This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Glutamine does in the body
L-glutamine oral powder is indicated to reduce the acute complications of sickle cell disease in adult and pediatric patients 5 years of age and older.
The mechanism of action of the amino acid L-glutamine in treating sickle cell disease (SCD) is not fully understood. Oxidative stress phenomena are involved in the pathophysiology of SCD. Sickle red blood cells (RBCs) are more susceptible to oxidative damage than normal RBCs, which may contribute to the chronic hemolysis and vaso-occlusive events associated with SCD. The pyridine nucleotides, NAD + and its reduced form NADH, play roles in regulating and preventing oxidative damage in RBCs.
Why people take it. L-glutamine oral powder is indicated to reduce the acute complications of sickle cell disease in adult and pediatric patients 5 years of age and older.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 0RH81L854J · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as amino acid, under the name Glutamine.
Its recorded molecular formula is C5H10N2O3, weighing 146.15 g/mol.
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 136 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Healthy ageing
28 day mortality; mortality
Energy
resting energy expenditure from baseline to 12 months
Blood sugar
insulin sensitivity
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Death or late-onset sepsis
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00005775
How many people
1433
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
28-day Mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00133978
How many people
1223
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Time to Discharge Alive
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00985205
How many people
1201
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change in length and length-for-age Z-score
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05185973
How many people
1200
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
A reduction in SOFA-score
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00922714
How many people
1000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Compare clinical benefit of oral supplementation with CEAA versus a placebo for reducing fracture-related infection after lower extremity fracture fixation.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07155447
How many people
1000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.3 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.3 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Yeast, C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
irritable bowel symptom severity scale
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
plasma glutathione
insulin sensitivity
inflammatory factor
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
death or late onset sepsis
28 day mortality
mortality
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (33)
reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea
reduction of chronic treatment related to enteropathy
occurrences of painful sickle cell crises
resting energy expenditure from baseline to 12 months
m at 1 5 months
gut function
peripheral neuropathy
gastric emptying
reduction in diarrhea
length of icu stay
ventilator days
days receiving antibiotics
incidence of vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy
veno occlusive disease
mucositis
reduction in toxicity
acute radiation enteritis
reduction in sofa
time to discharge alive
occurrences of sickle cell crises
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of L-glutamine oral powder have been established in pediatric patients 5 years and older.”
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of L-glutamine oral powder did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no available data on L-glutamine oral powder use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of major birth defects and miscarriage.”
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of L-glutamine oral powder in human milk, the effect on the breastfed infant or the effect on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Glutamine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 5 most-reported reaction terms, 37 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (5)
sickle cell anaemia with crisis — 19 reaction mentions
febrile neutropenia — 8 reaction mentions
hospitalisation — 6 reaction mentions
therapy interrupted — 3 reaction mentions
alloimmunisation — 1 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
3 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 3 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-29
4478 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein and non-nutrient/non-botanical.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
L-glutamine is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Oral powder: 5 grams of L–glutamine as a white crystalline powder in paper-foil-plastic laminate packets., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-05-27 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 3f324755-159b-40ee-a9f4-e6800558acf3 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Glutamine studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How much did people take in the studies?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. A result belongs to an amount. Without the amount the result floats free.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Glutamine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
0RH81L854J
RxNorm concept
1869684
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Quoted from a stored source.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
5 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA021667, approved 20040610 to EMMAUS MEDCL.
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What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Glutamine's largest trial (1433 people) and its longest (16 years) measure?
1433 people in Glutamine's largest registered study, 16 years in its longest registered window, measuring 28-day Mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
34 phase2, 24 na, 23 phase3, 14 phase1, 9 phase4, 2 early phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT01704664; 2022-10; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07020754.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Glutamine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
34
na
24
phase3
23
phase1
14
phase4
9
early phase1
2
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT07020754
2026-01-25
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From yeast to human: where has Glutamine shown lifespan?
C. elegans: lifespan, Drosophila: mechanism-only, yeast: lifespan, mouse: biomarker, rat: mechanism-only, dog: biomarker and human: lifespan (98): the rungs where Glutamine has a recorded finding. Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov · organism ladder · 2026-09-01
28-day Mortality — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
mechanism-only
yeast
lifespan
mouse
biomarker
rat
mechanism-only
dog
biomarker
1 more recorded row
humanNCT00133978
lifespan; 28-day Mortality; 98
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
19 of Glutamine's trials stopped: safety, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
safety (1), accrual/recruitment (7), funding/business (5) and other (6): Glutamine's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Withdrawn due to drug availability and funding"; 19 of 98 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00006994
terminated; "Withdrawn due to drug availability and funding"
NCT00131508
terminated; "Due to slow participant accrual"
NCT00181753
withdrawn; "State of Mass. tightened regulations for making intravenous solutions for research subjects. Study was withdrawn and no participants were enrolled."
NCT00217724
terminated; "Only able to accrue just 18 of the 40 target \& funds were limited."
NCT00318331
terminated; "Unable to meet enrollment numbers"
NCT00334984
withdrawn; "Withdrawn due to inability to reach an acceptable agreement with industry sponsor"
13 further recorded trials
NCT00395161
terminated; "Terminated for futility on 11/30/09 based on the recommendation of the DSMB"
NCT00586209
terminated; "Inadequate clinical supplies and Emmaus business decision."
