This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Propranolol does in the body
Although total peripheral resistance may increase initially, it readjusts to or below the pretreatment level with chronic use of propranolol.
From the FDA-approved label: The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol has not been established. Factors that may contribute to the antihypertensive action include: (1) decreased cardiac output, (2) inhibition of renin release by the kidneys, and (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic nerve outflow from vasomotor centers in the brain. Effects of propranolol on plasma volume appear to be minor and somewhat variable.
Why people take it. Common migraine headache
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · F8A3652H1V · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 98 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved3 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
hba1c; glycated hemoglobin a1c; perform oral glucose tolerance test
Cholesterol
low density lipoprotein cholesterol
Energy
resting energy expenditure at low temperature
Pain
total number of controlled analgesic pump activations
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
3 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Cardiovascular risk and diabetes testing
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02795910
How many people
40577
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
survival free of discontinuation or alternative prevention drug (migraine trial)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02670161
How many people
3300
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants With Composite of Total Mortality, Disabling Stroke, Serious Bleeding, or Cardiac Arrest in Patients Warranting Therapy for AF.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00911508
How many people
2204
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Treatment Responder (atogepant vs. topiramate; atogepant vs. propranolol)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06972056
How many people
1335
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Measures of muscle wasting, weakness, immunosuppression chronic bone loss and decreased growth with increases in metabolic, hemodynamic, inflammatory and scarring responses.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00675714
How many people
1126
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Reducing tumor growth
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05106179
How many people
1000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.10 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
cocaine craving
craving
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
low density lipoprotein cholesterol
systolic blood pressure
hba1c
increase in heart rate standing
glycated hemoglobin a1c
blood pressure
plasma renin activity
perform oral glucose tolerance test
controlling heart rate in traumatic brain injured
heart rate
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
progression free survival
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (27)
side effects
cocaine use
cocaine withdrawal
clinical improvement
ptsd checklist
bioequivalence
rate and extend of absorption
headache days per month on the third month of treatment
migraine episodes per 30 days at month 10
decrease in size of hemangioma in square mm
lesion regression
ss rbc adhesion by treatment
pharmacokinetic parameters
rebleeding
icu length of stay
hospital length of stay
postoperative delirium
skin conductance response
rate less than 100 per minute
days of abstinence
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 8 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “The elimination half-life of propranolol was approximately 8 hours. 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol has not been established.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Hypertension Propranolol hydrochloride tablets are indicated in the management of hypertension. They may be used alone or used in combination with other antihypertensive agents, particularly a thiazide diuretic. Propranolol hydrochloride tablets are not indicated in the management of hypertensive emergencies.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness of propranolol in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of INDERAL XL did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Prolonged experience with propranolol in pregnant women over several decades, based on published interventional and observational studies, has not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary Propranolol is present in human milk at low levels, but the related risk to a breastfed infant is unknown.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “The exposure to propranolol is increased in patients with hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “The exposure to propranolol is increased in patients with renal impairment.”
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as capsule, extended release, injectable, tablet, solution, given by the oral, injection, intravenous route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Propranolol appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 2694 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
hypotension — 568 reaction mentions
bradycardia — 518 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 382 reaction mentions
somnolence — 213 reaction mentions
hypoglycaemia — 210 reaction mentions
coma — 198 reaction mentions
cardiac arrest — 187 reaction mentions
suicide attempt — 150 reaction mentions
cardiogenic shock — 135 reaction mentions
seizure — 133 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
234 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 234 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-1604 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, capsule, extended release, injection, injection, solution, powder and solution, taken intravenous and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-1604 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is adrenergic beta-antagonists [moa] and beta-adrenergic blocker [epc].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-1604 · read 2026-08-29
141 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 141 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 8bdb15bc-5a25-4f20-af98-79bcd26022b8 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 8bdb15bc-5a25-4f20-af98-79bcd26022b8 · read 2026-08-29
1 marketed supplement label lists this ingredient, classed as other combinations.
