Its recorded molecular formula is O2, weighing 31.999.
PubChem record · 977 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer6 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Body weight
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved2 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Endurance
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
pain during intravesical injection; vas pain from baseline to 3 month follow up; vas pain from baseline to before 2nd block; vas pain from baseline to before 3rd block; behavioral indicators of infant pain; nitrous oxide and chronic pain
Body weight
body weight; body composition
Endurance
6 minute walking distance
Blood sugar
effect of sucralose on insulin concentration
Cholesterol
triglycerides blood levels
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
6 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
2 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Health Activation and Engagement (Non-Inferiority)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07669168
How many people
1000000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04501458
How many people
200000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Proportion of children with a severe complication (death or secondary hospitalisation) by Day 7
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04910750
How many people
167517
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
All Cause mortality at 30 days
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03690128
How many people
150000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of participants who progress by at least one level higher on the PLATIPUS Ordinal Outcome Scale
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06461429
How many people
100000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants With First Episode of Confirmed Vaccine-type Community-acquired Pneumonia (VT-CAP)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00744263
How many people
84496
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Inhalation
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.2 registered measures of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.1 registered measure inside human tissue.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
pain during intravesical injection
vas pain from baseline to 3 month follow up
vas pain from baseline to before 2nd block
vas pain from baseline to before 3rd block
behavioral indicators of infant pain
nitrous oxide and chronic pain
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
body weight
magnetic resonance imaging
urine osmolality
body composition
effect of sucralose on insulin concentration
triglycerides blood levels
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
6 minute walking distance
bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death
death
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (25)
eczema area and severity index scores according to location
dyspnea
exercise tolerance
surgical wound infection
length of stay
neurodevelopment
panss
core temperature
visual analogue scale
spirometry
gastrointestinal peptide secretion
gingival index
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale
plaque index
time to first bowel movement
rate of postoperative complications
circulating angiogenic cells
eczema area and severity index
neurodevelopmental outcome
blood sugar
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Mixed drink
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Inhalation
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as gas, liquid, inhalant, given by the inhalation, respiratory (inhalation), oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Oxygen appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 312 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Inhalation
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
610 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 570 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71654-005 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as gas, inhalant and liquid, taken cutaneous, nasal, oral and respiratory (inhalation).
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71654-005 · read 2026-08-29
592 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 551 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 4e5df6ce-06ef-498f-b064-b2b6e1521951 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 4e5df6ce-06ef-498f-b064-b2b6e1521951 · read 2026-08-29
1185 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical with nutrients, mineral, non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Oxygen's largest trial (120000 people) and its longest (32 years) measure?
120000 people in Oxygen's largest registered study, 32 years in its longest registered window, measuring Mortality in ICU. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
289 na, 50 phase2, 50 phase4, 42 phase3, 36 phase1, 16 na or unstated, 8 early phase1; NCT01181869; 2015-01. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07507344.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Oxygen was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
289
phase2
50
phase4
50
phase3
42
phase1
36
na or unstated
16
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
8
Last recorded human testNCT07507344
2026-07-23
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Oxygen shown lifespan?
14 recorded entries; human; also "water~100mL", "100% oxygen", "subanesthetic sevoflurane in 60% oxygen"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00732537
Oxygen (>90% by hood) - standard therapy
NCT02173964
water~100mL
NCT02185118
100% oxygen
NCT02185118
subanesthetic sevoflurane in 60% oxygen
NCT02185118
subanesthetic isoflurane in 60% oxygen
NCT03182543
200 g mango pulp + 600 mL water
8 more recorded rows
humanNCT03182543
160 g mango pulp + 40 g mango peel + 600 mL water
humanNCT03182543
600 mL water
humanNCT03513393
water 250ml
humanNCT03879538
50 % Nitrous Oxide plus 50% Oxygen
humanNCT03879538
50% Oxygen
humanNCT05726344
Water 600 mL
humanNCT06457399
Oxygen 31%
humanNCT06665633
Oxygen 100 % Gas for Inhalation
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Did Oxygen move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "Though the mechanisms behind these findings are not well-defined, the association between postnatal measures of oxygen saturation and epigenetic age suggests hypoxia may play a significant role and should be explored in future studies." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2025-07-28
2 recorded sentences; 2025, 2006; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 40722095
2025; "Though the mechanisms behind these findings are not well-defined, the association between postnatal measures of oxygen saturation and epigenetic age suggests hypoxia may play a significant role and should be explored in future studies."
