This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Nicotine does in the body
NICOTROL NS is indicated as an aid to smoking cessation for the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
From the FDA-approved label: Pharmacologic Action Nicotine, the chief alkaloid in tobacco products, binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, in the adrenal medulla, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the brain. Two types of central nervous system effects are believed to be the basis of nicotine's positively reinforcing properties. A stimulating effect is exerted mainly in the cortex via the locus ceruleus and a reward effect is exerted in the limbic system. At low doses, the stimulant effects predominate while at high doses the reward effects predominate.
Why people take it. NICOTROL NS is indicated as an aid to smoking cessation for the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 6M3C89ZY6R · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as non-nutrient/non-botanical, under the name Nicotine.
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 134 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Focus
cognitive performance
Pain
pain
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered performance measure of this kind.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Vulcan QAIAx v4.0x (Beta ISAC) for AI-119 and AI Wat (1498) patent series for Private, Public, and Military sectors (Change from Baseline in Participant Lifestyle Efficiency, Behavioral Stability, & Sovereign Resource Allocation via Vulcan QAIAx v4.0)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07661823
How many people
1000000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Whether participants receive a flu shot vaccination at our pharmacy partner by December 31, 2020
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04590066
How many people
734383
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Count of patients with a flu vaccination
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05508698
How many people
230962
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Study 1: Mental Health America Disengagement (After Stage 1 Randomization)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04507360
How many people
78390
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Medication refills
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02411006
How many people
47088
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Death and the composite outcome of death, non-fatal reinfarction or stroke
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00222573
How many people
46000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Transdermal
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
pain
craving
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
maximum plasma concentration
average concentration
maximum concentration
maximum observed plasma concentration
brachial artery flow mediated dilation at day 7 from day 0
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
cognitive performance
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (32)
drug use
smoking cessation
subjective effects
physiologic measures
smoking behavior
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure
physiological measures
carbon monoxide levels
smoking abstinence
smoking status
prevalence abstinence
adhd symptoms
side effects
continuous abstinence
treatment related adverse events
self reported 7 day abstinence
cumulative irritation
abstinence rate
bioavailability
withdrawal severity
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 15 to 20 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “Cotinine has a half-life of 15 to 20 hours and concentrations that exceed nicotine by 10-fold.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
If you are under 18 years of age, ask a doctor before use before using this product, read the enclosed User’s Guide for complete directions and other important information begin using the gum on your quit day if you smoke your first cigarette more than 30 minutes after waking up, use Nicotine Polacrilex Gum, 4 mg your first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking up, use Nicotine Polacrilex Gum, 4 mg according to the…
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “NICOTROL NS therapy is not recommended for use in the pediatric population because its safety and effectiveness in children and adolescents who smoke have not been evaluated.”
US prescribing information · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of NICOTROL NS did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “The effects of cigarette smoking on fetal cardiovascular parameters have been studied near term.”
US prescribing information · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Use in Nursing Mothers Caution should be exercised when NICOTROL NS is administered to nursing mothers.”
US prescribing information · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Transdermal
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as film, extended release, inhalant, film, extended release, spray, metered, given by the transdermal, oral, transdermal route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Nicotine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 1090 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
drug dependence — 219 reaction mentions
drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal — 158 reaction mentions
nicotine dependence — 150 reaction mentions
premature baby — 120 reaction mentions
macular degeneration — 110 reaction mentions
drug abuse — 80 reaction mentions
premature delivery — 78 reaction mentions
loss of consciousness — 67 reaction mentions
dependence — 54 reaction mentions
low birth weight baby — 54 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Transdermal
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
856 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 841 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72224-925 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as film, extended release, gum, chewing, liquid, lotion, lozenge and patch, taken buccal, cutaneous, nasal and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72224-925 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is cholinergic nicotinic agonist [epc] and nicotine [cs].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72224-925 · read 2026-08-29
642 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 627 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 4cc32b8c-6316-4d4b-8fa9-ef640464ca69 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 4cc32b8c-6316-4d4b-8fa9-ef640464ca69 · read 2026-08-29
16 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical, botanical with nutrients, other combinations and vitamin.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Nicotrol is nasal at How Supplied NICOTROL ® NS (nicotine nasal spray) 10 mg/mL, is supplied as four 10 mL bottles (NDC 0009-5401-01)., recorded as fda label in effect 2025-05-29 in the United States.