Those labels carry all other and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Inderal XL is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS INDERAL XL Extended-Release Capsules are supplied as capsules containing either 80 mg (equivalent to 70.14 mg of propranolol) or 120 mg (equivalent to 105.21 mg of propranolol) of propranolo…, recorded as fda label in effect 2024-03-20 in the United States.
US prescribing information · ac196ff5-9215-402b-bc57-69aa87f8bade · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.0475–0.15955 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 89 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Recorded price in US: 0.09297–0.13316 USD per one millilitre, across 2 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Propranolol studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Propranolol are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
141 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
70 of them state the same bioavailability, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
F8A3652H1V
RxNorm concept
856443
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Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
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What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
150 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA016419, approved 19671113 to BAXTER HLTHCARE CORP.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
5 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
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Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Propranolol's largest trial (22213 people) and its longest (33 years) measure?
22213 people in Propranolol's largest registered study, 33 years in its longest registered window, measuring mortality or liver transplantation. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
111 phase2, 56 phase4, 48 na, 46 phase3, 42 phase1, 16 early phase1, 9 na or unstated; NCT00608725; 2029-12. Last human test completed 2025, NCT01298271.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Propranolol was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
111
phase4
56
na
48
phase3
46
phase1
42
early phase1
16
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
9
Last recorded human testNCT01298271
2025-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Propranolol shown lifespan?
"Lack of feasibility"; 49 of 299 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00315913
withdrawn; "Lack of feasibility"
NCT00337740
terminated; "From the interim analysis resulted that more than 1000 patients were required to demonstrate a significant difference between the 2 treatments."
NCT00356187
terminated; "Slow enrollment, end of funding"
NCT00611871
terminated; "Low enrollment, grant term expired"
NCT00645450
terminated; "Difficulty recruiting subjects and loss of study physician for new job"
NCT00648375
terminated; "inadequate recruitment"
14 further recorded trials
NCT00675714
terminated; "At the request of the study site, this study has been closed and access to study-related data is unavailable. We are unable to submit the results-data."
NCT00777218
withdrawn; "Enrollment criteria was too challenging and Investigators changed Institutions"
NCT00862095
terminated; "inadequate enrollment, insufficient funds to continue enrollment"
withdrawn; "Lack of eligible patient recruits/feasibility considerations."
NCT01058317
withdrawn; "No participants enrolled"
NCT01074437
terminated; "Insufficient enrollment"
NCT01239173
terminated; "Study stopped by promoter for lack of inclusion"
NCT01343329
withdrawn; "Unable to enroll subjects that fit study criteria."
NCT01555554
terminated; "Unable to meet enrollment goals"
NCT01705392
terminated; "Lack of financing of the study drug. Not sufficient financial support."
NCT01857817
terminated; "Low patient recruitment"
NCT01902810
terminated; "At the request of the study site, this study has been closed and access to study-related data is unavailable. We are unable to submit the results-data."
NCT01902966
terminated; "low accrual and lack of funding"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Propranolol used Propranolol Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules 160 mg — over how long?
Human studies of Propranolol used "Propranolol Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules 160 mg". ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
16 recorded entries; human; also "Inderal® LA Capsules 160 mg", "Propranolol Hydrochloride Extended Release Capsules 160 mg", "INDERAL® LA 160 mg Capsules, single dose"
Propranolol's half-life is 8 hours — which schedules were studied?
8 hours, the half-life Propranolol's label states. openfda-label · 1791ef4d-b609-41c8-b4ef-15bff752ddd7 · 2026-08-30
Show the evidence
half life
8 hours hours; The elimination half-life of propranolol was approximately 8 hours. 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action The mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol has not been established.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Propranolol's effect on side effects?
Side effects: measured in Propranolol's trials.