HorvathPMID 16875416
2006; "Synthesis of thylakoid (=photosynthetic apparatus) is thought to occur during mid-cell cycle and coincides with a period of peak phospholipid synthesis and oxygen production (Csatorday and Horvath, 1977; Asato, 1979)."
recorded 2025-07-28 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More Oxygen was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "Pharmacological scavenging of reactive oxygen species abolished Akt phosphorylation and reduced the protective effects of preconditioning, supporting a hormetic signaling model rather than direct antioxidant action." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-03-30
5 recorded sentences naming Oxygen; hormetic, hormesis
Show the evidence
hormeticPMID 42072074
"Pharmacological scavenging of reactive oxygen species abolished Akt phosphorylation and reduced the protective effects of preconditioning, supporting a hormetic signaling model rather than direct antioxidant action."
hormesis
"Moreover, reactive oxygen species-mediated stress priming and memory facilitated by chromatin dynamics and epigenetic regulation have been proposed as key mechanisms of radiation hormesis."
hormeticPMID 39580755
"A double-edged sword, bioflavonoids' antioxidant or prooxidant properties contribute to their hormetic behavior and facilitate redox homeostasis by regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells."
hormesisPMID 40084522
"There are an array of abiotic and biotic agents that have been shown to trigger hormesis; most commonly studied are chemicals, temperature, and low oxygen."
hormeticPMID 40084522
"Investigations into low-oxygen exposures that activate the hormetic response reveal that insect performance can be dramatically improved by single short low-oxygen events, but the focus of this work has been primarily on short-term, transitory protection afforded by hormesis."
recorded 2026-03-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Oxygen's effect on eczema area and severity index scores according to location?
Eczema area and severity index scores according to location: measured in Oxygen's trials.
Interpretation eczema area and severity index scores according to location is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
eczema area and severity index scores according to location; 2026-09-01
dyspnea; 2026-09-01
exercise tolerance; 2026-09-01
surgical wound infection; 2026-09-01
6 minute walking distance; 2026-09-01
length of stay; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
neurodevelopment; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
panss; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
core temperature; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
visual analogue scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
body weight; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
magnetic resonance imaging; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
spirometry; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pain during intravesical injection; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
gastrointestinal peptide secretion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
urine osmolality; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
gingival index; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plaque index; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
186
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00982241; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q8
Which of 6 minute walking distance, behavioral indicators of infant pain and blood sugar did Oxygen's trials measure?
6 minute walking distance, behavioral indicators of infant pain and blood sugar lead 40 outcome terms across Oxygen's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
surgical wound infection, 6 minute walking distance, length of stay, neurodevelopment, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death and panss follow.
Show the evidence
eczema area and severity index scores according to location
1
dyspnea
1
exercise tolerance
1
surgical wound infection
1
6 minute walking distance
1
length of stay
1
14 more recorded rows
neurodevelopment
1
bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death
1
panss
1
core temperature
1
visual analogue scale
1
body weight
1
magnetic resonance imaging
1
spirometry
1
pain during intravesical injection
1
gastrointestinal peptide secretion
1
urine osmolality
1
gingival index
1
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale
1
plaque index
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Oxygen's 52 ongoing trials reports first?
