No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer3 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Mood
montgomery asberg depression rating scale; children s depressive rating scale revised; madrs; depression event; mood scores
Healthy ageing
all cause mortality
Cholesterol
triglycerides from baseline to 16 weeks
Energy
fatigue severity scale
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
3 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Change in blood pressure
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01653678
How many people
25875
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Dry Eye Disease
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01880463
How many people
25875
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
upper respiratory infection
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01758081
How many people
25874
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Incident total, non-vertebral, and hip fractures
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01704859
How many people
25871
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
COPD Exacerbations Expressed as Cumulative Rate/Year Over 5 Years
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01728571
How many people
25871
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01351805
How many people
25871
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
montgomery asberg depression rating scale
clinical global impression scale improvement
madrs
fatigue severity scale
mood scores
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
markers of inflammation
blood pressure
heart rate
aortic blood pressure
triglycerides from baseline to 16 weeks
concentrations of crp following 5 months of treatment
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
all cause mortality
activities of daily living at 18 months
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (27)
time to failure
children s depressive rating scale revised
carotid imt
aberrant behavior checklist
vineland adaptive behavior scale
recurrence of atrial fibrillation
arterial pulse wave velocity
brachial artery blood flow
brachial artery blood flow after nitroglycerin
microneurography
cognition
asthma exacerbations
hamd
sdnn
acc glx/water
acc gaba/water
invasive cancer of any type
major cardiovascular event
yale global tic severity scale
incident autoimmune diseases
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
USAGE: Vitafol ® One is indicated to provide vitamin, mineral, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation prior to conception, throughout pregnancy, and during the postnatal period for the lactating and non-lactating mother, including individuals with known allergies to fish.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as capsule, gelatin coated, capsule, coated, spray, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 768 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
4 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 1 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0642-0070 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, coated, capsule, gelatin coated, oil and spray, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0642-0070 · read 2026-08-29
3 published labels name it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · 42a5cafd-a2c0-4ac2-99c9-708642f00716 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 42a5cafd-a2c0-4ac2-99c9-708642f00716 · read 2026-08-29
14600 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as fat/fatty acid.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Vitafol One is oral at HOW SUPPLIED: Vitafol ® One is available as dark a blue, oval shaped softgel capsule imprinted “EV0070”., recorded as fda label in effect 2025-03-20 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 42a5cafd-a2c0-4ac2-99c9-708642f00716 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: markers of inflammation; blood pressure; heart rate.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting, such as: montgomery asberg depression rating scale.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Omega-3 Fatty Acids are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
71M78END5S
ChEBI
25681
RxNorm concept
4301
EMA substance identifier
100000079618
DrugBank
DB11133
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✗ Not passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries no source: the record holds neither an explanation nor a recorded use.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
The earliest marketing start date recorded for a listed product is 20090417.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0642-0070 · read 2026-08-29
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Omega-3 Fatty Acids's largest trial (25875 people) and its longest (16 years) measure?
25875 people in Omega-3 Fatty Acids's largest registered study, 16 years in its longest registered window, measuring All cause mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
70 na, 26 phase2, 21 phase3, 11 phase4, 8 phase1, 3 early phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT01758081; 2026-12. Last human test completed 2025, NCT01696435.
These counts include studies where Omega-3 Fatty Acids was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
70
phase2
26
phase3
21
phase4
11
phase1
8
early phase1
3
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT01696435
2025-03-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Omega-3 Fatty Acids shown lifespan?
Interpretation All cause mortality — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
mechanism-only
NHP
lifespan
mouse
lifespan
rat
mechanism-only
dog
lifespan
humanNCT00634075
lifespan; All cause mortality; 133
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
13 of Omega-3 Fatty Acids's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (6), funding/business (4) and other (3): Omega-3 Fatty Acids's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Slow Accrual"; 13 of 133 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00458549
terminated; "Slow Accrual"
NCT00508248
withdrawn; "Funding"
NCT00527436
terminated; "Lack of funding"
NCT00547716
withdrawn; "Lack of study enrollment."
NCT01323907
withdrawn; "Omegaven is now FDA approved."
NCT01744275
suspended; "Lack of funding"
7 further recorded trials
NCT01803711
terminated; "Lack of recruitment and no resources"
NCT02152930
terminated; "Low recruitment rate"
NCT02795572
terminated; "Retirement of the Principal Investigator"
NCT02966899
withdrawn; "Never initiated"
NCT03313076
terminated; "COVID-19 global pandemic, and study funding period ended 7/31/2020."
