This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Phenylephrine does in the body
Increasing blood pressure
From the FDA-approved label: Phenylephrine is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist used for dilation of the pupil due to its vasoconstrictor and mydriatic action. Phenylephrine possesses predominantly α-adrenergic effects. In the eye, phenylephrine acts locally as a potent vasoconstrictor and mydriatic, by constricting ophthalmic blood vessels and the radial muscle of the iris.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 1WS297W6MV · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 69 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Healthy ageing
hospital mortality
Focus
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02726620
How many people
22435
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06802224
How many people
18000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04884802
How many people
6254
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04934748
How many people
6254
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants With Assigned Vasopressor Given
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04789330
How many people
3626
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Proportion of participants with one or more intubation or anaesthesia related adverse events
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06564857
How many people
2648
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.2 registered measures of this kind. No reviewed result.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.12 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.1 registered measure inside human tissue.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
blood pressure
time to reach plasma paracetamol concentration of 0 25
arterial blood pressure
maximum heart rate
systolic blood pressure
cerebral blood flow
heart rate after isoproterenol boluses
orthostatic change in heart rate
maternal blood pressure
bradycardia heart rate less than 50
and 3 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
hospital mortality
stroke volume
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (25)
systemic vascular resistance
choroidal blood flow
fundus pulsation amplitude
systemic and regional hemodynamics
pharmacokinetic parameters
optic nerve head pressure flow relationship
functional recruitment of capillaries in the skin
occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome
choroidal thickness
primary outcome
map while on vasopressors
hypotension
rescue boluses to maintain sbp
total rescue bolus dose of ephedrine to maintain sbp
best spectacle corrected visual acuity
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
muscle sympathetic nerve activity
incidence of hypotension
alpha 1 ab titer positive
icu stays greater than 1 5 days
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 2.5 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “The observed phenylephrine plasma terminal elimination half-life was 2.5 hours.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
IMMPHENTIV injection 100 mcg/mL is indicated for increasing blood pressure in adults with clinically important hypotension resulting primarily from vasodilation in the setting of anesthesia. Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection 10 mg/mL is indicated for increasing blood pressure in adults with clinically important hypotension resulting primarily from vasodilation in the settings of anesthesia and septic shock.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of phenylephrine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Data from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses with phenylephrine hydrochloride injection use in pregnant women during Cesarean section have not established a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of phenylephrine hydrochloride injection or its metabolite in human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “In patients with liver cirrhosis [Child Pugh Class B and Class C], dose-response data indicate decreased responsiveness to phenylephrine.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “In patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), dose-response data indicate increased responsiveness to phenylephrine.”
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as syrup, tablet, solution, solution/drops, given by the oral, intravenous, ophthalmic route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Phenylephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 3249 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
drug hypersensitivity — 734 reaction mentions
pain — 454 reaction mentions
hypotension — 390 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 333 reaction mentions
anaphylactic reaction — 255 reaction mentions
hypersensitivity — 254 reaction mentions
rheumatoid arthritis — 236 reaction mentions
bradycardia — 210 reaction mentions
hyperhidrosis — 196 reaction mentions
asthma — 187 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1726 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 227 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7273 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, capsule, coated, capsule, gelatin coated, capsule, liquid filled, cloth and cream, taken intraocular, intravenous, nasal and ophthalmic.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7273 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is adrenergic alpha1-agonists [moa] and alpha-1 adrenergic agonist [epc].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7273 · read 2026-08-29
1523 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 143 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 88b68447-b016-4d5b-a5e3-c4ebccb14f8c · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 88b68447-b016-4d5b-a5e3-c4ebccb14f8c · read 2026-08-29
400 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride is intravenous at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Phenylephrine hydrochloride Injection, 10 mg/mL, for intravenous use, is available in three vial sizes: Injection: 10 mg/mL as a clear, colorless solution in a single dose 1 mL vial (10 mg o…, recorded as fda label in effect 2021-11-16 in the United States.
