The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 29 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Strength
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
pain; knee pain
Strength
muscle strength
Blood sugar
glucose
Energy
fatigue
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Baseline to end-line change in the prevalence of stunting among children 0-59 months of age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06025786
How many people
13200
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of home fortification sachets consumed
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02593136
How many people
11861
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among children 0-6 months of age
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01678716
How many people
8800
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Product sales and use (coverage)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01088958
How many people
7200
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Prevalence of low birthweight
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05836961
How many people
5500
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Stunting in Children at 18 mo
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01562379
How many people
5449
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.3 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.3 registered measures of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.9 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Yeast, C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
symptom severity scale
pain
health related quality of life
knee pain
fatigue
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
decrease in supine systolic blood pressure
hemoglobin
hemoglobin levels
hemoglobin level
hemoglobin concentration
systolic blood pressure
muscle strength
glucose
serum ferritin
heart rate
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
functional disability
functional capacity
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (23)
incidence of diarrhea
whose rebleeds decreased from baseline by 50 at 12 months
cessation of bleeding
oxidative stress
incidence of placental malaria
infant birth weight
maximum change from baseline in hb during weeks 3 13
proportion recovered from moderate acute malnutrition
maternal change in mid upper arm circumference
infant birth length
premature delivery
psychomotor development
complete blood count
glycemic response
feasibility of enrolling in the trial
fecal calprotectin
side effects
stride length
knee range of motion
nrf2 expression
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Directions Take Heating Patch out ofpackaging.Use immediatelyafter package is opened. Remove paper from theadhesive backing. Place on pain area againsunderwear/clothing, not against skin.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Topical
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as patch, given by the topical route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Topical
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1 product lists this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 1 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 73076-179 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as patch, taken topical.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 73076-179 · read 2026-08-29
1 published label names it as an active ingredient. 1 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 31142e15-aab1-5787-e063-6394a90a16d4 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · 31142e15-aab1-5787-e063-6394a90a16d4 · read 2026-08-29
19078 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein, botanical, mineral and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Iron's largest trial (406902 people) and its longest (16 years) measure?
406902 people in Iron's largest registered study, 16 years in its longest registered window, measuring Change in Hb concentration from baseline to week 8. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
39 na, 27 phase4, 23 phase3, 11 phase2, 5 na or unstated, 3 phase1; NCT00223717; 2017-01; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05678647.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Iron was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
39
phase4
27
phase3
23
phase2
11
na or unstated
5
phase1
3
1 more recorded row
Last recorded human testNCT05678647
2026-03-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From yeast to human: where has Iron shown lifespan?
C. elegans: lifespan, Drosophila: lifespan, NHP: healthspan, yeast: mechanism-only, mouse: biomarker, rat: mechanism-only, dog: mechanism-only and human: biomarker (105): the rungs where Iron has a recorded finding. Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov · organism ladder · 2026-09-01
Change in Hb concentration from baseline to week 8. — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
lifespan
NHP
healthspan
yeast
mechanism-only
mouse
biomarker
rat
mechanism-only
2 more recorded rows
dog
mechanism-only
humanNCT01017614
biomarker; Change in Hb concentration from baseline to week 8.; 105
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
12 of Iron's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (4), funding/business (3) and other (5): Iron's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"The study was terminated because of significant enrollment challenges"; 12 of 105 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00223938
terminated; "The study was terminated because of significant enrollment challenges"
NCT00459225
withdrawn; "Difficulty recruiting subjects"
NCT00497471
terminated; "Follow-up end in 1999"
NCT01155375
terminated; "Several factors contributed to significant challenges in enrollment and led the Sponsor to discontinue the AMAG-FER-CKD-251 study as designed."
NCT01155388
terminated; "Several factors contributed to significant challenges in enrollment and led the Sponsor to discontinue the AMAG-FER-CKD-252 study as designed."
NCT01908543
terminated; "Technical issues with availability of relevant personnel"
6 further recorded trials
NCT01975272
terminated; "Disapointing randomization rate"
NCT02564796
terminated; "COVID"
NCT02839096
terminated; "Lack of funds, PI left University"
NCT03944733
withdrawn; "The study was never started as a result of change of personnel and funding"
NCT05114278
terminated; "Study suspended due to a new development; the project was no longer feasible."