NCT03784963
terminated; "Low enrollment"
NCT05281562
terminated; "Not enough patients meeting eligibility criteria to complete the study. It took months from study initiation to enroll 1 participant in February 2023. Once it was clear it was not possible to enroll another participant, the study was…"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Omega-3 Fatty Acids used Omega-3 fatty acids (2.7 g/d, EPA:DHA, 2:1) — over how long?
2 recorded entries; human; also "omega-3 fatty acids 1000mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT04496154
Omega-3 fatty acids (2.7 g/d, EPA:DHA, 2:1)
NCT06154408
omega-3 fatty acids 1000mg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Did Omega-3 Fatty Acids move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "Our data suggest that a diverse range of pharmaceutical, lifestyle, supplementation, non-pharmaceutical clinical, and psychosocial interventions can decrease epigenetic age, including exercise, a plant-rich diet, the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, caloric restriction, ketamine, omega-3 fatty acids, a…" Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2026-05-29
6 recorded sentences; 2026, 2025; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 42294499
2026; "Our data suggest that a diverse range of pharmaceutical, lifestyle, supplementation, non-pharmaceutical clinical, and psychosocial interventions can decrease epigenetic age, including exercise, a plant-rich diet, the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide, caloric restriction, ketamine, omega-3 fatty acids, a multivitamin-multimineral supplement, umbilical cord plasma, and the cholesterol-lowering…"
epigenetic clockPMID 40410862
2025; "Both omega-3 exposures modify the epigenetic clocks in the expected negative, or age-decelerating, direction."
GrimAgePMID 39900648
2025; "Here, we report the results of a post hoc analysis among 777 participants of the DO-HEALTH trial on the effect of vitamin D (2,000 IU per day) and/or omega-3 (1 g per day) and/or a home exercise program on four next-generation DNA methylation (DNAm) measures of biological aging (PhenoAge, GrimAge, GrimAge2 and DunedinPACE) over 3 years."
PhenoAge
PMID 39900648
2025; "Omega-3 alone slowed the DNAm clocks PhenoAge, GrimAge2 and DunedinPACE, and all three treatments had additive benefits on PhenoAge."
PMID 39900648
2025; "In summary, our trial indicates a small protective effect of omega-3 treatment on slowing biological aging over 3 years across several clocks, with an additive protective effect of omega-3, vitamin D and exercise based on PhenoAge."
epigenetic clockPMID 40686203
2025; "It is crucial to demonstrate the effectiveness of interventions for patients with MCI from a biological perspective to promote the prevention of dementia.ObjectiveWe conducted epigenetic clock analysis, mainly longitudinal evaluation, on patients with MCI who received intervention with vitamin D and/or marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements.MethodsWe conducted epigenetic clock analyses with public…"
recorded 2026-05-29 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More Omega-3 Fatty Acids was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "Across reported studies, phytohormone responses are highly species-, dose-, and condition-dependent, with outcomes ranging from omega-3 enrichment with limited biomass penalties to neutral or inhibitory effects, and to hormetic dose-response behavior." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-06-29
5 recorded sentences naming Omega-3 Fatty Acids; hormetic, dose-response
Show the evidence
hormeticPMID 42371337
"Across reported studies, phytohormone responses are highly species-, dose-, and condition-dependent, with outcomes ranging from omega-3 enrichment with limited biomass penalties to neutral or inhibitory effects, and to hormetic dose-response behavior."
dose-response
PMID 41493572
"This systematic review and meta-analysis study assessed the efficacy and dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on vascular health biomarkers in individuals with CVDs."
PMID 41136491
"In the dose-response relationship analysis, total omega-3 fatty acid intake and ALA intake were observed to have an "L"-shaped nonlinear relationship with cardiovascular mortality, with the inflection points at 2.12 (g/day) and 2.03 (g/day), respectively."
PMID 40463990
"Our omega-3 fatty acids dose-response analysis revealed a linear relationship with TG and a "J" shaped curve for TC and LDL-C levels."
PMID 40761352
"However, existing studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on prostate cancer, and there is limited large-scale longitudinal data exploring the dose-response relationship."
recorded 2026-06-29 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Omega-3 Fatty Acids's effect on time to failure?
Time to failure: measured in Omega-3 Fatty Acids's trials.
Interpretation time to failure is the recorded endpoint.
Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type; Incidence of Anemia; latest 2029-05-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01169259
"Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL)"; n 25871; "Number of Participants With Invasive Cancer of Any Type"; 2026-10
NCT01632761
"Effects of Vitamin D and Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Anemia"; n 2000; "Incidence of Anemia"; 2025-12-28
NCT01653678
"Vitamin D and Omega-3 Hypertension Trial (VITAL Hypertension)"; n 25875; "Change in blood pressure"; 2026-06
NCT01758081
"Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Infectious Diseases and hCAP18 (VITAL Infection)"; n 25874; "upper respiratory infection"; 2026-12
NCT02178410
"VITAL Rhythm Study"; n 25119; "Atrial Fibrillation"; 2026-10
NCT02295059
"Omega 3 Fatty Acids and ERPR(-)HER2(+/-) Breast Cancer Prevention"; n 80; "Changes in eicosanoids/metabolites including PGE2, PGE3 in breast adipose tissue"; 2027-02-05
14 further recorded trials
NCT04485871
"Targeting Risk Factors for Diabetes in Subjects With Normal Blood Cholesterol Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids"; n 48; "Fasting white adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome activation"; 2027-05-31
NCT04573946
"VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL: Interrelationship of Vitamin D and Vitamin K on Bone (VITAL)"; n 25871; "Number of Fractures"; 2026-12-31
NCT06736925
"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Subconcussive Head Impacts"; n 208; "Blood Biomarkers"; 2029-05-31
NCT06833554
"The Role of Breast Milk Neutrophils From Mothers With Metabolic Diseases After Nutritional Intervention. Impact on Infant Development and Response to Pulmonary Infections"; n 80; "Characterization of milk neutrophils from three groups of lactating mothers: control or gestational diabetes."; 2025-12-31
NCT06918080
"Hepatoprotective Measures for Children at High Risk of NAFLD"; n 200; "Study of the prevalence of liver steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis among the study population by using LIVERFASt."; 2025-07
NCT07036952
"Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation as Add on Therapy on Metabolic Syndrome in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome."; n 68; "Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation as Add on Therapy on Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"; 2025-12-30
NCT07352618
""Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation as Add on Therapy on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus.""; n 66; "Changes in lipid profile"; 2026-06
NCT07363551
"Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Inflammation, Gut Microbiota in Youth With Depression"; n 60; "clinical symptoms"; 2026-05-31
NCT07371416
"Regenerative Root Canal Treatment of Immature Teeth Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids"; n 20; "Increase in Root Length"; 2027-01
NCT07393399
"Omega-3 Supplementation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"; n 80; "Telomere length"; 2028-07
NCT07523841
"Non-surgical Periodontitis Treatment With Aspirin and Omega-3"; n 120; "Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)"; 2027-05-01
NCT07585669
"Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease"; n 40; "Modulation of systemic inflammatory response via cytokine levels and NF-κB signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells"; 2026-12-30
NCT07665658
"Effectiveness of Neuroplasticity-Targeted Supplements on Neuroinflammatory Markers, ADHD Symptom Severity, and Clinical Scores in Children"; n 68; "Parent and Teacher ADHD Rating"; 2026-12-25
NCT07677995
"Free Fatty Acid Effects In Type 2 Diabetes"; n 60; "To evaluate the change in fasting glucose from baseline after 28 days of treatment, compared to each treatment group and placebo."; 2027-02
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which 59 trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids posted no result?
Posted no result
59 of 59 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00618865, NCT00010868, NCT00402389, NCT00396643, NCT00004448 and NCT00634075, and 53 more
Completion dates
oldest 2004-06; newest 2024-03-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00618865
2004-06
NCT00010868
2004-07
NCT00402389
2006-01
NCT00396643
2007-06
NCT00004448
2007-08
NCT00634075
2009-08
14 further recorded trials
NCT00585390
2009-11
NCT02537236
2009-12
NCT00854737
2010-07
NCT00794079
2010-12
NCT00621829
2011-10
NCT01315327
2012-05
NCT01544855
2012-05
NCT01049529
2012-09
NCT01055119
2012-09
NCT01620502
2012-09
NCT01695200
2013-01
NCT00891826
2013-04
NCT01960660
2013-06
NCT02021513
2013-06
Q11
At the median, Omega-3 Fatty Acids's trials enrolled 69 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
69
Largest enrolment
25875
Registered trials counted
132
Q12
What do 768 spontaneous reports say about Omega-3 Fatty Acids — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 768 reaction mentions were counted: somnolence 146; coma 142; gastrooesophageal reflux disease 142; pneumonia aspiration 134. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL4298065 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
somnolence
146
coma
142
gastrooesophageal reflux disease
142
pneumonia aspiration
134
blood triglycerides increased
60
angina pectoris
35
4 more recorded rows
fatty acid deficiency
34
eructation
30
arteriogram coronary
24
hernia
21
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Omega-3 Fatty Acids studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Omega-3 Fatty Acids's label sentences: "Participants were randomized into 5 groups: 1) Exercise, 2) Proteins, 3) Exercise+Protein, 4) Exercise+Protein+Omega-3, and 5) Control group." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-02-02
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
Participants were randomized into 5 groups: 1) Exercise, 2) Proteins, 3) Exercise+Protein, 4) Exercise+Protein+Omega-3, and 5) Control group.