Interpretation side effects is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
side effects; 2026-09-01
cocaine use; 2026-09-01
cocaine withdrawal; 2026-09-01
cocaine craving; 2026-09-01
clinical improvement; 2026-09-01
low density lipoprotein cholesterol; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
systolic blood pressure; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
increase in heart rate standing; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ptsd checklist; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
bioequivalence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
rate and extend of absorption; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
headache days per month on the third month of treatment; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
migraine episodes per 30 days at month 10; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glycated hemoglobin a1c; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
blood pressure; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
decrease in size of hemangioma in square mm; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
lesion regression; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ss rbc adhesion by treatment; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacokinetic parameters; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; hours; 8 hours; 2026-08-30
human trials at or under30
97
smallest human trial
0; NCT00000197; PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q7
Which of basal metabolic rate, bioequivalence and bleeding did Propranolol's trials measure?
basal metabolic rate, bioequivalence and bleeding lead 40 outcome terms across Propranolol's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
cocaine craving, clinical improvement, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, hba1c and increase in heart rate standing follow.
Show the evidence
side effects
1
cocaine use
1
cocaine withdrawal
1
cocaine craving
1
clinical improvement
1
low density lipoprotein cholesterol
1
14 more recorded rows
systolic blood pressure
1
hba1c
1
increase in heart rate standing
1
ptsd checklist
1
bioequivalence
1
rate and extend of absorption
1
headache days per month on the third month of treatment
1
migraine episodes per 30 days at month 10
1
glycated hemoglobin a1c
1
blood pressure
1
decrease in size of hemangioma in square mm
1
lesion regression
1
ss rbc adhesion by treatment
1
pharmacokinetic parameters
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Propranolol's 59 ongoing trials reports first?
Increase in heart rate with standing; Physiological abnormalities in orthostatic intolerance; latest 2035-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00262470
"Treatment of Orthostatic Intolerance"; n 150; "Increase in heart rate with standing"; 2029-12
NCT00608725
"Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Intolerance"; n 260; "Physiological abnormalities in orthostatic intolerance"; 2029-12
NCT01988883
"Modafinil and Cognitive Function in POTS"; n 20; "Visual Attention Performance Speed"; 2026-12
NCT03083431
"Oral Propranolol for Prevention of Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity"; n 276; "Survival without adverse ophthalmological outcome (stage ≥ 3, AP-ROP, or any ROP treatment)"; 2029-12-31
NCT04186286
"Crossover Study of Propranolol vs Ivabradine in POTS"; n 20; "Change in HR"; 2026-12-31
NCT04682158
"Propranolol With Standard Chemoradiation for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma"; n 106; "Occurrence of Adverse Events"; 2029-04-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT04704947
"Clinical Study Evaluating Beta Blockers Use and Fracture Risk in Patients With Primary Osteoporosis"; n 50; "Number of patients with fracture in each group"; 2030-10-01
NCT04713657
"Beta-blocker Administration for Cardiomyocyte Division"; n 40; "Cardiomyocyte Division"; 2030-12-31
NCT04848519
"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors With or Without Propranolol Hydrochloride In Patients With Urothelial Carcinoma"; n 6; "Incidence of adverse events"; 2026-12-04
NCT04985344
"Treatment of Pediatric Post-traumatic Stress Disorder With Memory Reactivation Under the Influence of Propranolol"; n 92; "Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index/CPTS-RI"; 2027-09
NCT05219799
"Sex Disparities in Hypoxic Vasodilation and Impact of Obesity"; n 72; "Change in forearm vascular conductance with intra-arterial drug infusion"; 2027-07-30
NCT05312255
"Non-chemotherapeutic Interventions for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Immune Function in Patients With Multiple Myeloma"; n 175; "Changes in immune cell subsets"; 2027-06-28
NCT05424016