US prescribing information · abd39d9c-fcda-4d01-8a58-1d54ba7ac651 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 5.13149–9.2005 USD per one millilitre, across 15 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Phenylephrine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Phenylephrine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
134 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
30 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
46 of them state the same volumeOfDistribution, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
1WS297W6MV
RxNorm concept
1049182
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How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
57 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA008306, approved 19520121 to ANI PHARMS.
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5 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Phenylephrine's largest trial (22435 people) and its longest (15 years) measure?
22435 people in Phenylephrine's largest registered study, 15 years in its longest registered window, measuring Hospital mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
66 na, 46 phase4, 24 phase2, 23 phase3, 14 phase1, 9 early phase1, 6 na or unstated; NCT02673996; 2030-12-31. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07663149.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Phenylephrine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
66
phase4
46
phase2
24
phase3
23
phase1
14
early phase1
9
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
6
Last recorded human testNCT07663149
2026-06-07
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Phenylephrine shown lifespan?
safety (2), accrual/recruitment (9), funding/business (1), sponsor decision unspecified (1) and other (6): Phenylephrine's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Study is no longer required by Brazil health authority."; 19 of 178 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01026961
withdrawn; "Study is no longer required by Brazil health authority."
NCT01048125
terminated; "Due to difficulty in recruitment and resource restraints"
NCT01092975
terminated; "formulation/dose changes; planned changes to safety monitoring/reporting"
NCT01243970
terminated; "Change in clinical practice since the start of the trial in 2011 (phenylephrine superior)"
NCT02025426
terminated; "Significant challenges recruiting a difficult patient population with most surgeries occurring out of hours"
NCT02101047
withdrawn; "lack of eligible participant"
13 further recorded trials
NCT02203630
terminated; "Slow enrollment; Lack of support and equipoise"
NCT02245230
terminated; "We were not able to enroll adequate number of participants that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and we run out of funding."
NCT02428062
suspended; "Pending Pilot study results evaluation"
NCT03098680
terminated; "Unable to recruit in time before end of PhD studentship"
NCT03972683
withdrawn; "no participants enrolled"
NCT04218773
suspended; "seeking additional funding"
NCT04610801
withdrawn; "Study Period Ended/ Not Completed"
NCT04777383
terminated; "The study was terminated prematurely due to insufficient operational resources to continue trial conduct and completion. The decision was unrelated to safety concerns or study outcomes."
NCT04839224
terminated; "Slow Patient Enrollment"
NCT05070650
withdrawn; "Sandoz has decided to withdraw the clinical study due to internal business reasons. No patients were enrolled in any of the participating countries."
NCT05109611
terminated; "Recruitment challenges, i.e., not able to meet sample size targeted; secondary to the changing landscape of COVID-19 infection pathology."
NCT05290987
terminated; "Number of participants needed not reached (13/80)"
NCT05883449
terminated; "Due to sponsor decision"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Phenylephrine used Phenylephrine 100 mcg — over how long?
0; NCT01026961; PHASE1/PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of alpha 1 ab titer positive, arterial blood pressure and autoantibody levels did Phenylephrine's trials measure?
alpha 1 ab titer positive, arterial blood pressure and autoantibody levels lead 40 outcome terms across Phenylephrine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation fundus pulsation amplitude, systemic and regional hemodynamics, pharmacokinetic parameters, optic nerve head pressure flow relationship, functional recruitment of capillaries in the skin and occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome follow.
Show the evidence
blood pressure
1
systemic vascular resistance
1
choroidal blood flow
1
fundus pulsation amplitude
1
systemic and regional hemodynamics
1
pharmacokinetic parameters
1
14 more recorded rows
optic nerve head pressure flow relationship
1
functional recruitment of capillaries in the skin
1
occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome
1
time to reach plasma paracetamol concentration of 0 25
1
choroidal thickness
1
primary outcome
1
arterial blood pressure
1
map while on vasopressors
1
hospital mortality
1
maximum heart rate
1
systolic blood pressure
1
cerebral blood flow
1
hypotension
1
rescue boluses to maintain sbp
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Phenylephrine's 21 ongoing trials reports first?
Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP); Hospital mortality; latest 2030-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01731444
"Phenylephrine Tumescence for Hemostasis in Surgery for Burn Injury"; n 24; "Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)"; 2028-12-31
NCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
NCT02560805
"Role of Sympathetic Overactivity and Angiotensin II in PTSD and CV"; n 134; "Change in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity (MSNA)"; 2027-03-30
NCT02673996
"POTS Adrenergic Ab (CIHR Aims #1&2)"; n 125; "The proportion of alpha-1 Ab titer positive subjects"; 2030-12-31
NCT02725060
"Autoimmune Basis for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome"; n 58; "Autoantibody levels"; 2026-12
NCT03620942
"Development of Advanced Double Intravenous Vasopressor Automated (ADIVA) System"; n 173; "Number of events of Hypotension occurrence"; 2027-12-31
14 further recorded trials
NCT04053478
"Effects of Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Norepinephrine and Vasopressin on Contractility of Human Myometrium and Umbilical Vessels: An In-vitro Study"; n 144; "Motility index"; 2026-12
NCT04500899
"Use of Phenylephrine for Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity"; n 35; "The percentage of patients with greater than 25% increase in MR regurgitant volume (Rvol) after the use of phenylephrine during transesophageal echocardiography."; 2026-06
NCT04934748
"The GUARDIAN Trial - Vasopressor Sub-Study"; n 6254; "Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications"; 2027-04-25
NCT05997732
"Sympathetic Neurovascular Transduction: Role of Adrenergic Receptors and Sex Differences"; n 30; "Forearm blood flow"; 2027-12-01
NCT06083948
"Vasopressor Impact on Brain Circulation, Organ Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation During Anesthesia"; n 32; "Cerebral blood flow"; 2027-12-31
NCT06265220
"AB-101 in Combination With B-Cell Depleting mAb in Patients Who Failed Treatment for Class III or IV Lupus Nephritis or Other Forms of Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"; n 51; "Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events"; 2027-08
NCT06285396
"Effect of Ephedrine, Phenylepinephrine, and Norepinephrine on Myometrial Contractility in Pregnant People With Type II and Gestational Diabetes During Cesarean Section: An In-vitro Study"; n 96; "Motility index"; 2026-12
NCT06581562
"Open-label Single-Center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Combining Rituximab and AB-101 in B-cell Associated Autoimmune Diseases."; n 30; "Incidence of adverse events and relationship to study drug"; 2028-12
NCT06648850
"Clinical Study of DA-001 as a Treatment for Hair Shedding Reduction and Hair Re-Growth"; n 1120; "Mean Change in Hair Shedding"; 2027-04-26
NCT06770426
"CompARing Between CO2 Phenylephrine and Phenylephrine Only Treatment in Patients With proGrEssing Cerebral infarctioN"; n 40; "percent improvement of NIHSS score in each group"; 2027-12
NCT06802224
"The Choice of Vasopressor to Prevent Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury After Major Non-Cardiac Surgery"; n 18000; "Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)"; 2028-07
NCT06855745
"Phase 2 Randomized Double-blind Study to Assess Topical Zabalafin Hydrogel Vs Vehicle in Mild to Moderate AD."; n 72; "To evaluate the efficacy of zabalafin hydrogel compared with vehicle in treating mild to moderate AD as assessed by vIGA."; 2025-11-28
NCT07033845
"Pharmacokinetic Study of Topical Phenylephrine"; n 24; "Pharmacokinetic profile of phenylephrine"; 2025-12-28
NCT07386873
"The Efficacy of Olfactory Cleft Steroid Drops in Patients With CRS With Olfactory Cleft Obstruction"; n 54; "The Sniffin' Sticks test"; 2028-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Phenylephrine could settle lifespan?
NCT02118467 measures Hospital mortality, reading out 2026-12-01.
1 open trial; n 836; "Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
Q10
Which 72 trials of Phenylephrine posted no result?
