This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Iodine does in the body
Taken for thyroid support and metabolism, often as a kelp supplement
Thyroid hormone is essentially a small molecule with iodine atoms attached, and there is no substitute atom. A special pump concentrates iodide from your blood into the thyroid gland, where an enzyme attaches it to a scaffold protein and assembles the hormone. If iodine runs short the gland grows in an attempt to trap more of it, which is a goitre — and in a fetus or infant, the shortage of thyroid hormone during brain development causes damage that cannot be undone later. Taking more iodine than the gland needs does not make more hormone. It disturbs the gland's own regulation, and the trials show that showing up as thyroid disease rather than as extra energy.
What happened in people
Five-year cumulative subclinical hypothyroidism rose from 0.2% at mildly deficient intake to 2.6% at more than adequate and 2.9% at excessive
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The recorded finding that sits closest to something a person would notice. Written into the record, not signed off, and it carries no population or interval.
That because iodine deficiency causes severe disease, more iodine is safer than less
Where it acts
Thyroid follicular cell, where the sodium-iodide symporter concentrates iodide at the basolateral membrane and thyroid peroxidase organifies it at the apical surface
Kind of result
The kind of result is not recorded
Supervision
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 9679TC07X4 · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as mineral, under the name Iodine.
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
A limit recorded against this substance. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The four opening statements run to 152 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Randomisation
Randomisation means chance decides who gets which treatment.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a coin toss deciding the groups.
Where that stops being true. A coin toss is fair once. Fairness here comes from doing it for everyone.
What people get wrong. It is thought to make groups identical. It makes them similar on average, including on things nobody measured.
Allocation of participants to arms by a chance process, so that unmeasured factors are balanced in expectation.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 11 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
fasting insulin
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Five-year cumulative incidence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and of autoimmune thyroiditis
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
Teng 2006 — effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China
How many people
3018
Study design
Prospective five-year cohort across three regions of differing iodine intake
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Subclinical hypothyroidism 0.2%, 2.6% and 2.9% at mildly deficient, more than adequate and excessive intake; autoimmune thyroiditis 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3%; overt hypothyroidism 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.3%
Repeated elsewhere
Partially Replicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Excess risk concentrated among participants who were euthyroid but antibody-positive at baseline — a group that is asymptomatic and unidentified in ordinary practice. This is a regional cohort comparison rather than a randomised trial, so unmeasured regional differences cannot be excluded.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Cognitive and motor performance across seven tests, with thyroid and iodine status at 24 weeks
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
Zimmermann 2006 — iodised oil and cognition in iodine-deficient Albanian schoolchildren
How many people
310
Study design
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Median urinary iodine rose from 43 to 172 micrograms per litre in the treated group, with marked improvement in thyroid status and in cognitive performance
Repeated elsewhere
Partially Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. The authors note that earlier randomised trials of iodine and cognition in schoolchildren produced equivocal results. The distinguishing feature here is a population with severe unambiguous deficiency — 87% goitrous at baseline — which is why the result does not transfer to replete children.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Proportion of prenatal multivitamin formulations listing iodine, and agreement between labelled and measured content
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
Leung 2013 — iodine content of US prenatal multivitamins
How many people
223
Study design
Analytical and survey review
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Only 51% of 223 formulations list iodine, in varying amounts; measured levels can be discordant from labelled values; NHANES 2001-2006 found only 20.3% of US pregnant women routinely take an iodine-containing supplement
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Iodine is not a mandated component of a US prenatal multivitamin. The American Thyroid Association specifies potassium iodide rather than kelp because of the variability of iodine content in kelp and seaweed.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 3 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Start
Iodine
What a person takes: Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet.
The measurement behind this step
Sold in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA when in supplement form, added to table salt by voluntary fortification, and separately approved as an over-the-counter drug for radiological thyroid blockade at doses about a thousand times the nutritional requirement. Kelp-derived products are the problem format: seaweed iodine content varies by orders of magnitude with species, harvest site and season, which is why the American Thyroid Association specifies potassium iodide for supplementation. Kosher salt, sea salt and processed foods are not iodised, so national iodine supply in wealthy countries is more fragile than the historical success suggests.
