Its recorded molecular formula is C6H13N3O3, weighing 175.19.
PubChem record · 9750 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Fertility and sexual health
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Fertility and sexual health
testosterone; testosterone to cortisol
Pain
visual analogue scale pain
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Fat Mass
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04630977
How many people
3000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Measured performance
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Adverse pregnancy outcome
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05934318
How many people
2960
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Adverse disease outcome
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06426147
How many people
2200
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The remission rate of gastrointestinal dysfunction
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03048903
How many people
400
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
What a body can do day to day
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change in linear growth based on absolute height gain over 3 months intervention period
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06739629
How many people
342
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04979793
How many people
338
Study design
Phase 1
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.8 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
asthma control questionnaire
visual analogue scale pain
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
blood pressure
aortic blood pressure
ambulatorial blood pressure monitoring
systolic blood pressure
diastolic blood pressure
blood pressure control during the cold pressor test
flow mediated dilation
creatinine
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (30)
gi perfusion
gut damage
microcirculation
exhaled nitric oxide
myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate
claudication distance
volume of distribution
treatment related adverse events as assessed by ctcae v4 0
reactive hyperemic index
blood flow
vascular function
arginine production
asthma control test
sofa
arterial pressure
endothelial function
arterial stiffness
arginine bioavailability
reactive hyperemia
muscle hyperemia
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1676 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (11)
Q1
What did Citrulline's largest trial (2960 people) and its longest (9.4 years) measure?
2960 people in Citrulline's largest registered study, 9.4 years in its longest registered window, measuring Peak plasma citrulline concentration (Cmax). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
31 na, 14 phase1, 13 phase2, 6 phase3, 2 early phase1, 1 phase4; NCT06312748; 2030-09-30. Last human test completed 2024, NCT05722860.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Citrulline was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
31
phase1
14
phase2
13
phase3
6
early phase1
2
phase4
1
1 more recorded row
Last recorded human testNCT05722860
2024-12-28
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Citrulline shown lifespan?
7 of Citrulline's trials stopped: futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
futility/efficacy (1), accrual/recruitment (1), funding/business (1) and other (4): Citrulline's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Principal Investigator moved to another institution"; 7 of 61 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02659644
withdrawn; "Principal Investigator moved to another institution"
NCT02772887
terminated; "Inability to successfully recruit study participants"
NCT03542812
terminated; "The study stopped enrollment prior to the initially projected 18 subjects per phase due to lack of funding to continue to recertify the drug and because an adequate number of subjects were enrolled for each phase to analyze…"
NCT04770155
terminated; "Despite significant effort, we were unable to obtain the supply of drugs and supplements needed for the various arms of this Clinical Trial."
NCT04852172
terminated; "Impacted by viraemia resulting in higher than expected admissions"
NCT04979793
suspended; "At the request of the PI"
1 further recorded trialNCT05253209
terminated; "Interim Analysis triggered futility"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Citrulline used L-citrulline tablets, 1000 mg — over how long?
Change in Asthma Control Questionnaire; Safety of oral L-Citrulline administration; latest 2030-09-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03885245
"Supplementing L-citrulline to Overweight Late Asthma oNset Phenotypes"; n 60; "Change in Asthma Control Questionnaire"; 2026-06-30
NCT05259904
"Study to Improve Deployment Related Asthma by Using L-Citrulline Supplementation"; n 75; "Change in Asthma Control Questionnaire"; 2028-10
NCT05636397
"Safety and PK-PD Study of Oral L-CIT in Preterm Infants With BPD±PH and NEC"; n 36; "Safety of oral L-Citrulline administration"; 2028-03
NCT05934318
"L-ArGinine to pRevent advErse prEgnancy Outcomes (AGREE)"; n 2960; "Adverse pregnancy outcome"; 2026-12-30
NCT06212765
"Oral Citrulline Supplementation in COPD Patients With Malnutrition"; n 60; "Fat Free Mass Index"; 2026-09-25
NCT06312748
"Novel Approaches for Improving Vascular Function in Veterans With HFpEF"; n 90; "Flow-mediated dilation (FMD)"; 2030-09-30
5 further recorded trials
NCT06426147
"L-citrulline to Improve Adverse Outcomes in Admitted Children (EChiLiBRiST, Clinical Trial 2, Inpatients)"; n 2200; "Adverse disease outcome"; 2027-08-01
NCT06635902
"Intravenous L-Citrulline for Vaso-occlusive Pain Episode in Sickle Cell Disease"; n 99; "Time-to-crisis resolution"; 2029-03
NCT06989567
"A Study of Intravenous L-Citrulline in Patients Aged 6-21 Years Old With Sickle Cell Disease Presenting to Emergency Departments in Acute Vaso-Occlusive Crisis"; n 120; "Change in pain score from baseline to discharge"; 2029-06
NCT07617909
"L-Citrulline Versus Tamsulosin for Medical Expulsive Therapy of Distal Ureteral Stones"; n 120; "Stone Expulsion Rate Within 4 Weeks"; 2026-11
NCT07642505
"L-Citrulline and Tadalafil for Mild to Moderate Erectile Dysfunction"; n 133; "Change in International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function Domain Score"; 2026-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 31 trials of Citrulline posted no result?