Posted no result
72 of 72 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00373802, NCT00379691, NCT00481442, NCT00199784, NCT00639015 and NCT00585091, and 66 more
Completion dates
oldest 2005-06; newest 2024-08-20
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00373802
2005-06
NCT00379691
2006-12
NCT00481442
2007-03
NCT00199784
2007-04
NCT00639015
2008-06
NCT00585091
2008-08
14 further recorded trials
NCT00762567
2008-11
NCT02885168
2009-04
NCT01024543
2009-11
NCT01006863
2010-03
NCT00996190
2010-08
NCT04534452
2012-06-06
NCT04025918
2012-07
NCT01509521
2012-08
NCT00806741
2012-09
NCT01278238
2012-10
NCT01609491
2012-12
NCT02802683
2016-06
NCT02585570
2016-09
NCT02739399
2016-09
Q11
At the median, Phenylephrine's trials enrolled 71 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
71
Largest enrolment
22435
Registered trials counted
178
Q12
What do 3249 spontaneous reports say about Phenylephrine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Phenylephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 3249 reaction mentions were counted: drug hypersensitivity 734; pain 454; hypotension 390; toxicity to various agents 333. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1200339 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug hypersensitivity
734
pain
454
hypotension
390
toxicity to various agents
333
anaphylactic reaction
255
hypersensitivity
254
4 more recorded rows
rheumatoid arthritis
236
bradycardia
210
hyperhidrosis
196
asthma
187
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Phenylephrine studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Phenylephrine's label sentences: "This single-center, randomized, open-label bioequivalence program compared two fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets containing ibuprofen (200 mg) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg) from different manufacturers in healthy Chinese adults under fasting and fed conditions." openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-11-14
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
This single-center, randomized, open-label bioequivalence program compared two fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets containing ibuprofen (200 mg) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg) from different manufacturers in healthy Chinese adults under fasting and fed conditions.
exercise
Isometric exercise increased choroidal blood flow during administration of placebo and phenylephrine, but not during administration of L-NMMA (P < 0.001 vs. placebo).
recorded 2025-11-14 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Phenylephrine and AMPK?
"This reliance on TFEB for growth trigger-induced AMPK signaling was also observed in vitro in cells exposed to phenylephrine, as were the antihypertrophic effects of TFEB activation, supporting a direct role of TFEB in this process." — where Phenylephrine and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-06-16
"This reliance on TFEB for growth trigger-induced AMPK signaling was also observed in vitro in cells exposed to phenylephrine, as were the antihypertrophic effects of TFEB activation, supporting a direct role of TFEB in this process."
sirtuinPMID 42223184
"However, SIRT2 inhibition did attenuate the phenylephrine-mediated hypertrophic response in H9c2 cells."
AMPK
PMID 40865637
"Moreover, the acetylation-mimetic mutant mitigated phenylephrine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via AMPK activation."
PMID 36914083
"In addition, incubation with AMPK activators reduced the phenylephrine-induced contraction of endothelium-denuded HPA from Non-PH and PH patients."
sirtuinPMID 21414296
"SIRT1 upregulation by phenylephrine was not associated to changes in NAD(+) levels, but was blocked by inhibitors of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) or by AMPK knockdown by siRNA."
NAD+PMID 21414296
"SIRT1 upregulation by phenylephrine was not associated to changes in NAD(+) levels, but was blocked by inhibitors of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) or by AMPK knockdown by siRNA."
sirtuinPMID 21414296
"When SIRT1 was inhibited with sirtinol or downregulated by siRNA, H9c2 cell viability was significantly decreased following phenylephrine treatment, showing that SIRT1 improves cell survival under hypertrophic stress."
autophagy
PMID 37272106
"Myocardial cells were classified from TAC mice into five groups: Control, Trehalose, Phenylephrine (PE), PE+Trehalose, and PE+Trehalose+autophagy inhibitor chloroquine groups."
PMID 33321735
"These results indicate that phenylephrine inhibits hepatic steatosis through stimulation of β-oxidation and autophagy in the liver."
recorded 2026-06-16 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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