change in total vascular resistance; BOLD MRI signal change during maternal oxygen exposure in placenta and fetus; latest 2030-06-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00581321
"Oral Water Ingestion in Heart Transplant Patients"; n 40; "change in total vascular resistance"; 2029-12
NCT02297724
"MRI Assessment of Placental Health"; n 80; "BOLD MRI signal change during maternal oxygen exposure in placenta and fetus"; 2028-09
NCT02965638
"Trial of Maternal Oxygen for Fetal Left Heart Hypoplasia"; n 12; "Fetal aortic valve growth"; 2027-07
NCT03380195
"Effects of Watermelon Juice on Heart Rate Recovery and Post-exercise Muscle Soreness"; n 27; "Change of heart rate after submax exercise"; 2028-12
NCT03552627
"Perioperative UtiLisation of SupplEmental Oxygen"; n 28; "Total Free Thiols"; 2026-12
NCT04216927
"NO During CPB in Neonates to Reduce Risk of AKI"; n 40; "AKI"; 2027-06-30
14 further recorded trials
NCT04229043
"Gastric Emptying of Water and Sports Drink in Labor"; n 108; "Gastric emptying half time"; 2027-12-31
NCT04256798
"Perioperative Respiratory Care and Outcomes for Patients Undergoing High Risk Abdominal Surgery"; n 12942; "Number of participants with pneumonia using the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) definition of pneumonia (Mouthwash intervention only)"; 2026-06-01
NCT04299893
"Ozone Therapy in Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy: RCT (O3NPIQ)"; n 42; "Change from Baseline in "Average pain" according to the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) (at the end of ozone therapy)"; 2027-12-31
NCT04307615
"O2 Versus CPAP Treatment of Patients Undergoing SIPE Therapy (OCTOPUS)"; n 90; "Absolute peripheral oxygen saturation (%) after treatment"; 2027-07-15
NCT04808401
"Influence of Oxygen on Perioperative Outcome in Patients Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Elective Non-cardiac Surgery"; n 110; "Difference in hsTnT from preoperative baseline"; 2028-12
NCT04876742
"Wheat Beer for Prevention of Delirium in Intensive Care Patients"; n 380; "Development of delirium"; 2029-12-31
NCT04966299
"Effect of Daily Erythritol Versus Sucrose Intake Over 5 Weeks on Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents"; n 30; "Insulin resistance"; 2026-07
NCT05185115
"Efficacy of Nasal Oxygen Therapy to Reduce Postoperative Complications in Ankle Trauma Surgery in At-risk Patients: a Randomized Pilot Study."; n 200; "Cutaneous and infectious complications"; 2026-10-01
NCT05412810
"Oxidative Lipidomic Biomarkers During Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients (OXY-BAL)."; n 200; "Oxidized n6-PUFAs (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids)"; 2026-09-01
NCT05484739
"Heat Waves and the Elderly - Cooling Modalities"; n 100; "Change in core body temperature"; 2026-08-31
NCT05589753
"Sleep Disordered Breathing With Opioid Use"; n 150; "Apneic threshold - a measure of breathing instability"; 2027-03-31
NCT06028659
"Investigation of in Vivo Endogenous and/or Exogenous Production of Phenolic Metabolites Using (un)Targeted Metabolomics"; n 30; "Number and concentration of phenolic metabolites in urine"; 2025-06-30
NCT06043440
"Down Syndrome Obstructive Sleep Apnea"; n 230; "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2 (BRIEF2) working memory score"; 2027-12-30
NCT06155708
"Exogenous Ketone Supplementation in Females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"; n 60; "Glycemic responses to a 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test"; 2027-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which running trial of Oxygen could settle insulin sensitivity?
NCT07545538 measures Insulin Resistance, reading out 2026-06-01.
3 open trials; n 50; "Carbohydrate Loading in Lowering Perioperative Insulin Resistance in Pediatric Surgery"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT07545538
"Carbohydrate Loading in Lowering Perioperative Insulin Resistance in Pediatric Surgery"; n 50; "Insulin Resistance"; 2026-06-01
NCT04966299
"Effect of Daily Erythritol Versus Sucrose Intake Over 5 Weeks on Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents"; n 30; "Insulin resistance"; 2026-07
NCT06155708
"Exogenous Ketone Supplementation in Females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"; n 60; "Glycemic responses to a 2-hr oral glucose tolerance test"; 2027-12
Q11
Which 239 trials of Oxygen posted no result?