Reaching the cell
A pump concentrates iodide into the thyroid
Iodide from food is absorbed into the blood, and a specific pump in the thyroid gland drags it inside against a steep concentration gradient.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
The sodium-iodide symporter NIS (SLC5A5) at the basolateral membrane of the thyrocyte concentrates iodide by one to two orders of magnitude over plasma, driven by the sodium gradient. This transporter is what makes radioiodine imaging and therapy possible, and what a potassium iodide blockade tablet saturates.
At the far side of the cell, an enzyme oxidises the iodide and attaches it to specific spots on a large protein, then joins two of those spots together to make the hormone.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Thyroid peroxidase oxidises iodide and iodinates tyrosyl residues on thyroglobulin, then couples mono- and di-iodotyrosines to form thyroxine and triiodothyronine within the thyroglobulin backbone, which is stored in colloid until proteolysis releases the hormone. Thyroid peroxidase is also the principal autoantigen in autoimmune thyroiditis.
Too little, and the gland grows trying to catch more
When iodine is short, hormone output falls, the pituitary pushes harder, and the thyroid enlarges. In a developing brain the hormone shortage causes permanent damage.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Falling thyroid hormone raises thyrotropin, which drives thyrocyte hyperplasia and goitre. In Zimmermann's Albanian cohort, baseline median urinary iodine was 43 micrograms per litre with 87% goitrous and nearly a third having low total thyroxine, and 24 weeks of iodised oil raised median urinary iodine to 172 with marked improvement in thyroid status and in cognitive performance.
Too much, and the gland shuts its own iodine handling down
A large iodine load acutely blocks hormone production. Normally the gland adapts within days, but in some people it does not, and hypothyroidism follows.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Acutely high intrathyroidal iodide inhibits its own organification — the Wolff-Chaikoff effect — and normal escape occurs through downregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter within days. Failure to escape produces iodine-induced hypothyroidism, and this mechanism is the most likely explanation for the subclinical hypothyroidism gradient in the Chinese cohort. The opposite failure, iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, occurs in nodular glands adapted to long-standing deficiency.
Disease rises at both ends. Deficiency causes goitre and irreversible developmental damage; more than adequate intake raises subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Five-year cumulative subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.2%, 2.6% and 2.9% across mildly deficient, more than adequate and excessive intake regions; autoimmune thyroiditis 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3%. The excess risk concentrated among those euthyroid with antithyroid antibodies at baseline — an asymptomatic group of substantial size in any population.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
fasting insulin
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (10)
gingival index
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale
plaque index
recurrence rate
surgical site infection
contamination
tumor response
incidence of treatment emergent adverse events
retrieved oocytes
mature oocytes
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
People buying kelp or thyroid-support supplements, pregnant and lactating women following the American Thyroid Association recommendation of 150 micrograms daily, people avoiding iodised salt through kosher or sea salt and processed food, and populations in areas without salt iodisation.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
The one-directional model of iodine in which the only risk is deficiency, revised after the Chinese cohort data
US prenatal supplementation, where half of the products aimed at the population that most needs iodine do not contain it
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing.
On this record: Correcting iodine deficiency is among the highest-value interventions in the history of public health and this page says so plainly
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states.
