety
state trait anxiety inventory state
hospital anxiety and depression scale
montgomery asberg depression scale
beck depression inventory
montgomery asberg depression rating scale
montgomery sberg depression rating scale
and 4 more.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
functional disability
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (25)
hood mysticism scale
stai state
heavy drinking days
abstinent days
complete abstinence from cocaine
days to first use of cocaine
drinks per day
drinking days
altered states of consciousness
migraine attack frequency
duration of migraine attacks
5 dimensions of altered states of consciousness
fmri resting state functional connectivity
headache frequency
functional connectivity
gamma glutamyl transferase
treatment response
recruitment rate
treatment emergent aes
frequency of headache attacks
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
In trials: adults with treatment-resistant depression or with major depressive disorder, screened out for personal or family history of psychosis or mania and for active suicidal intent. In Oregon and Colorado, adults aged 21 and over may take psilocybin at a licensed service centre with a trained facilitator; that is a supervised-use programme under state law, not a prescription and not a medical treatment.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
The 10 mg arm of the phase 2b did not separate from the 1 mg control
Sustained response at 12 weeks in the phase 2b did not support the week-3 primary result
The head-to-head against escitalopram missed its primary endpoint
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Not available
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral capsule, one or two supervised administrations with psychological support
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Synthetic psilocybin in a capsule, given in a session of six to eight hours with trained monitors present and structured preparation and integration visits around it. The psychological support is part of every trial protocol in this file and has never been removed as an experimental variable, so the drug's effect without it is unmeasured.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Acute effects last four to six hours: perceptual change, anxiety, nausea, headache, transient rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Headache after the session day is common and usually resolves within 24 hours. In the 233-patient phase 2b, adverse events occurred in 77% of participants and suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviour or self-injury occurred in all dose arms including the 1 mg control. Personal or family history of psychosis or bipolar I disorder is an exclusion in every trial. Psilocybin does not produce physical dependence or a withdrawal syndrome; tolerance to the subjective effect develops rapidly and resets over about a week. Mushroom material carries a separate risk that the pure compound does not: misidentification of the species.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Psilocybine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 6 most-reported reaction terms, 16 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (6)
drug dependence — 3 reaction mentions
drug tolerance increased — 3 reaction mentions
drug use disorder — 3 reaction mentions
serotonin syndrome — 3 reaction mentions
bradyphrenia — 2 reaction mentions
potentiating drug interaction — 2 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral capsule, one or two supervised administrations with psychological support
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
The psychological support is part of every trial protocol in this file and has never been removed as an experimental variable, so the drug's effect without it is unmeasured.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
2 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical and non-nutrient/non-botanical.
Those labels carry all other and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Psilocybine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That an active comparator producing a 20-minute flush or a 1 mg microdose preserves the blind against a six-hour psychedelic session
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the escitalopram trial showed psilocybin superior — its primary endpoint was negative and its secondary outcomes were uncorrected for multiplicity
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That default mode network desegregation mediates the clinical effect; the association is reported inconsistently and has not been established as a mediator
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That phase 3 results exist in citable form — the first phase 3 has no posted results and no publication as of this audit
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Psilocybine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
25 mg beat 1 mg in 233 patients with treatment-resistant depression; 10 mg did not
In plain words
The largest randomised psilocybin trial found a single 25 mg dose cut depression scores by 6.6 points more than a 1 mg comparator at three weeks. The middle dose failed.
What was measured
Change in MADRS total score from baseline to week 3
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Phase 2b, double-blind, 79 participants at 25 mg, 75 at 10 mg, 79 at 1 mg (control), all with psychological support. Mean baseline MADRS was 32 or 33 in each group. Least-squares mean change to week 3 was -12.0 at 25 mg, -7.9 at 10 mg and -5.4 at 1 mg; 25 mg versus 1 mg was -6.6 (95% CI -10.2 to -2.9, P<0.001), 10 mg versus 1 mg was -2.5 (95% CI -6.2 to 1.2, P=0.18). Response and remission at week 3 supported the primary result; sustained response at 12 weeks did not. Adverse events occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%), commonly headache, nausea and dizziness. Suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviour or self-injury occurred in all three dose groups, including the 1 mg arm.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Against escitalopram, psilocybin did not win its primary endpoint
In plain words
Head to head with a standard antidepressant, psilocybin was not significantly better on the trial's main measure. The secondary measures favoured it, but they were not corrected for multiple testing.