Posted no result
31 of 31 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00223730, NCT00756080, NCT00201214, NCT00335244, NCT00950976 and NCT01462591, and 25 more
Completion dates
oldest 2007-12; newest 2024-07-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00223730
2007-12
NCT00756080
2009-01
NCT00201214
2009-12
NCT00335244
2009-12
NCT00950976
2010-08
NCT01462591
2012-05
14 further recorded trials
NCT00714675
2013-01
NCT00743210
2013-06
NCT02315391
2013-12
NCT01599676
2014-12
NCT02104375
2014-12
NCT01715844
2017-06-01
NCT03127917
2017-12-31
NCT02417428
2018-12
NCT02943161
2019-03-31
NCT02809170
2019-06
NCT02521220
2019-08-30
NCT02864017
2020-04
NCT02801695
2020-12-01
NCT04404426
2021-05-28
Q9
At the median, Citrulline's trials enrolled 36 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
36
Largest enrolment
2960
Registered trials counted
61
Q10
Was Citrulline studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Citrulline's label sentences: "Although L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation improves endothelial function in older women and decreases fasting glucose in those with T2DM, whether it improves vascular function and blood glucose during acute hyperglycemic states in T2DM is unknown. <b>Methods:</b> We randomized 16 patients with…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-05-19
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
Although L-citrulline (CIT) supplementation improves endothelial function in older women and decreases fasting glucose in those with T2DM, whether it improves vascular function and blood glucose during acute hyperglycemic states in T2DM is unknown. <b>Methods:</b> We randomized 16 patients with T2DM (age 62 ± 6 years) to consume either CIT (6 g/day) or placebo for 4 weeks.
exercise
This pilot randomized controlled trial examined whether short-term (6-week) citrulline malate (CM) supplementation combined with multicomponent exercise could improve physical function, metabolic biomarkers, and quality of life in physically active older women.
recorded 2026-05-19 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
What is recorded about Citrulline and AMPK?
"This was achieved through the regulation of key metabolites (e.g., L-ornithine, L-citrulline, and fumaric acid) and key targets (Abcg8, Ctsk, Ciapin1, and Esr1), and activation of the ESR1/AMPK and LKB1/AMPK signaling pathways." — where Citrulline and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-25
"This was achieved through the regulation of key metabolites (e.g., L-ornithine, L-citrulline, and fumaric acid) and key targets (Abcg8, Ctsk, Ciapin1, and Esr1), and activation of the ESR1/AMPK and LKB1/AMPK signaling pathways."
IGF-1
PMID 40452593
"Results from IGF-1 siRNA experiments indicate that part of the L-citrulline effects on gene expression was dependent on IGF-1."
PMID 40452593
"L-citrulline supplementation improves the IGF-1 signaling pathway in preeclampsia, at least partly, via polyamine production."
autophagyPMID 41938116
"Particular emphasis is placed on the multifaceted protective role of L-citrulline, which acts through synergistic mechanisms involving modulation of the arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway, preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis, restoration of autophagy flux, and suppression of apoptotic signaling."
mTORPMID 40053596
"Mechanistically, citrulline served as a potential inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in macrophage and regulated the mTOR-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-glycolysis signaling pathway to counter inflammation and aging."
autophagy
"Metabolomics analysis revealed that activation of autophagy by DR significantly alleviated the glutamate, aspartate n-acetyl-l-glutamate, ornithine, argininosuccinate, and citrulline levels in the liver induced by CAS."
recorded 2026-08-25 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 3 required field(s) not terminal: Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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