NCT05981794
withdrawn; "PI left institution and changed to new PI, there was no funding secured for this study."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Iron used iron (2 mg/kg/daily) — over how long?
4 recorded entries; human; also "60 mg elemental iron", "Iron sulfate 105 mg", "100mg iron fumarate"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00497471
iron (2 mg/kg/daily)
NCT02481375
60 mg elemental iron
NCT02949765
Iron sulfate 105 mg
NCT04008147
100mg iron fumarate
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Did Iron move epigenetic age, and by how much?
epigenetic age: "Lymphocyte and neutrophil proportions were found to partially mediate the causal association of iron status with epigenetic age acceleration." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2026-02-01
9 recorded sentences; 2026, 2025, 2023; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic agePMID 41686558
2026; "Lymphocyte and neutrophil proportions were found to partially mediate the causal association of iron status with epigenetic age acceleration."
DunedinPACE
PMID 40362718
2025; "In a random sample of women from the Sister Study (<i>n</i> = 1260) with measured serum iron (ferritin, iron, transferrin saturation), we used linear regression models to assess cross-sectional associations between standardized serum iron and three methylation-based biological aging metrics (GrimAgeAccel, PhenoAgeAccel, and DunedinPACE), with and without adjustment for smoking, alcohol, menopause…"
PMID 40362718
2025; "In contrast, higher serum iron and transferrin saturation were inversely associated with the biological aging metrics (serum iron, DunedinPACE: -0.02, (-0.07, 0.03); PhenoAgeAccel: -0.04 (-0.10, 0.01); GrimAgeAccel: -0.05 (-0.10, -0.01); transferrin saturation (DunedinPACE: -0.01, (-0.06, 0.05); PhenoAgeAccel: -0.01 (-0.06, 0.05); GrimAgeAccel: -0.05 (-0.10, -0.01)))."
epigenetic clock
PMID 37146762
2023; "Genetic correlations (Rg) and bidirectional causal effects between systemic iron status and epigenetic clocks have not been fully investigated, although observational studies have suggested systemic iron status is associated with human aging."
PMID 37146762
2023; "We explored the genetic correlations and bidirectional causal effects between systemic iron status and epigenetic clocks."
GrimAgePMID 37146762
2023; "Leveraging large-scale genome-wide association study summary-level statistics for 4 systemic iron status biomarkers (ferritin, serum iron, transferrin, and transferrin saturation) (N = 48,972) and 4 measures for epigenetic age (GrimAge, PhenoAge, intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA), and HannumAge) (N = 34,710), genetic correlations, and bidirectional causal effects were estimated between…"
PhenoAgePMID 37146762
2023; "The LDSC results illustrated Rg between serum iron and PhenoAge (Rg = 0.1971, P = 0.048) and between transferrin saturation and PhenoAge (Rg = 0.196, P = 0.0469)."
epigenetic clock
PMID 37146762
2023; "Additionally, reverse MR study indicated no significant causal effect of epigenetic clocks on systemic iron status."
PMID 37146762
2023; "All 4 iron status biomarkers had a significant or suggestively significant causal effect on epigenetic clocks, whereas reverse MR studies did not."
6 recorded sentences naming Iron; U-shaped, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 41775437
"Dose-response analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship for iron intake (inflection point: 11.7 mg/day)."
PMID 42231585
"According to the RCS analysis, a significant (<i>P</i> overall < .001, <i>P</i> nonlinearity < .001) non-linear U-shaped correlation was observed between all iron metabolism markers and severe SA-AKI."
PMID 41217822
"We observed a U-shaped association between dietary iron intake and gastric cancer risk."
PMID 41217822
"This U-shaped association was also observed in both sexes, in all types of dietary iron intake (i.e., heme and nonheme), and among individuals with noncardia gastric cancer."
PMID 41217822
"We found a U-shaped association between dietary iron intake and gastric cancer risk."
dose-responsePMID 41775437
"Based on data from 4,370 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2017-2018), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to assess the associations between iron status indicators and kidney stone risk, and used restricted cubic splines to examine potential dose-response relationships."
recorded 2026-06-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Could one person measure Iron's effect on decrease in supine systolic blood pressure?
Decrease in supine systolic blood pressure: measured in Iron's trials.