What was measured
Change in QIDS-SR-16 score at week 6, psilocybin versus escitalopram
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
Phase 2, double-blind, 59 patients with long-standing moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder: 30 to two 25 mg psilocybin doses three weeks apart plus daily placebo, 29 to two 1 mg psilocybin doses plus six weeks of escitalopram, all with psychological support. Primary outcome was QIDS-SR-16 change at week 6. Mean change was -8.0 (SE 1.0) with psilocybin and -6.0 (SE 1.0) with escitalopram, a between-group difference of 2.0 points (95% CI -5.0 to 0.9, P=0.17). Response was 70% versus 48% (difference 22 points, 95% CI -3 to 48) and remission 57% versus 28% (difference 28 points, 95% CI 2 to 54). Sixteen secondary outcomes generally favoured psilocybin, none corrected for multiplicity. The escitalopram arm received a 1 mg psilocybin dose, so both arms had a session; the escitalopram dose was 10 mg for three weeks then 20 mg.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
A 12.3-point MADRS advantage over niacin in 104 adults with major depression
In plain words
Against an active placebo chosen because it causes flushing, one 25 mg dose lowered depression scores by about 12 points more at six weeks, rated by assessors who never met the participants in person.
What was measured
Change in central-rater MADRS score from baseline to day 43
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Phase 2, 11 US sites, December 2019 to June 2022, 104 adults aged 21 to 65 with MDD of at least 60 days and moderate or greater severity, randomised 1:1 to a single 25 mg synthetic psilocybin capsule or 100 mg niacin, both with psychological support. Primary outcome was central rater-assessed MADRS change from baseline to day 43: mean difference -12.3 (95% CI -17.5 to -7.2, P<0.001). Day 8 difference was -12.0 (95% CI -16.6 to -7.4, P<0.001). Sheehan Disability Scale difference at day 43 was -2.31 (95% CI -3.50 to -1.11, P<0.001). More psilocybin participants had sustained response but not sustained remission. No serious treatment-emergent adverse events; higher overall and higher severe adverse-event rates on psilocybin. Participants, site staff, sponsor, raters and statisticians were all blinded to allocation.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The niacin comparator does not solve the blinding problem, and the authors knew it
In plain words
Niacin was chosen because it makes people flush, so they might think they got the drug. A flush lasts twenty minutes; a psilocybin session lasts six hours.
What was measured
That an active comparator producing a brief somatic sensation maintains a blind against a six-hour psychedelic experience
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Active placebos in this field — 100 mg niacin in the Usona trial, 1 mg psilocybin in the COMPASS and Imperial trials — are intended to produce a noticeable somatic effect and so preserve the blind. None produces the six-to-eight-hour perceptual state of a 25 mg dose. No psilocybin trial to date has published a formal blinding-integrity assessment showing participants could not guess allocation, and the ones that have measured guess accuracy in adjacent psychedelic trials report it well above chance. The consequence is not that the effects are placebo effects; it is that the trials cannot quantify how much of the effect is expectancy, and effect sizes from an unblinded design are systematically inflated relative to a blinded one.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Cancer-related depression and anxiety: 51 patients, effects held at six months
In plain words
In people with life-threatening cancer, a high dose produced large drops in depression and anxiety, and about eight in ten still had clinically significant improvement six months later.
