This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Norepinephrine does in the body
Restoration of blood pressure
From the FDA-approved label: Norepinephrine is a peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action) and an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-adrenergic action).
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
What the registries record it as
The supplement label database classes it as hormone, under the name Norepinephrine.
10 registered substances share the start of this name, which is why a search for it can return more than one thing.
FDA substance registry · NQB3LZ5J98 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 42 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer3 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Healthy ageing
all cause mortality; 28 day mortality; hospital mortality
Focus
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
3 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02726620
How many people
22435
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06802224
How many people
18000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Maternal oral and tympanic temperature
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01708668
How many people
12000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04884802
How many people
6254
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04934748
How many people
6254
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
28-day all-cause mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06217562
How many people
3959
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Intravenous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.4 registered measures of this kind. No reviewed result.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.8 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
primary end of the study was serum creatinine less than 1 5
maximum heart rate
maternal blood pressure
systolic blood pressure
urine output
serum creatinine
bradycardia heart rate less than 50
heart rate
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
all cause mortality
28 day mortality
hospital mortality
death
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (28)
systemic and regional hemodynamics
transfer function after pressor infusion
incidence of hypotension
map while on vasopressors
perfused vessel density
baseline systolic diastolic and mean blood pressures
baseline sympathetic nerve activity
rescue boluses to maintain sbp
total rescue bolus dose of ephedrine to maintain sbp
total rescue bolus dose of phenylephrine to maintain sbp
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
glomerular filtration rate
time to goal map
postoperative acute kidney injury
cardiac output
cardiac index
response to intra arterial acetylcholine
incidence of intraoperative maternal hypotension
tissue oxygenation
incidence of post spinal anesthesia hypotension
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Norepinephrine Bitartrate in Dextrose Injection or Norepinephrine Bitartrate in Sodium Chloride Injection is indicated to raise blood pressure in adult patients with severe, acute hypotension. Norepinephrine Bitartrate in Dextrose Injection or Norepinephrine Bitartrate in Sodium Chloride Injection is a catecholamine indicated for restoration of blood pressure in adult patients with acute hypotensive states. ( 1 )
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of norepinephrine bitartrate injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Limited published data consisting of a small number of case reports and multiple small trials involving the use of norepinephrine in pregnant women at the time of delivery have not identified an increased risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of norepinephrine in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Given by a clinician
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Intravenous
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as solution, injectable, liquid, injection, solution, given by the intravenous, injection, oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Norepinephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 669 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
hypotension — 146 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 73 reaction mentions
shock — 72 reaction mentions
cardiogenic shock — 67 reaction mentions
acute kidney injury — 60 reaction mentions
premature baby — 54 reaction mentions
stress cardiomyopathy — 52 reaction mentions
lactic acidosis — 50 reaction mentions
metabolic acidosis — 48 reaction mentions
peripheral ischaemia — 47 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Intravenous
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
64 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 52 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71839-143 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection, injection, solution, injection, solution, concentrate, liquid, powder and solution, taken intravenous and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71839-143 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is catecholamine [epc] and catecholamines [cs].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71839-143 · read 2026-08-29
48 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 36 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-29
83 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein, botanical, non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE is intravenous at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 4 mg/4 mL (1 mg/mL norepinephrine base) sterile, colorless solution in a single-dose amber glass vial., recorded as fda label in effect 2023-03-31 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 4408987e-690a-41ac-9677-e24604fa9793 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
A single-person plan is offered only as a structure for observing yourself. It never calculates an amount to take, and it cannot prove cause.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Norepinephrine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Norepinephrine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
No traced study record is stored for this substance.
Built from stored sources by fixed rules. No reviewer has signed it off.
How many documents were read
35 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
28 of them state the same proteinBinding, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
28 of them state the same volumeOfDistribution, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
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How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
27 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA007513, approved 19500713 to HOSPIRA.
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6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Norepinephrine's largest trial (22435 people) and its longest (21 years) measure?