"Propranolol and Von Hippel-Lindau Disease"; n 85; "total and individual hemangioblastomas' volume measured by MRI"; 2026-11-01
NCT05429970
"A Study Comparing Perioperative Stress Reduction vs. Standard of Care in Ovarian Cancer (PRESERVE)"; n 35; "Number of participants successfully completing over 80% of the bundled interventions"; 2027-06-17
NCT05451043
"Durvalumab and Tremelimumab in Combination With Propranolol and Chemotherapy for Treatment of Advanced Hepatopancreabiliary Tumors (BLOCKED)"; n 62; "Investigating and establishing the efficacy of propranolol in boosting the effects of immunotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma"; 2029-10-01
NCT05587361
"Beta-Adrenergic Modulation of Drug Cue Reactivity"; n 80; "Cue-Provoked Craving Ratings"; 2027-03-31
NCT05651594
"Propranolol in Combination With Pembrolizumab and Standard Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Esophageal or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma"; n 40; "Overall response rate (ORR)"; 2029-03-30
NCT05741164
"Propranolol and Pembrolizumab for Tumor Re-sensitization and Treatment of Patients With Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Metastatic or Unresectable Triple Negative Breast Cancer"; n 37; "Objective response"; 2029-06-30
NCT05797662
"A Study of Propranolol to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma"; n 25; "Objective Response Rate"; 2029-04
NCT05853627
"Mismatch vs. Standard Intervention During Memory Reconsolidation Blockade With Propranolol: Effect on Psychophysiological Reactivity During Traumatic Imagery"; n 80; "Composite score of psychophysiological reactivity (comprising heart rate, skin conductance, and electromyography of the left corrugator muscle) using the Biopac system."; 2026-07-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Propranolol could settle lifespan?
NCT06836856 measures Incidence of In-hospital mortality, reading out 2025-06.
6 open trials; n 100; "Evaluating the Impact of Adjuvant Use of Beta Blockers on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT06836856
"Evaluating the Impact of Adjuvant Use of Beta Blockers on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury"; n 100; "Incidence of In-hospital mortality"; 2025-06
NCT06870370
"Role of Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Blocker in Severe TBI"; n 60; "Mortality"; 2025-09-20
NCT06977685
"Effect of Non-Selective Beta-Blockers on Outcomes in Cirrhosis Patients After Hospitalization: A Retrospective Cohort Using Target Trial Design"; n 7725; "All-cause mortality"; 2025-12-31
NCT06263452
"Beta-Blocker Influences on Inflammatory and Neural Responses to Stress"; n 120; "Change in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in response to social stress"; 2026-05
NCT05961761
"Propranolol and Pembrolizumab in Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients"; n 80; "Progression-free survival rate"; 2028-12
NCT03083431
"Oral Propranolol for Prevention of Threshold Retinopathy of Prematurity"; n 276; "Survival without adverse ophthalmological outcome (stage ≥ 3, AP-ROP, or any ROP treatment)"; 2029-12-31
Q10
Which 79 trials of Propranolol posted no result?
Posted no result
79 of 79 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00000492, NCT00000493, NCT00000197, NCT00069355, NCT00060866 and NCT00093860, and 73 more
Completion dates
oldest 1981-10; newest 2024-01-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00000492
1981-10
NCT00000493
1985-12
NCT00000197
2002-01
NCT00069355
2004-10
NCT00060866
2005-03
NCT00093860
2005-03
14 further recorded trials
NCT00865215
2005-04
NCT00864747
2005-05
NCT00647816
2005-09
NCT00647608
2005-10
NCT00653120
2005-11
NCT00652600
2005-12
NCT00158132
2006-02
NCT00597389
2006-02
NCT00016666
2007-01-19
NCT00549120
2007-10-26
NCT00654290
2008-02
NCT00687700
2008-05-27
NCT00772057
2008-10
NCT00465608
2008-11
Q11
At the median, Propranolol's trials enrolled 55 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
55
Largest enrolment
22213
Registered trials counted
297
Q12
What do 2694 spontaneous reports say about Propranolol — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Propranolol appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 2694 reaction mentions were counted: hypotension 568; bradycardia 518; toxicity to various agents 382; somnolence 213. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1671 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
hypotension
568
bradycardia
518
toxicity to various agents
382
somnolence
213
hypoglycaemia
210
coma
198
4 more recorded rows
cardiac arrest
187
suicide attempt
150
cardiogenic shock
135
seizure
133
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Propranolol and CYP2D6, P-GP and CYP1A2: shared by which compounds?