What was measured
Clinician- and self-rated depression and anxiety at 5 weeks and 6 months, high versus low dose
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Randomised, double-blind, crossover trial in 51 patients with life-threatening cancer diagnoses and symptoms of depression or anxiety, comparing a very low placebo-like dose (1 or 3 mg/70 kg) with a high dose (22 or 30 mg/70 kg) in counterbalanced order, five weeks between sessions, six-month follow-up. High-dose psilocybin produced large decreases in clinician- and self-rated depressed mood and anxiety, with increases in quality of life, life meaning and optimism and decreases in death anxiety. At six months about 80% of participants still showed clinically significant decreases in depressed mood and anxiety, and community observer ratings moved correspondingly. Mystical-type experience on session day mediated the dose-outcome relationship. The crossover design means the six-month figure describes patients who had all received the high dose by then.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Suicidal ideation and self-injury appeared in every arm of the phase 2b, including 1 mg
In plain words
The largest trial recorded suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviour or self-harm in all three dose groups, not only the high one. This is a population with treatment-resistant depression, and the events are reported rather than hidden.
What was measured
Incidence of suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviour or self-injury by dose arm
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Goodwin et al. state that suicidal ideation or behaviour or self-injury occurred in all dose groups of the 233-participant trial, and that adverse events overall occurred in 179 of 233 participants (77%). The presence of events in the 1 mg control arm is the relevant control information: it establishes a base rate in treatment-resistant depression rather than attributing every event to the drug. It does not establish that the drug is neutral on this outcome, because the trial was not powered for it and no trial in this field is.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Two US states legalised supervised use while the drug stayed federally Schedule I
In plain words
Oregon and Colorado created licensed programmes where an adult can take psilocybin with a trained facilitator. Federally the same drug is still in the schedule reserved for substances with no accepted medical use.
What was measured
Federal schedule versus state supervised-use licensure for the same substance
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Psilocybin remains in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, 21 CFR 1308.11(d). Oregon voters passed Measure 109 in November 2020, and the Oregon Health Authority licensed the first psilocybin service centres in 2023 under Oregon Revised Statutes chapter 475A; Colorado followed under the Natural Medicine Health Act. These are supervised-use programmes administered by state health authorities, not prescriptions: there is no diagnosis, no prescriber, no pharmacy and no product approval, and they confer no protection under federal law. The regulatory picture is therefore three different answers to the same question in the same country, running simultaneously.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The phase 3 programme has not reported in the peer-reviewed literature
In plain words
The first phase 3 trial has finished and the second is still running. Neither has published a paper or posted results on the trial registry, so this page quotes phase 2 numbers only.
What was measured
That phase 3 confirmation exists in a citable form — it does not yet, and phase 2 effect sizes in this field have historically shrunk on replication at scale
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
COMP005 (NCT05624268, n=258, COMP360 25 mg versus placebo, primary outcome MADRS change from baseline) is registered as completed with a completion date of 15 April 2026 and, as of the date of this audit, has no results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov and no peer-reviewed publication indexed in PubMed. COMP006 (NCT05711940, n=572, two administrations, three dose arms) is active and not recruiting. Sponsor announcements have described topline outcomes; a press release is not a data source this file will quote figures from, because it is not a document whose numbers a reader can check against a protocol and an analysis plan. Every efficacy figure on this page therefore comes from phase 2.
Source
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05624268 and NCT05711940, record status and results availability at time of audit
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
caution
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
2RV7212BP0
CAS registry number
520-52-5
PubChem compound
10624
ChEMBL
CHEMBL194378
ChEBI
8614
WHO international nonproprietary name list entry
1218
EMA substance identifier
100000080863
European Chemicals Agency number
208-294-4
DrugBank
DB11664
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The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
The most heavily trialled classic psychedelic, with a clean 25 mg versus 1 mg dose separation in 233 patients, a JAMA trial showing a 12-point MADRS advantage over niacin, and a head-to-head against escitalopram whose primary endpoint it did not win.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Psilocybine's largest trial (572 people) and its longest (13 years) measure?
572 people in Psilocybine's largest registered study, 13 years in its longest registered window, measuring Determine the concentrations of psilocin following escalating doses of psilocybin. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
124 phase2, 87 phase1, 20 early phase1, 11 phase3, 10 na, 2 na or unstated; NCT03289949; 2030-06-01. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06450210.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Psilocybine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
124
phase1
87
early phase1
20
phase3
11
na
10
na or unstated
2
1 more recorded row
Last recorded human testNCT06450210
2026-07-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Psilocybine shown lifespan?