On this record: This is sold as a supplement, so no agency checked what is in a given tub before it was sold.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (8)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA when in supplement form, added to table salt by voluntary fortification, and separately approved as an over-the-counter drug for radiological thyroid blockade at doses about a thousand times the nutritional requirement.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold. The rest of the recorded wording: Kelp-derived products are the problem format: seaweed iodine content varies by orders of magnitude with species, harvest site and season, which is why the American Thyroid Association specifies potassium iodide for supplementation. Kosher salt, sea salt and processed foods are not iodised, so national iodine supply in wealthy countries is more fragile than the historical success suggests.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
At nutritional intakes iodine is well tolerated. Above adequate intake the risks are thyroid-specific and appear at intakes far below anything conventionally called toxic: five-year cumulative subclinical hypothyroidism was more than tenfold higher in Chinese regions with more than adequate intake than in a mildly deficient region, with autoimmune thyroiditis showing the same gradient, and risk concentrated in people who were antibody-positive but euthyroid at baseline. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can occur in people with nodular goitre adapted to long-standing deficiency. Very high acute doses cause gastrointestinal upset, metallic taste, sialadenitis and iodism. Iodine crosses the placenta and is concentrated in breast milk, so excess in pregnancy and lactation can cause neonatal hypothyroidism. Kelp supplements additionally carry variable arsenic, with hijiki-derived material of particular concern.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Iodine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 849 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
drug hypersensitivity — 787 reaction mentions
iodine allergy — 14 reaction mentions
fatigue — 11 reaction mentions
contrast media allergy — 6 reaction mentions
drug tolerance — 6 reaction mentions
headache — 6 reaction mentions
hyperleukocytosis — 6 reaction mentions
placental insufficiency — 5 reaction mentions
contrast media reaction — 4 reaction mentions
gastric bypass — 4 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Iodised salt, oral tablet or capsule as potassium iodide, kelp extract, or an approved 65 or 130 mg blockade tablet
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
A recorded note compares this form with the others that are sold. It is kept below, word for word.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
The recorded note, unchanged: Kelp-derived products are the problem format: seaweed iodine content varies by orders of magnitude with species, harvest site and season, which is why the American Thyroid Association specifies potassium iodide for supplementation. Kosher salt, sea salt and processed foods are not iodised, so national iodine supply in wealthy countries is more fragile than the historical success suggests.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
266 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 32 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 73162-0003 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, gelatin coated, gel, globule, liquid, pellet and solution, taken oral, sublingual and topical.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 73162-0003 · read 2026-08-29
230 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 23 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 2c252ba6-f147-4c22-b432-cd603a9623ac · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 2c252ba6-f147-4c22-b432-cd603a9623ac · read 2026-08-29
13376 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical and mineral.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Recorded price in US: 0.07336 USD per one millilitre, across 2 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: fasting insulin.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That because iodine deficiency causes severe disease, more iodine is safer than less
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That an approved high-dose potassium iodide blockade tablet supports the safety of sustained high-dose supplementation
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That a "thyroid support" supplement helps a thyroid failing from autoimmune thyroiditis, the commonest cause in iodine-replete countries
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That kelp delivers a predictable iodine dose, which is why the American Thyroid Association specifies potassium iodide instead
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Iodine are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
More than adequate iodine raised thyroid disease over five years
In plain words
A Chinese study followed three regions with low, adequate and excessive iodine intake for five years. Subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis rose more than tenfold where intake was above adequate.
What was measured
Five-year cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis by regional iodine intake
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Teng and colleagues followed 3,018 of 3,761 baseline participants (80.2%) from 1999 through 2004 across three Chinese regions with different iodine intakes: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine 84 micrograms per litre), more than adequate (median 243) and excessive (median 651), measuring thyroid hormones and autoantibodies in serum, urinary iodine and B-mode thyroid ultrasonography at baseline and follow-up. Cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.3% across the three regions. Cumulative incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.2%, 2.6% and 2.9%. Cumulative incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis was 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3%. Among subjects euthyroid with antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated thyrotropin was greater with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake. The critical detail for a supplement buyer is the middle column: the harm is not confined to "excessive" intake but appears already at intake described as more than adequate, which is precisely where a person in an iodine-replete country adding a kelp tablet would land.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
In genuinely deficient children, supplementation improved cognition
In plain words
Albanian schoolchildren with severe iodine deficiency — 87 percent had goitres — were randomised to iodised oil or placebo. Their iodine and thyroid status normalised and their cognitive test scores improved.
What was measured
Urinary iodine concentration, thyroid volume, thyroid hormone status and performance across seven cognitive and motor tests at 24 weeks
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Zimmermann and colleagues randomised 310 children aged 10 to 12 in rural southeastern Albania to 400 mg of iodine as oral iodised oil or placebo, in a double-blind trial, with urinary iodine, thyrotropin, total thyroxine and thyroid volume by ultrasound measured at baseline and 24 weeks alongside a battery of seven cognitive and motor tests covering information processing, working memory, visual problem solving, visual search and fine motor skills. At baseline the median urinary iodine concentration was 43 micrograms per litre, 87% were goitrous, and nearly a third had low circulating total thyroxine. At 24 weeks median urinary iodine in the treated group was 172 micrograms per litre and thyroid status had markedly improved. The authors noted that earlier randomised trials of iodine and cognition in schoolchildren had produced equivocal results — the difference here being a population with unambiguous, severe deficiency. That is the whole point: iodine supplementation works where iodine is missing, and this trial is the cleanest available demonstration of it.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Iodine deficiency is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability
In plain words
Globally, more than two billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency, and it remains the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability.