CYP2D6, P-GP and CYP1A2 appear in Propranolol's recorded interaction sentences, 5 in all. openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
Interpretation pharmacokinetics
Show the evidence
CYP1A2pharmacokinetics
Side-chain oxidation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 and to some extent by CYP2D6. 4-hydroxy propranolol is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.
CYP2C19pharmacokinetics
Propranolol is also a substrate for CYP2C19 and a substrate for the intestinal efflux transporter, p-glycoprotein (p-gp).
CYP2D6
pharmacokinetics
In vitro studies have indicated that the aromatic hydroxylation of propranolol is catalyzed mainly by polymorphic CYP2D6.
pharmacokinetics
In healthy subjects, no difference was observed between CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs) with respect to oral clearance or elimination half-life.
pharmacokinetics
Side-chain oxidation is mediated mainly by CYP1A2 and to some extent by CYP2D6. 4-hydroxy propranolol is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Propranolol studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Propranolol's label sentences: "METHODS: Fourteen healthy young adults (7 males, 7 females) completed two randomized exercise visits with or without systemic β-AR blockade (propranolol)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
METHODS: Fourteen healthy young adults (7 males, 7 females) completed two randomized exercise visits with or without systemic β-AR blockade (propranolol).
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Propranolol and autophagy?
"This study integrated in vitro and in silico approaches to explore propranolol's potential modulation of autophagy-related signaling in enteric glial cells (EGCs) under inflammatory stress." — where Propranolol and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-02-01
"This study integrated in vitro and in silico approaches to explore propranolol's potential modulation of autophagy-related signaling in enteric glial cells (EGCs) under inflammatory stress."
PMID 41674161
"Network analyses revealed no direct overlap between propranolol targets and autophagy-related proteins, although several propranolol targets are upstream regulators of autophagy."
PMID 41674161
"These findings suggest propranolol modulates glial activation mainly via autophagy-independent mechanisms, with only limited potential for direct autophagy modulation."
mTORPMID 40849858
"It highlights approved drugs such as metformin, which acts on the AMPK/mTOR pathway to suppress cancer cell proliferation, thalidomide, which is approved for use in multiple myeloma because it has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects, and propranolol, which inhibits β-adrenergic signaling, suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis in breast and ovarian cancer."
AMPKPMID 40849858
"It highlights approved drugs such as metformin, which acts on the AMPK/mTOR pathway to suppress cancer cell proliferation, thalidomide, which is approved for use in multiple myeloma because it has antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects, and propranolol, which inhibits β-adrenergic signaling, suppressing VEGF-induced angiogenesis in breast and ovarian cancer."
mTOR
PMID 40659656
"Ex vivo expanded NK cells from endurance-trained (63.6 ± 2.1 years) and untrained (64.3 ± 3.3 years) males were exposed to adrenergic blockade (propranolol; 0-200 ng/mL) or mTOR inhibition (rapamycin; 10-100 ng/mL), both with or without PMA-induced inflammatory stimulation."
PMID 31356776
"Finally, we found that AMPK inhibitor (8-bAMP) and mTOR activator (propranolol) both abolished the effects of ACE2 activator (resorcinolnaphthalein) on the expression of lung autophagy proteins Beclin-1, LC3-I and LC3-II."
AMPKPMID 31356776
"Finally, we found that AMPK inhibitor (8-bAMP) and mTOR activator (propranolol) both abolished the effects of ACE2 activator (resorcinolnaphthalein) on the expression of lung autophagy proteins Beclin-1, LC3-I and LC3-II."
sirtuinPMID 36707890
"Propranolol can attenuate ATO-induced cardiotoxicity at least partially through the lncRNA Kcnq1ot1/miR-34a-5p/Sirt1 pathway."
AMPKPMID 30355935
"CSC suppressed expression of β-arrestin2 in BEAS-2B cells, activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, increased cell autophagy and the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1,pretreatment with the β-arrestin2 biased ligands, propranolol, and ICI118551 reversed these changes."
recorded 2026-02-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 11 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.