Interpretation Determine the concentrations of psilocin following escalating doses of psilocybin — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
mouse
lifespan
humanNCT02163707
biomarker; Determine the concentrations of psilocin following escalating doses of psilocybin; 239
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
18 of Psilocybine's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (2), funding/business (7) and other (9): Psilocybine's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"The study was suspended because the PI was unable to get permission from his department to submit the protocol to the local IRB?""; 18 of 239 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00979693
withdrawn; "The study was suspended because the PI was unable to get permission from his department to submit the protocol to the local IRB?""
NCT04280055
terminated; "Not possible to achieve the anticipated no. of patients due to Covid-19 pandemic"
NCT04424225
terminated; "Could not secure additional funding to continue the study. Pilot phase of study completed."
NCT04905121
terminated; "Unable to recruit patient population"
NCT05227742
withdrawn; "Sponsor terminated contract due to insufficient funding."
NCT05242029
withdrawn; "Lack of funding"
12 further recorded trials
NCT05252598
withdrawn; "The sponsor no longer wishes to pursue the methods outlined in the protocol."
NCT05322954
terminated; "due to sponsor financial constraints"
NCT05381974
withdrawn; "Study was terminated due to difficulty recruiting patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria. No participants received the intervention."
NCT05467761
withdrawn; "Sponsor was not financially able or willing to continue to support the study"
NCT05562973
withdrawn; "The principal investigator will be at a new institution."
NCT05594667
withdrawn; "Funding"
NCT05601648
withdrawn; "Due to negative results in similar trials using 11C-UCB-J"
NCT05675800
withdrawn; "Resident who was tasked with coordinating this study is no longer able to do so."
NCT05832255
suspended; "Indefinite hold due to protocol revisions relating to the exclusion criteria for concurrent medications."
NCT06005662
withdrawn; "This study was de-prioritized in favor of the similar BIPOD-Out protocol due to a combination of practical considerations and expense. There are currently no plans to initiate this protocol."
NCT06102434
suspended; "Departmental support"
NCT06560658
withdrawn; "No funding was obtained."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Psilocybine used Psilocybin (0.25mg/kg) — over how long?
11 recorded entries; human; also "Psilocybin 25 mg", "Psilocybin, 1.5 mg", "Psilocybin 25mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT03356483
Psilocybin (0.25mg/kg)
NCT05710237
Psilocybin 25 mg
NCT05832255
Psilocybin, 1.5 mg
NCT06230757
Psilocybin 25mg
NCT06796361
10mg Psilocybin
NCT06798636
Psilocybin 5 mg with cognitive behavioural therapy intervention
5 more recorded rows
humanNCT06888128
Psilocybin 15mg
humanNCT06943573
psilocybin (25 mg)
humanNCT07306364
Psilocybin 10 mg
humanNCT07791901
PEX010 25 mg psilocybin
humanNCT07791901
PEX010 5 mg psilocybin
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Psilocybine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "In the FST, psilocybin induced dose-dependent inverted-U-shaped responses with only the intermediate dose of 0.32 mg/kg producing short and long-term antidepressant-like effects." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-01-06
5 recorded sentences naming Psilocybine; U-shaped, dose-response, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 40246053
"In the FST, psilocybin induced dose-dependent inverted-U-shaped responses with only the intermediate dose of 0.32 mg/kg producing short and long-term antidepressant-like effects."
dose-response
PMID 41493065
"Psilocybin produced dose-dependent 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> RO (RO₅₀ = 0.88 mg/kg) and an inverted-U dose-response in HTR, with peak effects occurring between ~44% and 62% RO."
PMID 40246053
"We also examined the dose-response relationships of psilocybin on the head-twitch response (HTR), locomotor activity, body temperature, and weight gain."
biphasicPMID 39610321
"Mixed partial agonists psilocybin and lisuride evoked biphasic CBV responses, whereas the selective 25CN-NBOH produced monophasic CBV increases."
dose-responsePMID 40381003
"Dose x sex interactions for the dose-response data were statistically significant for psilocybin and LSD, with females displaying more HTRs after the highest or peak doses of all drugs."
recorded 2026-01-06 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Psilocybine's effect on anxiety?