US prescribing information · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.23081–1.81416 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 133 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Nicotine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Nicotine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
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Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
6M3C89ZY6R
RxNorm concept
198029
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Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
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7 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA020165, approved 19911107 to CHATTEM SANOFI.
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5 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (15)
Q1
What did Nicotine's largest trial (6009 people) and its longest (15 years) measure?
6009 people in Nicotine's largest registered study, 15 years in its longest registered window, measuring Aldehyde Biomarkers. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
132 na, 60 phase4, 56 phase2, 53 phase1, 32 phase3, 17 early phase1, 4 na or unstated; NCT01943994; 2023-11-14. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07772089.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Nicotine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
132
phase4
60
phase2
56
phase1
53
phase3
32
early phase1
17
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
4
Last recorded human testNCT07772089
2026-08-03
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Nicotine shown lifespan?
suspended; "Clinical studies are stopped, pending funding"
NCT01662115
terminated; "Study has been terminated due linability to recruit the targeted participants. Aimed for 300 participants and only 4 were enrolled after 1 year."
NCT01925781
terminated; "IND required"
NCT02004171
withdrawn; "No participants enrolled. Changed requirements for studying e-cigarettes."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Nicotine used Nicotine gum - 2 mg and 4 mg — over how long?
20 recorded entries; human; transdermal, nasal; also "Nicotine lozenges - 2 mg and 4 mg", "Nicotine inhaler (4 mg yield) - low and high "dosage" by frequency of puffing", "2 mg nicotine polacrilex"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00108342
Nicotine gum - 2 mg and 4 mg
NCT00108342
Nicotine lozenges - 2 mg and 4 mg
NCT00108342
Nicotine inhaler (4 mg yield) - low and high "dosage" by frequency of puffing
Did Nicotine move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the relative contributions of CVH-related behaviours (diet, sleep, avoidance of nicotine, and physical activity) and clinical indicators (BMI, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure) to epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), as well as their collective associations." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2025-10-08
2 recorded sentences; 2025; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 41063184
2025; "In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the relative contributions of CVH-related behaviours (diet, sleep, avoidance of nicotine, and physical activity) and clinical indicators (BMI, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure) to epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), as well as their collective associations."
DunedinPACEPMID 41063184
2025; "In males, nicotine avoidance and better glucose contributed most to lower EAA, accounting for 91% and 77% of the overall associations of CVH with lower Grim2AA and DunedinPACE, respectively, whereas better blood glucose accounted for 86% and 94%."
recorded 2025-10-08 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More Nicotine was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "As a result, they have developed processes such as hormesis to ensure their survival and their ability to thrive in challenging environments." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-08-24
5 recorded sentences naming Nicotine; hormesis, dose-response, biphasic
Show the evidence
hormesisPMID 41514853
"As a result, they have developed processes such as hormesis to ensure their survival and their ability to thrive in challenging environments."
dose-response
PMID 42430755
"To address this issue, I compared the dose-response relationship of general activity following nicotine administration by immersion with that following intraperitoneal injection in goldfish."
PMID 42525793
"Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models examined the effects of experimental factors on these ratings. <i>Results:</i> Nicotine concentration was strongly related to a wide array of sensory and subjective effects measures, generally following a dose-response pattern."
biphasicPMID 42159746
"Pure nicotine elicited a biphasic response: concentrations below 5 mM slightly increased proliferation, while 5 mM caused apoptotic cell death with prominent lysosomal vacuolization, and 10 mM shifted cell death toward necrosis."
dose-responsePMID 42636982
"We characterized a passive vapor exposure model in C57BL/6J mice using nicotine dose-response paradigms and spontaneous withdrawal measures."
recorded 2026-08-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Nicotine's half-life is 15 to 20 hours — which schedules were studied?