22435 people in Norepinephrine's largest registered study, 21 years in its longest registered window, measuring All cause mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
79 na, 59 phase4, 31 phase3, 14 na or unstated, 14 phase2, 6 early phase1, 5 phase1; NCT01456208; 2020-06. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06508359.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Norepinephrine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
79
phase4
59
phase3
31
na or unstated
14
phase2
14
early phase1
6
2 more recorded rows
phase1
5
Last recorded human testNCT06508359
2026-04-21
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Norepinephrine shown lifespan?
Interpretation All cause mortality — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
mouse
mechanism-only
humanNCT01568853
lifespan; All cause mortality; 200
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
15 of Norepinephrine's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
safety (1), futility/efficacy (1), accrual/recruitment (2), funding/business (4) and other (7): Norepinephrine's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Enrollment issues"; 15 of 200 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01263366
terminated; "Enrollment issues"
NCT01367990
terminated; "Study site has terminated the study due to the complexity of the study"
NCT01456208
terminated; "Funding stopped"
NCT01493102
terminated; "Futility by interim analysis"
NCT01544504
withdrawn; "The principal investigator withdrew from the study. The study was withdrawn because a qualified replacement was not available."
NCT02203630
terminated; "Slow enrollment; Lack of support and equipoise"
9 further recorded trials
NCT02428062
suspended; "Pending Pilot study results evaluation"
NCT02454348
withdrawn; "PI left"
NCT03302650
suspended; "The drug is not available"
NCT03483753
withdrawn; "no funding for the study"
NCT03621618
withdrawn; "COVID-19 + not enough resources available"
NCT04218773
suspended; "seeking additional funding"
NCT04777383
terminated; "The study was terminated prematurely due to insufficient operational resources to continue trial conduct and completion. The decision was unrelated to safety concerns or study outcomes."
NCT05264870
terminated; "patient inclusion is too difficult"
NCT07259655
terminated; "the investigators collected the necessary sample size for the internal validity of the study"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Norepinephrine used Norepinephrine 5 mcg — over how long?
16 recorded entries; human; also "Norepinephrine: 1mcg/kg", "Norepinephrine 0,5mcg/kg", "Norepinephrine 6 mcg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT03702400
Norepinephrine 5 mcg
NCT03706755
Norepinephrine: 1mcg/kg
NCT03706755
Norepinephrine 0,5mcg/kg
NCT03712111
Norepinephrine 6 mcg
NCT03712111
Norepinephrine 10 mcg
NCT04777383
Norepinephrine, 1 mg/ml, Pfizer
10 more recorded rows
humanNCT05133817
Norepinephrine (0.025 μg/kg/min)
humanNCT05133817
Norepinephrine (0.05 μg/kg/min)
humanNCT05133817
Norepinephrine (0.075 μg/kg/min)
humanNCT05133817
Norepinephrine (0.1 μg/kg/min)
humanNCT05836272
Norepinephrine 0,016 mg/ml
humanNCT06512415
10 mcg Norepinephrine
humanNCT06512415
15 mcg Norepinephrine
humanNCT07077265
Norepinephrine (0.07 μg/kg/min)
humanNCT07153601
Norepinephrine 4mcg
humanNCT07259655
Norepinephrine (10 µg boluses)
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Norepinephrine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "There is growing evidence of changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including increased tau accumulation, an inverted U-shaped pattern in the neuromelanin signal, and altered functional connectivity." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-07-31
8 recorded sentences naming Norepinephrine; U-shaped, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 42322653
"There is growing evidence of changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including increased tau accumulation, an inverted U-shaped pattern in the neuromelanin signal, and altered functional connectivity."
PMID 41390822
"Further combining invasive multimodal neural recording and manipulations of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) neurons with awake mouse EEG-fMRI, we revealed the causal contribution of LC-NE system to arousal modulated FC dynamics, in which the inverted U-shaped pattern was dependent on the baseline arousal level."
dose-response
PMID 42538266
"We investigated the dose-response relationship between intraoperative norepinephrine and AKI, and its interaction with intraoperative hypotension."
PMID 41481868
"Norepinephrine is commonly used to optimise arterial blood pressure during anaesthesia, yet data on its dose-response relationship are limited."
PMID 41481868
"To examine the dose-response relationship between norepinephrine dose and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy volunteers with and without general anaesthesia."