Interpretation decrease in supine systolic blood pressure is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
decrease in supine systolic blood pressure; 2026-09-01
hemoglobin; 2026-09-01
incidence of diarrhea; 2026-09-01
whose rebleeds decreased from baseline by 50 at 12 months; 2026-09-01
cessation of bleeding; 2026-09-01
oxidative stress; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
incidence of placental malaria; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
infant birth weight; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
maximum change from baseline in hb during weeks 3 13; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hemoglobin levels; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
symptom severity scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hemoglobin level; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hemoglobin concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
proportion recovered from moderate acute malnutrition; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
maternal change in mid upper arm circumference; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
infant birth length; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
premature delivery; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
psychomotor development; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
systolic blood pressure; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
complete blood count; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
26
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00459225; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q8
Which of ampk levels, cessation of bleeding and complete blood count did Iron's trials measure?
ampk levels, cessation of bleeding and complete blood count lead 40 outcome terms across Iron's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
whose rebleeds decreased from baseline by 50 at 12 months, cessation of bleeding, oxidative stress, incidence of placental malaria, infant birth weight and maximum change from baseline in hb during weeks 3 13 follow.
Show the evidence
decrease in supine systolic blood pressure
1
hemoglobin
1
incidence of diarrhea
1
whose rebleeds decreased from baseline by 50 at 12 months
1
cessation of bleeding
1
oxidative stress
1
14 more recorded rows
incidence of placental malaria
1
infant birth weight
1
maximum change from baseline in hb during weeks 3 13
1
hemoglobin levels
1
symptom severity scale
1
hemoglobin level
1
hemoglobin concentration
1
proportion recovered from moderate acute malnutrition
Systolic blood pressure; Change in muscle strength; latest 2028-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03042988
"Overnight Trials With Heat Stress in Autonomic Failure Patients With Supine Hypertension"; n 20; "Systolic blood pressure"; 2026-12-30
NCT03991169
"Oral Iron in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease"; n 40; "Change in muscle strength"; 2028-12-31
NCT04008147
"Hepcidin and Glucose Metabolism"; n 30; "Serum hepcidin"; 2025-12-31
NCT05708170
"Impact of Intravenous Iron on Musculoskeletal Function in Older Adults"; n 100; "Muscle Quality Index (MQI)"; 2027-01
NCT06427200
"Efficacy and Safety of Lactoferrin in Heart Failure Patients"; n 114; "Change in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL)"; 2027-07
NCT06550362
"Daily Iron vs Every-other-day Iron for Pediatric Patients With IDA"; n 100; "Hemoglobin stabilization"; 2027-05
7 further recorded trials
NCT06637137
"Patient Blood Management in Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery"; n 464; "Percentage of patients receiving RBC transfusion within post-operative day 7"; 2027-02-28
NCT06648018
"Comparison of Nutritional Information With Iron-succinate Supplementation in Healthy Women"; n 80; "Ferritin blood test"; 2025-01
NCT06670963
"Use of Epoetin Alfa and Iron Derisomaltose in Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Sepsis or Septic Shock: a Randomized Controlled Trial"; n 200; "Hemoglobin concentration difference at exit from the study"; 2027-04-01
NCT07237087
"Masseter Muscle Stiffness After Heat Application and Percussion Therapy"; n 40; "Masseter muscle stiffness"; 2026-03-31
NCT07569601
"The Effect of Heat Pads and Foam Rolling on Strength in Athletes."; n 38; "Force Production"; 2028-08-30
NCT07613190
"Adjunctive Oral Iron Supplementation in Atopic Dermatitis"; n 124; "• Change in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score from baseline to week 12."; 2027-10
NCT07659184
"IRONCARE: Iron Treatment in Older Patients With Hip Fractures"; n 528; "Fatigue"; 2028-09-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which 38 trials of Iron posted no result?