What was measured
Global population at risk of iodine deficiency and its ranking among preventable causes of intellectual impairment
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Zimmermann, Jooste and Pandav's Lancet seminar sets out the scale: iodine deficiency disorders affect populations across the world, the most vulnerable being pregnant and lactating women and young children, and iodine deficiency remains the most common preventable cause of intellectual impairment worldwide. The mechanism is developmental and irreversible — maternal thyroid hormone is required for fetal brain development at stages that cannot be revisited, so the damage from deficiency during pregnancy cannot be corrected by later supplementation. Universal salt iodisation, coordinated internationally since the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders was established in 1985 and the 1990 World Summit for Children, is the intervention that has driven this down. This audit is recorded as measured because it is the fact that gives iodine its status, and because everything else on this page has to be read against it: the deficiency effect here is enormous, and it is not an argument for supplementing a replete adult.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Half of US prenatal vitamins contain no iodine, and labels can be wrong
In plain words
Of 223 prenatal multivitamin formulations sold in the United States, only about half list iodine at all, and the measured amount can differ from the label.
What was measured
Proportion of US prenatal multivitamin formulations listing iodine, and proportion of US pregnant women taking an iodine-containing supplement
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
Leung, Pearce and Braverman record that of the 223 prenatal multivitamin formulations available in the United States, only 51% list iodine, containing varying amounts, and that measured levels can be discordant from labelled values. They also note NHANES data from 2001 to 2006 showing only 20.3% of US pregnant women routinely take an iodine-containing supplement. The American Thyroid Association recommended in 2006 that all pregnant and lactating women in North America take a supplement containing 150 micrograms of iodine daily, updating this in 2011 to include the preconception period and to specify potassium iodide "given the variability of iodine content in kelp and seaweed". This is the inverse of the pattern that runs through the rest of this file. Almost every other entry here concerns a supplement being oversold to people who do not need it; iodine in pregnancy is a supplement that is genuinely needed, genuinely evidenced, and absent from half the products aimed at exactly the population that needs it.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The emergency tablet is a thousand times the requirement, and it works by shutting the gland down
In plain words
Potassium iodide tablets for radiation emergencies are an approved drug at 65 or 130 milligrams. That dose works by blocking the thyroid, not by nourishing it.
What was measured
That the existence of an approved high-dose potassium iodide product supports the safety of sustained high-dose iodine supplementation
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Potassium iodide holds FDA approval as an over-the-counter drug for thyroid blockade — iOSAT under NDA 018664 at 65 and 130 mg, and ThyroSafe under ANDA 076350 at the same strengths. A 130 mg tablet contains roughly 100 mg of iodine, about a thousand times the 150 microgram daily figure recommended in pregnancy. The mechanism is saturation: flooding the sodium-iodide symporter with stable iodide prevents uptake of radioactive iodine, and acutely high intrathyroidal iodide also inhibits its own organification through the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. The inference worth auditing is a common one in supplement marketing: that an approved high-dose iodine product demonstrates the safety of high-dose iodine supplementation. It demonstrates the opposite. The tablet is approved because it reliably interrupts thyroid iodine handling for a day or two, which is exactly the physiology that becomes a problem when sustained.
Source
Drugs@FDA — iOSAT (potassium iodide) NDA 018664 and ThyroSafe ANDA 076350, over-the-counter thyroid blockade
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
caution
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The dose-response is U-shaped, and salt iodisation programmes had to be recalibrated
In plain words
Iodine was long treated as a nutrient where more is safer. The Chinese data showed that raising a population above adequate intake creates a different set of thyroid diseases, and programmes were adjusted.