PMID 41481868
"The primary endpoint was the dose-response relationship between norepinephrine dose or plasma concentration and MAP."
"Linear models accurately described norepinephrine dose-response relationships in healthy volunteers in a simulated surgical environment, with a steeper slope observed during general anaesthesia."
recorded 2026-07-31 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Norepinephrine's effect on systemic and regional hemodynamics?
Systemic and regional hemodynamics: measured in Norepinephrine's trials.
Interpretation systemic and regional hemodynamics is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
systemic and regional hemodynamics; 2026-09-01
transfer function after pressor infusion; 2026-09-01
incidence of hypotension; 2026-09-01
all cause mortality; 2026-09-01
primary end of the study was serum creatinine less than 1 5; 2026-09-01
28 day mortality; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
map while on vasopressors; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
perfused vessel density; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hospital mortality; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
baseline systolic diastolic and mean blood pressures; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
baseline sympathetic nerve activity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
maximum heart rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
rescue boluses to maintain sbp; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
total rescue bolus dose of ephedrine to maintain sbp; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
total rescue bolus dose of phenylephrine to maintain sbp; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glomerular filtration rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time to goal map; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
death; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
maternal blood pressure; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; 2026-06-19
human trials at or under30
27
smallest human trial
0; NCT01544504; PHASE1/PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of 28 day mortality, all cause mortality and baseline sympathetic nerve activity did Norepinephrine's trials measure?
28 day mortality, all cause mortality and baseline sympathetic nerve activity lead 40 outcome terms across Norepinephrine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
all cause mortality, primary end of the study was serum creatinine less than 1 5, 28 day mortality, map while on vasopressors, perfused vessel density and hospital mortality follow.
Show the evidence
systemic and regional hemodynamics
1
transfer function after pressor infusion
1
incidence of hypotension
1
all cause mortality
1
primary end of the study was serum creatinine less than 1 5
1
28 day mortality
1
14 more recorded rows
map while on vasopressors
1
perfused vessel density
1
hospital mortality
1
baseline systolic diastolic and mean blood pressures
1
baseline sympathetic nerve activity
1
maximum heart rate
1
rescue boluses to maintain sbp
1
total rescue bolus dose of ephedrine to maintain sbp
1
total rescue bolus dose of phenylephrine to maintain sbp
1
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
1
glomerular filtration rate
1
time to goal map
1
death
1
maternal blood pressure
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Norepinephrine's 38 ongoing trials reports first?
Genetic Variation at the Caveolin-1 Locus; Hospital mortality; latest 2032-05-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01426529
"Caveolin-1 and Vascular Dysfunction"; n 120; "Genetic Variation at the Caveolin-1 Locus"; 2026-10-15
NCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
NCT03629418
"Targeted Blood-pressure Management and Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery"; n 612; "Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) within 7 days after surgery"; 2026-07
NCT04053478
"Effects of Ephedrine, Phenylephrine, Norepinephrine and Vasopressin on Contractility of Human Myometrium and Umbilical Vessels: An In-vitro Study"; n 144; "Motility index"; 2026-12
NCT04592744
"Angiotensin 2 for AKI After OLT"; n 30; "Incidence of Acute kidney Injury"; 2026-12
NCT04934748
"The GUARDIAN Trial - Vasopressor Sub-Study"; n 6254; "Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications"; 2027-04-25
14 further recorded trials
NCT05014581
"Preventing Cardiovascular Collapse With Vasopressors During Tracheal Intubation"; n 420; "Number of patients with cardiovascular collapse"; 2026-04
NCT05179499
"Early Vasopressors in Sepsis"; n 1006; "The primary objective is to determine whether early PVI (within 12 hours of admission) targeted to MAP of ≥65 mmHg improves clinical effectiveness in hospitalised adult patients with septic shock compared with usual care, in the first 48…"; 2027-10
NCT05193968
"Hot Flashes and Neurovascular Function in Women"; n 120; "Compare microvascular function in women with low and high frequency hot flashes"; 2026-12
NCT05219799
"Sex Disparities in Hypoxic Vasodilation and Impact of Obesity"; n 72; "Change in forearm vascular conductance with intra-arterial drug infusion"; 2027-07-30