Posted no result
38 of 38 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00998998, NCT00284700, NCT00822380, NCT01047098, NCT01092377 and NCT01507792, and 32 more
Completion dates
oldest 1996-07; newest 2024-08-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00998998
1996-07
NCT00284700
2001-05
NCT00822380
2004-11
NCT01047098
2010-04
NCT01092377
2010-12
NCT01507792
2011-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT01017614
2012-08
NCT01913808
2013-01
NCT01414374
2013-03
NCT01119612
2013-05
NCT01308112
2013-05
NCT01443624
2013-08
NCT01670955
2013-12
NCT01991626
2014-08
NCT00558454
2014-11
NCT01131624
2015-04
NCT01820052
2015-12
NCT01857011
2016-06
NCT01787526
2016-08
NCT02120599
2016-08
Q11
At the median, Iron's trials enrolled 100 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
100
Largest enrolment
406902
Registered trials counted
104
Q12
Was Iron studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Iron's label sentences: "A randomized, open-label, two-cohort, two-period, single-dose crossover study was conducted to assess the effect of food on iron absorption when 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate (approximately 120 mg of ferric iron) was administered under fasted and fed (immediately after a meal) conditions." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-07-17
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
A randomized, open-label, two-cohort, two-period, single-dose crossover study was conducted to assess the effect of food on iron absorption when 500 mg ferric citrate hydrate (approximately 120 mg of ferric iron) was administered under fasted and fed (immediately after a meal) conditions.
exercise
The Effect of Oral sucRosomIal Iron on exerciSE Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure (RISE-HF; NCT06270498) is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study enrolling 60 patients with HF with left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, ID (transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20%), ferritin <400 μg/L and hemoglobin (Hb) 10-16 g/dL.
recorded 2026-07-17 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Iron and mTOR?
"Further, iron overload activated mTOR signaling and downregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation." — where Iron and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-02
"Further, iron overload activated mTOR signaling and downregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation."
AMPKPMID 42393564
"Further, iron overload activated mTOR signaling and downregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation."
autophagyPMID 41777735
"Current evidence demonstrates that SMN loss arises from the coordinated activation of multiple programmed cell death (PCD) pathways-including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and impaired autophagy-regulated by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload, iron dyshomeostasis, and inflammasome activation."
sirtuinPMID 40109363
"Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD + -dependent histone deacetylase, has emerged as a pivotal epigenetic regulator with the potential to regulate ferroptosis through a wide array of genes intricately associated with lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, glutathione biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis."
NAD+PMID 40109363
"Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD + -dependent histone deacetylase, has emerged as a pivotal epigenetic regulator with the potential to regulate ferroptosis through a wide array of genes intricately associated with lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, glutathione biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis."
sirtuinPMID 41692973
"We further highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting ferritinophagy and propose future research directions aimed at harnessing this pathway for the treatment of organ injuries.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACO1/IRP1: aconitase 1; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CARM1/PRMT4: coactivator associated…"
7 more recorded rows
autophagyPMID 41692973
"We further highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting ferritinophagy and propose future research directions aimed at harnessing this pathway for the treatment of organ injuries.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACO1/IRP1: aconitase 1; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CARM1/PRMT4: coactivator associated…"
mTORPMID 42364854
"GRk1 activated AMPK while suppressing mTOR signaling, leading to NCOA4-dependent ferritinophagy, ferritin degradation, and intracellular iron accumulation."
AMPKPMID 42364854
"GRk1 activated AMPK while suppressing mTOR signaling, leading to NCOA4-dependent ferritinophagy, ferritin degradation, and intracellular iron accumulation."
mTORPMID 41176258
"This process is modulated by signaling networks such as MAPK, cGAS-STING, NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR, and NRF2, which link iron metabolism to inflammatory responses."
AMPKPMID 41176258
"This process is modulated by signaling networks such as MAPK, cGAS-STING, NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR, and NRF2, which link iron metabolism to inflammatory responses."
autophagyPMID 41925978
"Aromatic amino acid metabolism modulates autophagic responses and a determinant of GBM susceptibility to iron deprivation."
sirtuinPMID 41527519
"The results showed that compared with the model group, the EA treatment group and the Fer-1 (iron inhibitor) treatment group revealed improved ferroptosis and memory function in hippocampal neurons, while the EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) treatment group did not reveal any improvement."
recorded 2026-07-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
Iron Powder, CARBONYL IRON, ELECTROLYTIC IRON, FERRUM METALLICUM [HPUS], IRON [HSDB], IRON [MART.], IRON [MI], IRON [VANDF], IRON, CARBONYL, IRON, CARBONYL [FCC]
Development code
FE
Sources (10)
Sources
ClinicalTrials.govclinicaltrials.gov ·
ClinicalTrials.govClinicalTrials.gov API v2 snapshot 2026-09-01T09:00:05 ·
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.