NCT00913692
terminated; "Terminated due to slow recruitment."
NCT00922714
terminated; "Slow recruitment, stopped after 4 years"
NCT01157039
withdrawn; "abandoned"
NCT01783522
terminated; "Research Cancelled"
NCT01952847
terminated; "Per PI"
NCT02012608
terminated; "Lack of funding/ PI leaving institution"
NCT02215083
withdrawn; "Insufficient Patient Population"
NCT02589145
terminated; "Closed due to very slow accrual"
NCT02961816
withdrawn; "Lack of funding"
NCT04019769
withdrawn; "PI left NIH. No subjects enrolled."
NCT04274114
terminated; "Inhability to recruit further participants due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemics."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
More Glutamine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "A plasmonic fiberoptic absorption biosensor (P-FAB), an emerging technology that utilizes a compact U-shaped optical fiber with an enhanced evanescent field and plasmonic labels to give rise to an ultra-high analyte detection sensitivity, was employed to detect L-Glutamine (L-Gln) as a biomarker using a competitive…" Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-08-11
5 recorded sentences naming Glutamine; U-shaped, hormetic, dose-response, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 42019074
"A plasmonic fiberoptic absorption biosensor (P-FAB), an emerging technology that utilizes a compact U-shaped optical fiber with an enhanced evanescent field and plasmonic labels to give rise to an ultra-high analyte detection sensitivity, was employed to detect L-Glutamine (L-Gln) as a biomarker using a competitive immunoassay for early cancer detection."
hormetic
PMID 39681506
"The outcomes of these clinical studies, along with preclinical investigations, suggest that cellular stress responses to glutamine deprivation or targeting may be modeled as a biphasic hormetic response."
PMID 39681506
"To achieve clinical efficacy, we posit that as a field we will need to anticipate the hormetic effects of glutamine stress and consider how best to co-target cancer cell adaptive mechanisms."
dose-responsePMID 42196028
"Ornithine, glutamine, citrulline, pyroglutamic acid, and theanine exhibited a positive dose-response in umami perception, with potential synergistic effects observed in the presence of 0.5 mmol/L IMP."
biphasicPMID 42580652
"MRS detected early increases in GABA, glutamine, taurine, and glutathione, with corresponding decreases in NAA, while inositol showed a biphasic decrease-increase profile, likely reflecting acute astrocytic dysfunction followed by gliosis - neuroinflammatory processes that were corroborated by immunohistochemistry."
recorded 2026-08-11 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Could one person measure Glutamine's effect on reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea?
Reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea: measured in Glutamine's trials.
Interpretation reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea; 2026-09-01
reduction of chronic treatment related to enteropathy; 2026-09-01
death or late onset sepsis; 2026-09-01
occurrences of painful sickle cell crises; 2026-09-01
resting energy expenditure from baseline to 12 months; 2026-09-01
m at 1 5 months; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
28 day mortality; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
gut function; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
peripheral neuropathy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
gastric emptying; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
reduction in diarrhea; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
mortality; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
length of icu stay; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ventilator days; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
days receiving antibiotics; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
veno occlusive disease; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
mucositis; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
reduction in toxicity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
acute radiation enteritis; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; 2026-06-10
human trials at or under30
42
smallest human trial
0; NCT00181753; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of 28 day mortality, acute radiation enteritis and bloodstream infections did Glutamine's trials measure?
28 day mortality, acute radiation enteritis and bloodstream infections lead 40 outcome terms across Glutamine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
occurrences of painful sickle cell crises, resting energy expenditure from baseline to 12 months, m at 1 5 months, 28 day mortality, gut function and peripheral neuropathy follow.
Show the evidence
reduction of acute treatment related to diarrhea
1
reduction of chronic treatment related to enteropathy
1
death or late onset sepsis
1
occurrences of painful sickle cell crises
1
resting energy expenditure from baseline to 12 months
1
m at 1 5 months
1
14 more recorded rows
28 day mortality
1
gut function
1
peripheral neuropathy
1
gastric emptying
1
reduction in diarrhea
1
mortality
1
length of icu stay
1
ventilator days
1
days receiving antibiotics
1
incidence of vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy
1
veno occlusive disease
1
mucositis
1
reduction in toxicity
1
acute radiation enteritis
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Glutamine's 5 ongoing trials reports first?
Number of participants with recurrent CDI.; To determine if oral glutamine supplementation will improve the Symptom Severity Scale in Veterans with GWI and chronic GI Symptoms.; latest 2028-11-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT04305769
"Alanyl-glutamine Supplementation for C. Difficile Treatment (ACT)"; n 260; "Number of participants with recurrent CDI."; 2027-06-30
NCT05972291
"Mechanisms of Gulf War Illness"; n 80; "To determine if oral glutamine supplementation will improve the Symptom Severity Scale in Veterans with GWI and chronic GI Symptoms."; 2027-09-30
NCT06027242
"Oral Supplementation of Glutamine on Gastric Cancer Patients After Gastrectomy"; n 120; "Change of area of psoas muscle"; 2026-08-30
NCT06617182
"Efficacy and Safety of Thalidomide Combined With Glutamine in the Treatment of Radiation Intestinal Injury."; n 150; "Treatment response rate."; 2028-11-01
NCT07287592
"Glutamine for the Prophylaxis of Vincristine-induced Neuropathy in Children and Adolescents With Cancer."; n 70; "safety outcome"; 2027-04-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 35 trials of Glutamine posted no result?