NCT05347238
"Dopamine vs. Norepinephrine for Hypotension in Very Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis"; n 550; "All cause in-hospital mortality"; 2027-03-31
NCT05568160
"Evaluation of the Superiority of VAsopressin Versus NOradrenaline in the Management of Patients at Risk of Kidney Failure Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Extracorporeal Circulation"; n 840; "Occurrence of a renal complication or death"; 2026-03
NCT05836272
"Early Administration of Norepinephrine in Sepsis"; n 200; "shock control"; 2025-08
NCT05931601
"Early Initiated Vasopressor Therapy in the Emergency Department"; n 320; "The primary outcome is the proportion of patients achieving either SBP >100 mmHg or MAP > 65 mmHg or a target blood pressure set by the treating physician at 90 (±15) minutes after inclusion."; 2027-01-31
NCT05997732
"Sympathetic Neurovascular Transduction: Role of Adrenergic Receptors and Sex Differences"; n 30; "Forearm blood flow"; 2027-12-01
NCT06080178
"Goal-directed Fluid Therapy During Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Free Flap Breast Reconstruction"; n 82; "Total intraoperative fluid volume"; 2026-10-01
NCT06083948
"Vasopressor Impact on Brain Circulation, Organ Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation During Anesthesia"; n 32; "Cerebral blood flow"; 2027-12-31
NCT06102382
"The Effect of Two Different Doses of Noradrenaline on Hypotension Caused by Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section"; n 100; "The frequency of post-spinal hypotension"; 2025-12-01
NCT06234592
"The Effect of Vasopressor Therapy on Renal Perfusion in Septic Shock"; n 45; "Cortical mean transit time (mTT) measured in seconds"; 2026-07
NCT06285396
"Effect of Ephedrine, Phenylepinephrine, and Norepinephrine on Myometrial Contractility in Pregnant People With Type II and Gestational Diabetes During Cesarean Section: An In-vitro Study"; n 96; "Motility index"; 2026-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Norepinephrine could settle lifespan?
NCT02118467 measures Hospital mortality, reading out 2026-12-01.
4 open trials; n 836; "Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
NCT05347238
"Dopamine vs. Norepinephrine for Hypotension in Very Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis"; n 550; "All cause in-hospital mortality"; 2027-03-31
NCT06977659
"Early Norepinephrine in Trauma Patients With Hemorrhagic Shock"; n 40; "24-hour mortality"; 2027-08-18
NCT07667829
"Vasopressor Agents in Pulmonary Hypertension Crisis"; n 75; "All-cause mortality within 28 days"; 2029-01-31
Q10
Which 79 trials of Norepinephrine posted no result?
Posted no result
79 of 79 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00481572, NCT00639015, NCT01418118, NCT01637454, NCT01568853 and NCT01609491, and 73 more
Completion dates
oldest 2007-12; newest 2024-07-10
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00481572
2007-12
NCT00639015
2008-06
NCT01418118
2010-02
NCT01637454
2011-12
NCT01568853
2012-03
NCT01609491
2012-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT01836224
2014-09
NCT02559141
2015-10
NCT02455115
2016-02
NCT02654847
2016-04
NCT02479529
2016-06
NCT02542748
2016-06
NCT01536470
2016-07
NCT02675868
2016-10
NCT02477501
2016-12
NCT02854787
2016-12
NCT03215797
2016-12
NCT02519699
2017-01
NCT03163407
2017-01-31
NCT02453425
2017-03
Q11
At the median, Norepinephrine's trials enrolled 85 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
85
Largest enrolment
22435
Registered trials counted
200
Q12
What do 669 spontaneous reports say about Norepinephrine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Norepinephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 669 reaction mentions were counted: hypotension 146; toxicity to various agents 73; shock 72; cardiogenic shock 67. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1434513 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
hypotension
146
toxicity to various agents
73
shock
72
cardiogenic shock
67
acute kidney injury
60
premature baby
54
4 more recorded rows
stress cardiomyopathy
52
lactic acidosis
50
metabolic acidosis
48
peripheral ischaemia
47
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Norepinephrine studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Norepinephrine's label sentences: "<title>Abstract</title> <p> In the EMPATROPISM-FE trial, lower myocardial iron content correlated with cardiac remodeling, impaired exercise capacity, reduced hematopoiesis and higher norepinephrine (NE) levels; exploratory causal mediation analysis suggested interrelations between empagliflozin…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-03
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
<title>Abstract</title> <p> In the EMPATROPISM-FE trial, lower myocardial iron content correlated with cardiac remodeling, impaired exercise capacity, reduced hematopoiesis and higher norepinephrine (NE) levels; exploratory causal mediation analysis suggested interrelations between empagliflozin effects on iron homoeostasis and treatment benefits.
