No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Protein
A protein is a folded chain your body builds to do a specific job.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A protein is like a tool bent into one shape for one task.
Where that stops being true. A tool keeps its shape. A protein can change shape and stop working.
What people get wrong. Protein in food and a protein in the body are related but not the same thing.
A polymer of amino acids folded into a defined structure that determines its function.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 2 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
visual pain scale
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Proportion of patients presenting at least one genomic alteration
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02534649
How many people
10000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Central and local clinical genotyping to facilitate accrual to the adjuvant Intergroup studies, E4512 and A081105
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02194738
How many people
8300
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Proportion of patients who consent to participate in the study
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03449264
How many people
4000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Disease free survival in association with tested genotypes (whole genome scan)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01908556
How many people
3545
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Accrual of patients to ComboMATCH treatment trials
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05564377
How many people
2900
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Resistance to oncological treatments
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02823860
How many people
2186
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
□A number that stands in for healthNo evidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.No registered study measures this.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Yeast, C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
visual pain scale
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (1)
salivary ph change
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
INDICATIONS FOR USE: For the temporary relief of the neuro-emotional (autonomic nervous system - non psychiatric) disorders of grief, dogmatically positioned, sadness, crying, and related emotions. Sensory, spinal and extremity disorders. Nose - smell, mucous. Constipation. Skin - dry, itching. Weak spine disorders.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as liquid, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
9 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. None of them contains it on its own, so nothing on this page can separate it from what it is combined with.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 64616-100 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as liquid, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 64616-100 · read 2026-08-29
9 published labels name it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · a8b87a49-fc73-4494-8dc9-059bc5f82d42 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · a8b87a49-fc73-4494-8dc9-059bc5f82d42 · read 2026-08-29
1 marketed supplement label lists this ingredient, classed as other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q1
What did Paraffin's largest trial (60 people) and its longest (3.7 years) measure?
60 people in Paraffin's largest registered study, 3.7 years in its longest registered window, measuring Elasticity of skin and scar. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
5 na; NCT02185950; 2016-03; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2020, NCT03839108.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Paraffin was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
5
Last recorded human testNCT03839108
2020-03-15
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From yeast to human: where has Paraffin shown lifespan?
Interpretation Elasticity of skin and scar — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
lifespan
NHP
biomarker
yeast
mechanism-only
humanNCT02185950
mechanism-only; Elasticity of skin and scar; 5
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
Did Paraffin move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "While prior studies link heavy metal exposure to reduced telomere length and increased DNA methylation age, their relationship with epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) remains understudied." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2025-08-08
8 recorded sentences; 2025, 2023, 2020; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic age
PMID 39946941
2025; "While prior studies link heavy metal exposure to reduced telomere length and increased DNA methylation age, their relationship with epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) remains understudied."
PMID 37364305
2023; "We examined associations of individual metals through linear regression models and used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) for the impact of the total metal mixture on epigenetic age acceleration."
GrimAgePMID 37364305
2023; "The mixture of nonessential metals (W, As, Cd) was associated with greater GrimAge acceleration and DunedinPACE, while the essential metal mixture (Se, Zn, Mo) was associated with lower epigenetic age acceleration."
epigenetic agePMID 37364305
2023; "Examining the influence of metal mixtures on epigenetic age acceleration can provide insight into metals and aging-related diseases."
GrimAge
PMID 40782533
2025; "The WQS models indicated that metal exposure accelerated epigenetic aging, with cadmium, lead, and tungsten showing the highest weights for GrimAge-Resid, GrimAge2-Resid, and DunedinPoAm, respectively."
PMID 32361261
2020; "We performed a pilot study examining the relationships of 24-h urine metal concentrations with three novel DNA methylation-based measures of biological aging: DNAmAge, GrimAge, and PhenoAge."
PhenoAge
PMID 32361261
2020; "The cumulative urine metal mixture was associated with increases in PhenoAge."