15 to 20 hours, the half-life Nicotine's label states. openfda-label · acb7d02d-249b-4645-ac1b-8ff9a56dd244 · 2026-08-30
Show the evidence
half life
15 to 20 hours hours; Cotinine has a half-life of 15 to 20 hours and concentrations that exceed nicotine by 10-fold.
tmax
Parameter 1 mg (2 sprays) (Range) C avg : average plasma nicotine concentration for the dosing interval of 10–11 hours C max : maximum measured plasma concentration after last dose administration T max : time of maximum plasma concentration after last dose administration C avg (ng/mL) 8 ± 3 (2.5–12) C max (ng/mL) 9 ± 3 (3.1–14) T max (minutes) 13 ± 5 (10–20) Figure 1 Figure 2 Distribution The…
metabolism
Metabolism More than 20 metabolites of nicotine have been identified, all of which are less active than the parent compound.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Could one person measure Nicotine's effect on drug use?
Drug use: measured in Nicotine's trials.
Interpretation drug use is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
drug use; 2026-09-01
smoking cessation; 2026-09-01
subjective effects; 2026-09-01
cognitive performance; 2026-09-01
physiologic measures; 2026-09-01
smoking behavior; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
physiological measures; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
carbon monoxide levels; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
smoking abstinence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
smoking status; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pain; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
prevalence abstinence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
adhd symptoms; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
side effects; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
continuous abstinence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
treatment related adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
self reported 7 day abstinence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
cumulative irritation; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
abstinence rate; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; hours; 15 to 20 hours; 2026-08-30
human trials at or under30
84
smallest human trial
0; NCT00218140; PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q9
Which of 30 day abstinence, 7 day prevalence abstinence and abstinence rate did Nicotine's trials measure?
30 day abstinence, 7 day prevalence abstinence and abstinence rate lead 40 outcome terms across Nicotine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation cognitive performance, physiologic measures, smoking behavior, reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure, physiological measures and carbon monoxide levels follow.
Show the evidence
drug use
1
smoking cessation
1
subjective effects
1
cognitive performance
1
physiologic measures
1
smoking behavior
1
14 more recorded rows
reduction in tobacco toxicant exposure
1
physiological measures
1
carbon monoxide levels
1
smoking abstinence
1
smoking status
1
pain
1
prevalence abstinence
1
adhd symptoms
1
side effects
1
continuous abstinence
1
treatment related adverse events
1
self reported 7 day abstinence
1
cumulative irritation
1
abstinence rate
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which of Nicotine's 19 ongoing trials reports first?
Recruitment feasibility, defined as >= 75% of eligible/screened participants choose to enroll in the study; Continuous Nicotine Abstinence; latest 2030-07-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01915810
"Physical Activity in Promoting Smoking Cessation in African Americans"; n 45; "Recruitment feasibility, defined as >= 75% of eligible/screened participants choose to enroll in the study"; 2027-01-31
NCT02162849
"Reward Sensitivity and Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation"; n 204; "Continuous Nicotine Abstinence"; 2028-02-28
NCT02697227
"Behavioral Activation Therapy and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Increasing Smoking Cessation"; n 85; "Effectiveness of behavioral activation treatment for smoking plus nicotine replacement therapy versus standard cessation treatment plus nicotine replacement therapy defined as abstinence rate in low reward sensitivity- and + smokers"; 2027-12-31
NCT04200534
"Centralized Lung Cancer EARly Detection Among Smokers (CLEAR Study)"; n 358; "Smoking abstinence Questionnairre"; 2027-02-28
NCT05535192
"TeleHealth Resistance Exercise Intervention to Preserve Dose Intensity and Vitality in Elder Breast Cancer Patients"; n 270; "Received Dose Intensity (RDI)"; 2028-02-01
NCT05665465