Anxiety: measured in Psilocybine's trials.
Interpretation anxiety is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
anxiety; 2026-09-01
hood mysticism scale; 2026-09-01
states of consciousness questionnaire; 2026-09-01
persisting effects questionnaire; 2026-09-01
hads anxiety; 2026-09-01
state trait anxiety inventory state; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
stai state; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hospital anxiety and depression scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
heavy drinking days; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
abstinent days; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
complete abstinence from cocaine; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
days to first use of cocaine; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
drinks per day; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
drinking days; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
altered states of consciousness; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
montgomery asberg depression scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
beck depression inventory; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
migraine attack frequency; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
duration of migraine attacks; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
functional disability; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
134
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00979693; PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of 5 dimensions of altered states of consciousness, abstinent days and acceptability did Psilocybine's trials measure?
5 dimensions of altered states of consciousness, abstinent days and acceptability lead 40 outcome terms across Psilocybine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation persisting effects questionnaire, hads anxiety, state trait anxiety inventory state, stai state, hospital anxiety and depression scale and heavy drinking days follow.
Show the evidence
anxiety
1
hood mysticism scale
1
states of consciousness questionnaire
1
persisting effects questionnaire
1
hads anxiety
1
state trait anxiety inventory state
1
14 more recorded rows
stai state
1
hospital anxiety and depression scale
1
heavy drinking days
1
abstinent days
1
complete abstinence from cocaine
1
days to first use of cocaine
1
drinks per day
1
drinking days
1
altered states of consciousness
1
montgomery asberg depression scale
1
beck depression inventory
1
migraine attack frequency
1
duration of migraine attacks
1
functional disability
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Psilocybine's 134 ongoing trials reports first?
Psilocin/ketanserin blood concentrations and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy (i.e., binding potential).; Change in Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) score; latest 2032-02-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03289949
"The Neurobiological Effect of 5-HT2AR Modulation"; n 200; "Psilocin/ketanserin blood concentrations and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy (i.e., binding potential)."; 2030-06-01
NCT04123314
"Psilocybin for Depression in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Alzheimer's Disease"; n 20; "Change in Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) score"; 2026-12-31
NCT04620759
"Psilocybin Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorder"; n 90; "Change from baseline in grid-version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAMD) score"; 2027-03-30
NCT04754061
"PSilocybin for psYCHological and Existential Distress in PALliative Care (PSYCHED-PAL)"; n 20; "Recruitment Rate"; 2027-01-01
NCT04982796
"Psilocybin-Enhanced Psychotherapy for Methamphetamine Use Disorder"; n 30; "Acceptability"; 2026-12-31
NCT05068791
"Psilocybin-facilitated Treatment for Chronic Pain"; n 30; "Change in daily self-reported pain severity"; 2026-12-31
14 further recorded trials
NCT05265546
"Investigating the Mechanisms of the Effects of Psilocybin on Visual Perception and Visual Representations in the Brain"; n 80; "Amplitude and pattern of fMRI cortical responses"; 2028-12-31
NCT05301608
"Effects of Psilocybin on Electrophysiology and the Dynamic Content of Thought"; n 30; "Difference between drug conditions in the frequency of word use during free association tasks"; 2027-01-01
NCT05317689
"Comparing the Effects of Psilocin and Psilocybin in Healthy Adults"; n 20; "Physiological Effects"; 2025-07
NCT05370911
"Effects of Repeated Psilocybin Dosing in OCD"; n 28; "Change in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Second Edition (Y-BOCS-II) Severity Scale total score from baseline at 4 days post-second dose"; 2027-02
NCT05403086
"Pragmatic Trial of Psilocybin Therapy in Palliative Care"; n 100; "Change in patient-reported Demoralization Scale-II.."; 2027-12-31
NCT05421065
"Psilocybin-Assisted vs Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder"; n 20; "Timeline Follow-Back for Alcohol to assess change"; 2026-09
NCT05452772
"5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin in the Treatment of Tobacco Use Disorder"; n 66; "Potential Efficacy (Smoking Cessation)"; 2027-05
NCT05546658
"Effects of Psilocybin in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder"; n 35; "Change in The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score"; 2027-09-12
NCT05554094
"Psilocybin for the Treatment of Veterans With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder"; n 15; "Type, severity, and frequency of Adverse Events (AEs) associated with psilocybin assisted therapy"; 2026-07-31
NCT05698511
"Neural and Physiological Correlates of Psychedelic Sub-states"; n 12; "Brain-averaged normalized global signal complexity"; 2027-01-30
NCT05711940
"Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Two Administrations of COMP360 in Participants With TRD"; n 572; "COMP360 25 mg versus COMP360 1 mg for the change from baseline in MADRS total score."; 2026-12
NCT05733546
"A Phase II, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of COMP360 in Participants With Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder"; n 102; "Safety and tolerability of COMP360 Psilocybin"; 2025-09
NCT05866471
"The ENHANCE Study: taVNS and Psilocybin"; n 108; "Memory Experiences Questionnaire (MEM-Q-PSIL): Comparison of taVNS Administration vs. Treatment as Usual"; 2028-01
NCT05947383
"Two Doses of Psilocybin for the Treatment of MDD in Adults With Cancer"; n 56; "The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)"; 2027-11-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 28 trials of Psilocybine posted no result?