recorded 2026-08-03 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Norepinephrine and AMPK?
"Altogether, our findings suggest that early autophagy inhibition is neuroprotective in stroke, and duloxetine serves as an effective means of achieving this inhibition.<b>Abbreviation:</b> AMPK - AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5 - autophagy related 5; AVs - autophagic vacuoles; Baf -bafilomycin A<sub>1</sub>; BBB - blood-brain barrier;…" — where Norepinephrine and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-03-17
"Altogether, our findings suggest that early autophagy inhibition is neuroprotective in stroke, and duloxetine serves as an effective means of achieving this inhibition.<b>Abbreviation:</b> AMPK - AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5 - autophagy related 5; AVs - autophagic vacuoles; Baf -bafilomycin A<sub>1</sub>; BBB - blood-brain barrier; BECN1 -beclin 1; CAMK2 -calcium/calmodulin dependent…"
autophagyPMID 41787744
"Altogether, our findings suggest that early autophagy inhibition is neuroprotective in stroke, and duloxetine serves as an effective means of achieving this inhibition.<b>Abbreviation:</b> AMPK - AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5 - autophagy related 5; AVs - autophagic vacuoles; Baf -bafilomycin A<sub>1</sub>; BBB - blood-brain barrier; BECN1 -beclin 1; CAMK2 -calcium/calmodulin dependent…"
mTOR
"The mTOR-pS6K pathway is engaged during the norepinephrine-mediated induction of protein synthesis, which is abolished by mTOR inhibition and appears to be mediated mainly by β-adrenergic receptors."
AMPKPMID 41856440
"Rat models of donors after brain death (DBDs) or cardiocirculatory death (DCDs) with ALD or severe steatosis were used to assess how hepatic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) modulation, adrenal medulla (AM) removal, NPY (alone or with norepinephrine, NE), and AMPK-NO signalling affect liver damage and regeneration before retrieval from donors and after 24 h CI followed by ex vivo reperfusion or…"
mTORPMID 41402252
"Mechanistically, norepinephrine activates the mTOR-c-MYC axis to upregulate MAT2A expression."
sirtuinPMID 40067908
"Furthermore, macrophage SIRT6 deficiency inhibited BAT thermogenesis after cold exposure or norepinephrine treatment and cold exposure-induced increases in markers of lipid metabolism and thermogenesis in white adipose tissue."
4 more recorded rows
mTORPMID 39528242
"TRPM8 can induce pain hypersensitivity and sensory nerve proliferation by activating Akt/mTOR pathway and raising the expression of IL-6 and norepinephrine in IC/BPS models."
autophagy
"Together, these findings identify a local neuromodulatory mechanism linking norepinephrine signaling to axonal amphisome trafficking in vivo and suggest that neuromodulatory states, such as novelty- and wakefulness-associated LC activity, as well as sleep-associated silencing of LC activity, regulate neuronal proteostasis through local control of autophagic cargo transport."
sirtuinPMID 36235829
"Activated SIRT1 within the PVN lowered systolic blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels."
autophagyPMID 39988734
"In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that mechanics regulates iron metabolism via NCOA4-FTH1 phase separation-mediated autophagy, thereby influencing ferroptosis sensitivity and offering promising therapeutic avenues for future exploration.<b>Abbreviations:</b> ACO1: aconitase 1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; FACS:…"
recorded 2026-03-17 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 11 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.