"Neurobehavioral Mechanisms Linking Childhood Adversity to Increased Risk for Smoking"; n 150; "Subjective effects of nicotine nasal spray as measured by the Nicotine Effects Questionnaire"; 2027-05-31
13 further recorded trials
NCT05962229
"Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Synthetic Nicotine"; n 18; "Mean Nicotine Exposure Over Time"; 2027-05
NCT05999383
"Understanding the Clinical Pharmacology of Marijuana-Tobacco Co-administration"; n 48; "Change in peak plasma concentration of THC"; 2028-02-01
NCT06096714
"Addictive Threshold of Nicotine"; n 45; "correctly identifying nicotine"; 2027-10-01
NCT06098144
"Smoking Cessation Program in the Construction Sector"; n 608; "Program Effectiveness Measure in Percentage"; 2027-07-28
NCT06139874
"Thrive Intervention in Schools"; n 405; "Child Behavior Checklist"; 2028-11-10
NCT06334016
"Evaluating the Delivery and Effects of THC Vaping Liquids in the Bloodstream"; n 60; "Maximum concentration of THC in plasma (Cmax)"; 2028-03-01
NCT06811038
"iCanQuit Smoking Cessation Among Hispanic Adults"; n 854; "30-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA)"; 2030-07-01
NCT06966362
"Varenicline for Smoking Reduction in Veterans Not Ready To Quit"; n 400; "7-day point prevalence abstinence"; 2030-06-28
NCT07149948
"Teen motHers' ReproductIve and behaVioral Health intErvention in Barbados"; n 50; "Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)"; 2028-12-30
NCT07165860
"Clinical Trial to Reduce Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence"; n 250; "Perinatal physical, sexual, or emotional abuse (past 3 months)"; 2029-05-01
NCT07419425
"My Path to Quit Tobacco"; n 1550; "Biochemically confirmed abstinence from combusted tobacco at 26-weeks post-target quit day"; 2030-01
NCT07585006
"Comparative Evaluation of Nicotine Analogs"; n 70; "Nicotine urges/craving (QSU)"; 2026-12-31
NCT07690839
"Pre-Clinic Visit Online Education for Thyroid Cancer"; n 60; "TC-MAX"; 2028-09
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Which 113 trials of Nicotine posted no result?
Posted no result
113 of 113 completed trials
Registrations
NCT01684995, NCT00061074, NCT00840242, NCT00018161, NCT00018187 and NCT00018850, and 107 more
Completion dates
oldest 1999-11; newest 2024-08-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01684995
1999-11
NCT00061074
2000-03
NCT00840242
2000-05
NCT00018161
2001-06
NCT00018187
2001-06
NCT00018850
2003-06
14 further recorded trials
NCT00021138
2004-03
NCT00158171
2004-05
NCT00067158
2004-07
NCT01208935
2004-08
NCT00218218
2005-02
NCT00218140
2005-04
NCT00965913
2005-06
NCT00967174
2005-06
NCT00967070
2005-08
NCT00174499
2005-09
NCT00000437
2005-09-15
NCT00966901
2005-10
NCT01440985
2005-11
NCT01207310
2005-12
Q12
At the median, Nicotine's trials enrolled 74 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
74
Largest enrolment
6009
Registered trials counted
333
Q13
What do 1090 spontaneous reports say about Nicotine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Nicotine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 1090 reaction mentions were counted: drug dependence 219; drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal 158; nicotine dependence 150; premature baby 120. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1201536 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug dependence
219
drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal
158
nicotine dependence
150
premature baby
120
macular degeneration
110
drug abuse
80
4 more recorded rows
premature delivery
78
loss of consciousness
67
dependence
54
low birth weight baby
54
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Nicotine studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Nicotine's label sentences: "In a randomised crossover clinical study, thirty-four healthy adult smokers were enrolled and their nicotine C<sub>max</sub> and AUC<sub>0-T</sub> determined for three 4 mg nicotine products (NP, gum, lozenge) under fasting conditions." openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-09-12
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
In a randomised crossover clinical study, thirty-four healthy adult smokers were enrolled and their nicotine C<sub>max</sub> and AUC<sub>0-T</sub> determined for three 4 mg nicotine products (NP, gum, lozenge) under fasting conditions.
exercise
The primary aim of the TeleHealth Resistance exercise Intervention to preserve dose intensity and Vitality in Elder breast cancer patients (THRIVE-65) trial is to assess the effects of an exercise and nutrition intervention on chemotherapy relative dose intensity among women aged ≥65 receiving chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer.
recorded 2025-09-12 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Nicotine and AMPK?