recorded 2026-02-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Omega-3 Fatty Acids and sirtuin?
"Further, omega-3 fatty acids intervention reduced miR-34a and SREBP-1c expression, and increased the expression of SIRT1,PGC-1α, CPT-1 A. Moreover, miR-34a overexpression inhibited the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on SIRT1, SREBP-1c, PGC-1α and CPT-1 A. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids promote lipid metabolism, thereby reducing hepatic lipid…" — where Omega-3 Fatty Acids and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-20
"Further, omega-3 fatty acids intervention reduced miR-34a and SREBP-1c expression, and increased the expression of SIRT1,PGC-1α, CPT-1 A. Moreover, miR-34a overexpression inhibited the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on SIRT1, SREBP-1c, PGC-1α and CPT-1 A. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids promote lipid metabolism, thereby reducing hepatic lipid deposition by down-regulating miR-34a expression."
PMID 42425421
"Pro-inflammatory dietary components activate nuclear factor-kappa B pathways, while geroprotective compounds demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory properties through multiple mechanisms: polyphenols (quercetin, EGCG, resveratrol, curcumin) inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling and activate sirtuin and Nrf2 pathways; omega-3 fatty acids reduce pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and increase specialized…"
AMPKPMID 41599857
"Bioactive compounds, including curcumin, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and select herbal extracts, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chondroprotective effects via NF-κB, Nrf2, AMPK, and SIRT1 pathways."
sirtuinPMID 41599857
"Bioactive compounds, including curcumin, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and select herbal extracts, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chondroprotective effects via NF-κB, Nrf2, AMPK, and SIRT1 pathways."
AMPKPMID 42652249
"Key nutraceuticals-phytosterols, omega-3 fatty acids, and berberine-demonstrate clinically meaningful effects through micellar competition, inflammation-resolving lipid mediators, and AMPK activation, respectively."
mTORPMID 41373947
"Across diverse models, bioactive compounds such as D-pinitol, umbelliferone, resveratrol, GABA, ginseng, whey peptides, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids consistently improved muscle mass, strength, and mitochondrial function via AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α and Akt-mTOR signaling."
AMPKPMID 41373947
"Across diverse models, bioactive compounds such as D-pinitol, umbelliferone, resveratrol, GABA, ginseng, whey peptides, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids consistently improved muscle mass, strength, and mitochondrial function via AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α and Akt-mTOR signaling."
autophagy
PMID 42088296
"Interventions targeting lipid homeostasis range from established therapies (statins, PPAR agonists, omega-3 fatty acids) to emerging approaches (mitochondria-ER stabilization, autophagy enhancement)."
PMID 40761352
"Omega-3 PUFAs [including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] may mitigate prostate cancer risk through various molecular mechanisms, such as inhibiting pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production via COX-2 pathway, regulating apoptosis and autophagy, and potentially influencing other signaling pathways like NF-κB."
IGF-1PMID 41831811
"Very high-dose prenatal omega-3 intake produces a male-specific autism-like phenotype associated with IGF-1 upregulation, hippocampal glial activation, and metabolic changes, underscoring the importance of defining upper safety thresholds for prenatal omega-3 intake during pregnancy."
autophagyPMID 40808836
"It outlines the multifaceted anticancer mechanisms of bioactive compounds-such as polyphenols, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols, alkaloids, isothiocyanates, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, flavonols, and amide-bearing compounds-which include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, interference…"
mTOR
PMID 39950918
"The findings suggest that omega-3 PUFAs supplementation during heat stress may bolster autophagic function by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway."
PMID 41899733
"Mechanistically, omega-3 PUFAs appear to enhance muscle protein synthesis through activation of the mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway, reduce inflammation via specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), improve mitochondrial bioenergetics, and attenuate muscle disuse atrophy."
recorded 2026-08-20 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 11 source rows
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