PMID 32361261
2020; "Compared to a model where each metal in the mixture is set to its 50th percentile value, every one-unit increase of the cumulative mixture with each metal at its 70th percentile was associated with a 2.53-year increase in PhenoAge (95%CI: 0.10, 4.96, P<0.05)."
recorded 2025-08-08 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
More Paraffin was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "In Entomoneis sp., bacteria alleviated copper toxicity (∼30% EC50 increase) and induced hormetic growth responses, consistent with copper bioavailability regulation by metal-tolerant Rhodobacteraceae dominating its phycosphere." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-08-07
5 recorded sentences naming Paraffin; hormetic, U-shaped, dose-response
Show the evidence
hormeticPMID 42444150
"In Entomoneis sp., bacteria alleviated copper toxicity (∼30% EC50 increase) and induced hormetic growth responses, consistent with copper bioavailability regulation by metal-tolerant Rhodobacteraceae dominating its phycosphere."
U-shaped
PMID 41725416
"RCS analysis suggested linear associations for cadmium, lead, and mercury, and a significant nonlinear U-shaped association for mixed metal exposure."
"The proposed U-shaped STFS-based FRL sensors also show good selectivity, displaying limited cross-reactivity to other common heavy metal ions, including Cu²⁺, Cr²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺."
dose-response
PMID 42566870
"This study systematically evaluates the association between trace metal exposure and hypertension risk, explores dose-response patterns, and investigates underlying molecular mechanisms."
PMID 42444150
"Both axenic and xenic cultures were exposed to the herbicide diuron and the trace metal copper in 72-hr dose-response assessments, following the evaluation of the bacterial diversity of their native phycosphere."
recorded 2026-08-07 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Could one person measure Paraffin's effect on salivary ph change?
Salivary ph change: measured in Paraffin's trials.
Interpretation salivary ph change is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
salivary ph change; 2026-09-01
visual pain scale; 2026-09-01
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life; a small human trial reporting an effect
Q6
What will the one ongoing trial of Paraffin report, and when?
"Balneotherapy in Hand Osteoarthritis"; n 50; "Visual Pain Scale (VAS)"; 2025-12-15
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which one trial of Paraffin posted no result?
Posted no result
1 of 1 completed trials
Registrations
NCT03839108
Completion dates
oldest 2020-03-15
Show the evidence
TrialNCT03839108
2020-03-15
Q8
At the median, Paraffin's trials enrolled 50 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
50
Largest enrolment
60
Registered trials counted
5
Q9
Was Paraffin studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Paraffin's label sentences: "The patients were randomized into a control group (exercise only) (n = 20) and a paraffin bath group (exercise and paraffin bath) (n = 20)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-02-23
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
The patients were randomized into a control group (exercise only) (n = 20) and a paraffin bath group (exercise and paraffin bath) (n = 20).
recorded 2026-02-23 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
What is recorded about Paraffin and autophagy?
"Engineered albumin-modified nanobilosomes enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy-modulatory properties of BB and BR for the treatment of toxic metal-induced hepatorenal damage." — where Paraffin and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-31
"Engineered albumin-modified nanobilosomes enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy-modulatory properties of BB and BR for the treatment of toxic metal-induced hepatorenal damage."
mTORPMID 42068137
"As autophagy is increasingly linked to metal stress responses, this review proposes potential pathways through which metal-induced autophagy is linked to perturbations in sulfur metabolism, focusing on redox alterations and sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related kinase (SnRK)/target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated nutrient signalling."
autophagyPMID 42068137
"As autophagy is increasingly linked to metal stress responses, this review proposes potential pathways through which metal-induced autophagy is linked to perturbations in sulfur metabolism, focusing on redox alterations and sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related kinase (SnRK)/target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated nutrient signalling."
NAD+PMID 42537919
"Using substrate-specific assays and electron transport system inhibitors, we quantified NAD(P)H autofluorescence and H₂O₂ production at five redox sites associated with 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases and complex I. Results revealed that effects of metals were highly context-dependent, varying with substrate type, redox site, metal concentration, and co-exposure conditions, with antagonism predominating…"
mTORPMID 42588613
"<b>Background/Objectives</b>: This study aimed to identify common target genes, molecular interaction networks, and signaling pathways shared across the investigated toxic metal(loid)s-lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), methylmercury compounds (MMC), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-and associated with lung cancer overall, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and small-cell lung…"
autophagy
"We found that the autophagy level in epithelial cells of stromal hyperplasia(SH) is markedly reduced,compared with glandular epithelial hyperplasia (EH), Paraffin-embedded prostate specimens were classified into two groups:stromal hyperplasia (SH)and glandular epithelial hyperplasia (EH),those proteins was evaluated via immunohistochemistry."
recorded 2026-07-31 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.