"Pretreatment with cordycepin (10 mg/kg) effectively alleviated nicotine withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behaviors (open-arm time: <i>F</i> = 11.74, <i>P</i> < 0.01; center time: <i>F</i> = 5.79, <i>P</i> < 0.01), an effect that was counteracted by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Further mechanistic studies <i>via</i> Western blot and…" — where Nicotine and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-21
"Pretreatment with cordycepin (10 mg/kg) effectively alleviated nicotine withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behaviors (open-arm time: <i>F</i> = 11.74, <i>P</i> < 0.01; center time: <i>F</i> = 5.79, <i>P</i> < 0.01), an effect that was counteracted by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Further mechanistic studies <i>via</i> Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that cordycepin…"
PMID 42256668
"In conclusion, cordycepin alleviates nicotine withdrawal-induced anxiety by activating the AMPK/CREB/BDNF pathway, offering preliminary experimental evidence for its potential as an adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation."
mTOR
PMID 42553425
"This study investigated the effects of Sweet Apple e-cigarette vapor extract (Apple EVE), with and without nicotine, on mTOR pathway activation in OSCC cell lines Ca9-22 and Cal 27."
PMID 42553425
"Apple EVE, particularly when combined with nicotine, differentially modulates mTOR signaling in a cell line-specific manner in OSCC cells."
PMID 42287088
"We further established that the nicotine of e-cigarette aerosols induced autophagosome formation via MTOR inhibition, while concurrently suppressing autolysosomal degradation through lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)."
autophagy
PMID 42287088
"We further established that the nicotine of e-cigarette aerosols induced autophagosome formation via MTOR inhibition, while concurrently suppressing autolysosomal degradation through lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)."
PMID 42104610
"In this review, we propose a unifying framework in which autophagy functions as a redox-modulated rheostat that integrates oxidative, metabolic, and epigenetic stress signals triggered by smoke and nicotine exposure."
PMID 41663725
"A screening of the gingival fibroblast secretome revealed a modulation of autophagy-related cytokines in response to nicotine and/or PRP."
sirtuin
PMID 41831580
"Collectively, these findings establish a causal link between hippocampal mtDNA depletion and nicotine reward memory, demonstrating that nicotine suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis via oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of the Sirt1-Nrf1-Tfam axis."
PMID 36797299
"Here we find that, independent of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, low-dose nicotine can restore the age-related decline of NAMPT activity through SIRT1 binding and subsequent deacetylation of NAMPT, thus increasing NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis. <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET imaging revealed that nicotine is also capable of efficiently inhibiting glucose hypermetabolism in aging male mice."
NAD+
PMID 36797299
"Here we find that, independent of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, low-dose nicotine can restore the age-related decline of NAMPT activity through SIRT1 binding and subsequent deacetylation of NAMPT, thus increasing NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis. <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET imaging revealed that nicotine is also capable of efficiently inhibiting glucose hypermetabolism in aging male mice."
PMID 36797299
"Collectively, these findings provide evidence for a mechanism by which low-dose nicotine can activate NAD<sup>+</sup> salvage pathways and improve age-related symptoms."
sirtuinPMID 38128534
"Chondrosarcoma cells thrive under glucose starvation by accumulating NAD<sup>+</sup> and subsequently activating the SIRT1-HIF-2α axis."
NAD+PMID 38128534
"Chondrosarcoma cells thrive under glucose starvation by accumulating NAD<sup>+</sup> and subsequently activating the SIRT1-HIF-2α axis."
AMPKPMID 39961478
"Nicotine has been shown to influence AMPK signaling in the brain, suppressing appetite and promoting brown fat thermogenesis via hypothalamic AMPK inhibition."
IGF-1PMID 40598150
"This study underscores the critical role of miR-137 in failure to thrive through regulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis and supports the use of MiR137<sup>-/-</sup> as a disease model for GH resistance."
recorded 2026-07-21 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 12 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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