Posted no result
239 of 239 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00955643, NCT00635947, NCT00732537, NCT00546299, NCT00394225 and NCT00249093, and 233 more
Completion dates
oldest 2003-04; newest 2024-08-15
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00955643
2003-04
NCT00635947
2005-01
NCT00732537
2005-06
NCT00546299
2005-12
NCT00394225
2006-05
NCT00249093
2007-04
14 further recorded trials
NCT00327873
2008-03
NCT00670891
2008-04
NCT00637936
2008-08
NCT00776971
2008-09
NCT00364741
2008-11
NCT00922350
2008-12
NCT00978900
2009-07
NCT01042262
2009-08
NCT01784146
2009-11
NCT01268462
2010-01
NCT00785200
2010-02
NCT01088841
2010-03
NCT00623220
2010-04
NCT01019538
2010-04
Q12
At the median, Oxygen's trials enrolled 42 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
42
Largest enrolment
120000
Registered trials counted
467
Q13
What do 312 spontaneous reports say about Oxygen — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Oxygen appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 312 reaction mentions were counted: dyspnoea 56; thermal burn 53; retinopathy of prematurity 39; premature baby 30. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1234886 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
dyspnoea
56
thermal burn
53
retinopathy of prematurity
39
premature baby
30
oxygen saturation decreased
28
epistaxis
27
4 more recorded rows
accident
26
hypoxia
21
tachypnoea
17
hypercapnia
15
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Oxygen studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Oxygen's label sentences: "The trial is powered to detect between-group differences in four co-primary endpoints: (1) left ventricular mass (g) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, (2) peak oxygen consumption (mL·kg⁻<sup>1</sup>·min⁻<sup>1</sup>) by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, (3) appendicular lean mass (g) by…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-10-30
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
The trial is powered to detect between-group differences in four co-primary endpoints: (1) left ventricular mass (g) by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, (2) peak oxygen consumption (mL·kg⁻<sup>1</sup>·min⁻<sup>1</sup>) by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, (3) appendicular lean mass (g) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and (4) high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L).
recorded 2025-10-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Oxygen and mTOR?
"AMPK further shapes reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated necroptotic responses through downstream effectors, including mTOR and Nrf2." — where Oxygen and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-09-01
"AMPK further shapes reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated necroptotic responses through downstream effectors, including mTOR and Nrf2."
AMPK
PMID 42584540
"AMPK further shapes reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated necroptotic responses through downstream effectors, including mTOR and Nrf2."
PMID 42584557
"Nuclear SIRT1 coordinates AMPK-FOXO3-Nrf2 signaling to upregulate antioxidant enzymes and maintain mitophagic balance; mitochondrial SIRT3 dominates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy and deacetylates SOD2 to eliminate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; cytoplasmic SIRT2 alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and restrains NLRP3 inflammasome activation; mitochondrial SIRT4 and SIRT5 stabilize…"
sirtuinPMID 42584557
"Nuclear SIRT1 coordinates AMPK-FOXO3-Nrf2 signaling to upregulate antioxidant enzymes and maintain mitophagic balance; mitochondrial SIRT3 dominates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy and deacetylates SOD2 to eliminate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; cytoplasmic SIRT2 alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and restrains NLRP3 inflammasome activation; mitochondrial SIRT4 and SIRT5 stabilize…"
mTORPMID 41436543
"Additionally, this study showed that targeting TRAF3IP2 disrupts cellular energetics by affecting AMPK/LKB1 and mTOR signaling pathways and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ultimately leading to reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis."
AMPKPMID 41436543
"Additionally, this study showed that targeting TRAF3IP2 disrupts cellular energetics by affecting AMPK/LKB1 and mTOR signaling pathways and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ultimately leading to reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis."
mTORPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
sirtuinPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
autophagyPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
2 more recorded rows
NAD+PMID 42478712
"NAMPT inhibition reduced the oxygen-consuming capacity of HR-MDS HSPCs compared with healthy controls."
sirtuinPMID 42390583
"Specifically, it concurrently suppresses pro-fibrotic pathways including TGF-β1/Smad, Wnt/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR to attenuate extracellular matrix deposition and myofibroblast activation; activates the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant axis and the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α energy metabolism pathway to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and scavenge reactive oxygen species; and blocks p38/JNK and NF-κB…"
autophagy
"Furthermore, the AMPK activator AICAR and the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin enhanced the MYG1-mediated effects, as evidenced by increased oxygen consumption rate, decreased extracellular acidification rate, and improved mitochondrial autophagy and ultrastructural repair."
PMID 41758775
"In LPS-treated Caco-2 cells, RE inhibited inflammation, promoted autophagy, and suppressed reactive oxygen species production."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
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