Posted no result
35 of 35 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00005775, NCT00003170, NCT00003898, NCT00010634, NCT00213668 and NCT00016653, and 29 more
Completion dates
oldest 2001-08; newest 2022-12-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00005775
2001-08
NCT00003170
2003-06
NCT00003898
2004-01
NCT00010634
2004-07
NCT00213668
2005-12-31
NCT00016653
2006-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT00296621
2007-11
NCT00213551
2008-06
NCT00838149
2008-11
NCT00910442
2009-02
NCT00943020
2009-11
NCT00772824
2009-12
NCT00255229
2010-01
NCT00645879
2010-02
NCT01051999
2011-02
NCT00828399
2011-05
NCT00455247
2012-01
NCT01798342
2012-07
NCT01087658
2013-03
NCT03048994
2013-06
Q9
At the median, Glutamine's trials enrolled 40 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
40
Largest enrolment
1433
Registered trials counted
94
Q10
What do 37 spontaneous reports say about Glutamine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Glutamine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 5 most-reported reaction terms, 37 reaction mentions were counted: sickle cell anaemia with crisis 19; febrile neutropenia 8; hospitalisation 6; therapy interrupted 3. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL930 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
sickle cell anaemia with crisis
19
febrile neutropenia
8
hospitalisation
6
therapy interrupted
3
alloimmunisation
1
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Glutamine studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Glutamine's label sentences: "A 6-week randomized controlled trial was conducted, assigning participants to either a glutamine supplementation group (ExGln) or a placebo group (ExPla), both undergoing a standardized exercise program." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-01-15
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
A 6-week randomized controlled trial was conducted, assigning participants to either a glutamine supplementation group (ExGln) or a placebo group (ExPla), both undergoing a standardized exercise program.
"To clarify whether glutamine induces autophagy to promote skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia through integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses."
AMPKPMID 42045032
"The key findings were validated in C2C12 myoblasts treated with glutamine (Gln) and an AMPK inhibitor."
mTORPMID 42045032
"In C2C12 myoblasts, treatment with glutamine obviously promoted autophagy, activated AMPK/FOXO3a signaling and inhibited the mTOR pathway, and these effects were strongly blocked by the AMPK inhibitor."
AMPKPMID 42045032
"In C2C12 myoblasts, treatment with glutamine obviously promoted autophagy, activated AMPK/FOXO3a signaling and inhibited the mTOR pathway, and these effects were strongly blocked by the AMPK inhibitor."
autophagyPMID 42045032
"In C2C12 myoblasts, treatment with glutamine obviously promoted autophagy, activated AMPK/FOXO3a signaling and inhibited the mTOR pathway, and these effects were strongly blocked by the AMPK inhibitor."
7 more recorded rows
mTORPMID 42045032
"Glutamine promotes autophagy through activation of the AMPK/FOXO3a signaling axis and suppression of the mTOR pathway, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia."
AMPKPMID 42045032
"Glutamine promotes autophagy through activation of the AMPK/FOXO3a signaling axis and suppression of the mTOR pathway, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia."
autophagyPMID 42045032
"Glutamine promotes autophagy through activation of the AMPK/FOXO3a signaling axis and suppression of the mTOR pathway, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia."
senolyticPMID 42688195
"Building on those directional findings, this short communication proposes a minimal three-arm oral regimen with unequal evidentiary weight: first, the Cheung Glutamatergic Regimen, consisting of low-dose dextromethorphan potentiated by a CYP2D6 inhibitor together with piracetam and L-glutamine, as an exploratory adjunct aimed at preserving residual functional connectivity; second, daily…"
NAD+PMID 42688195
"Building on those directional findings, this short communication proposes a minimal three-arm oral regimen with unequal evidentiary weight: first, the Cheung Glutamatergic Regimen, consisting of low-dose dextromethorphan potentiated by a CYP2D6 inhibitor together with piracetam and L-glutamine, as an exploratory adjunct aimed at preserving residual functional connectivity; second, daily…"
"Inhibition of the glutamine-fueled TCA cycle using NAD<sup>+</sup>-depleting complex I inhibitors promotes MYC-dependent synthetic lethality in breast cancer cells."
sirtuin
PMID 42508531
"In conclusion, NMN alleviates oxidative stress and improves HFSC function in AA by activating the SIRT7-GLS1 axis and enhancing glutamine metabolism, revealing a novel therapeutic target for AA."
PMID 39682281
"Furthermore, SIRT5 modulates glutamine and glutathione metabolism, offering an avenue to disrupt PDAC's metabolic dependencies."
recorded 2026-09-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL 37 — CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported · ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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