Posted no result
28 of 28 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00302744, NCT00802282, NCT01988311, NCT02163707, NCT03736980 and NCT02421263, and 22 more
Completion dates
oldest 2008-12; newest 2024-08-23
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00302744
2008-12
NCT00802282
2014-05
NCT01988311
2014-05
NCT02163707
2015-12
NCT03736980
2018-12-31
NCT02421263
2020-06-05
14 further recorded trials
NCT03604744
2021-04-15
NCT05160220
2021-10-01
NCT03715127
2022-04-12
NCT04661514
2022-06-10
NCT04227756
2022-09-02
NCT04842045
2022-11-17
NCT04522804
2022-12-16
NCT04501653
2023-03-19
NCT04052568
2023-04-20
NCT05029466
2023-07-22
NCT05478278
2023-08-09
NCT04141501
2023-09-14
NCT04218539
2023-11-05
NCT05224336
2024-03-07
Q10
At the median, Psilocybine's trials enrolled 30 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
30
Largest enrolment
572
Registered trials counted
239
Q11
What do 16 spontaneous reports say about Psilocybine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Psilocybine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 6 most-reported reaction terms, 16 reaction mentions were counted: drug dependence 3; drug tolerance increased 3; drug use disorder 3; serotonin syndrome 3. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL194378 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug dependence
3
drug tolerance increased
3
drug use disorder
3
serotonin syndrome
3
bradyphrenia
2
potentiating drug interaction
2
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Psilocybine and mTOR?
"Moreover, psilocybin ameliorated chronic CORT exposure-induced inhibition of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus, including by increasing neuroplasticity (total number of dendritic branches and dendritic spine density), synaptic protein (p-GluA1, PSD95 and synapsin-1) levels, BDNF-mTOR signalling pathway activation (BDNF, TrkB and…" — where Psilocybine and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-02-14
mTOR; PMID 38680011, 41754856, 37000971
Show the evidence
mTOR
PMID 38680011
"Moreover, psilocybin ameliorated chronic CORT exposure-induced inhibition of neuroplasticity in the PFC and hippocampus, including by increasing neuroplasticity (total number of dendritic branches and dendritic spine density), synaptic protein (p-GluA1, PSD95 and synapsin-1) levels, BDNF-mTOR signalling pathway activation (BDNF, TrkB and mTOR levels), and promoting neurogenesis (number of…"
PMID 41754856
"Compounds such as ketamine, psilocybin, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and some newly synthesized non-hallucinogenic analogs act through convergent signaling pathways involving BDNF-TrkB-mTOR, promoting dendritic growth, synaptogenesis, and glial modulation."
PMID 37000971
"Furthermore, we verified the effect of psilocybin on hippocampal neuroplasticity using Golgi staining for the dendritic complexity and spine density, Western blotting for the protein levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and immunofluorescence staining for the numbers of doublecortin (DCX)- and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells."
recorded 2026-02-14 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence
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