What was measured
That because iodine deficiency causes severe disease, higher iodine intake is safer than lower
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The classical framing of iodine was one-directional: deficiency causes goitre, cretinism and intellectual impairment, and salt iodisation fixes it. Teng and colleagues measured what happens on the other side of adequate. Across three regions, five-year cumulative subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.2% at mildly deficient intake, 2.6% at more than adequate and 2.9% at excessive; autoimmune thyroiditis was 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.3%. The risk was concentrated in people who already carried antithyroid antibodies while euthyroid at baseline — a large and entirely asymptomatic group that no supplement buyer knows they belong to. The practical consequence was that iodine programmes moved from maximising intake to targeting a range, and national salt iodine concentrations have been revised downward in several countries as a result. The general lesson is the one that recurs throughout this file, in its sharpest form: an essential nutrient with a genuine, severe deficiency disease is not thereby a substance where more is better.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
4 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
Correcting real iodine deficiency transforms outcomes — in Albanian schoolchildren with a median urinary iodine of 43 micrograms per litre and 87% goitrous, supplementation raised median urinary iodine to 172 and improved cognition — while in China, five-year cumulative subclinical hypothyroidism rose from 0.2% in mildly deficient regions to 2.6% where intake was more than adequate and 2.9% where it was excessive.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Iodine's largest trial (3879 people) and its longest (20 years) measure?
3879 people in Iodine's largest registered study, 20 years in its longest registered window, measuring milk iodine concentration. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
10 na, 3 phase3, 3 phase4, 2 na or unstated, 1 phase2; NCT02378246; 2032-06; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2023, NCT05382793.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Iodine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
10
phase3
3
phase4
3
na or unstated
2
phase2
1
Last recorded human testNCT05382793
2023-12-15
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Iodine shown lifespan?
6 recorded entries; human; also "240 mg Iodine/ml IDR 2.0 gI/s", "300 mg Iodine", "300 mg Iodine/ml IDR 2.0 gI/s"
Show the evidence
human
NCT02462044
240 mg Iodine
NCT02462044
240 mg Iodine/ml IDR 2.0 gI/s
NCT02462044
300 mg Iodine
NCT02462044
300 mg Iodine/ml IDR 2.0 gI/s
NCT02462044
370 mg Iodine
NCT05382793
Iodine (300 μg/day)
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Iodine was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "Continuous dose-response analysis revealed a significant U-shaped nonlinear correlation (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), with increased risks at both deficient and excessive iodine levels." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-05-05
7 recorded sentences naming Iodine; U-shaped, dose-response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 41675569
"Continuous dose-response analysis revealed a significant U-shaped nonlinear correlation (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), with increased risks at both deficient and excessive iodine levels."
PMID 41675569
"The relationship between iodine intake and thyroid nodule risk follows a U-shaped, nonlinear pattern, where both deficiency and excess are associated with increased risks."
PMID 42124075
"Although statistical evidence for quadratic non-linearity was attenuated after consolidating overlapping cohorts, the directional pattern across indicators remained consistent with an inverted U-shaped relationship, supporting maintenance of adequate but not excessive iodine nutrition during pregnancy."
dose-response
PMID 41675569
"To evaluate the categorical and quantitative dose-response associations between iodine status levels and the risk of thyroid nodules."
PMID 42124075
"Iodine deficiency during pregnancy remains a leading cause of preventable neurodevelopmental impairment worldwide, yet quantitative characterization of the dose-response relationship between maternal iodine status and child neurodevelopment is lacking."
PMID 42124075
"Exploratory dose-response modeling on the Hedges' g scale suggested that neurodevelopmental performance in the fitted curves approached its maximum within a mid-range of dietary iodine intake (approximately 150-300 µg/d); however, the quadratic non-linearity terms did not reach statistical significance after cohort consolidation (<i>p</i> = 0.612 for dietary intake; <i>p</i> = 0.436 for UI/Cr),…"
PMID 42124075
"Suboptimal maternal iodine status during pregnancy was associated with modest decrements in child neurodevelopmental performance, with exploratory dose-response analyses suggesting that the fitted curves approached their maximum within a mid-range of dietary iodine intake."
recorded 2026-05-05 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Iodine's effect on gingival index?
Gingival index: measured in Iodine's trials.
Interpretation gingival index is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
gingival index; 2026-09-01
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale; 2026-09-01
plaque index; 2026-09-01
recurrence rate; 2026-09-01
fasting insulin; 2026-09-01
surgical site infection; 2026-09-01
5 more recorded rows
biomarkers
contamination; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
tumor response; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of treatment emergent adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
retrieved oocytes; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
mature oocytes; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
2
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
17; NCT05382793; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q7
Which of contamination, eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale and fasting insulin did Iodine's trials measure?
contamination, eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale and fasting insulin lead 11 outcome terms across Iodine's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation recurrence rate, fasting insulin, surgical site infection, contamination, tumor response and incidence of treatment emergent adverse events follow.
Show the evidence
gingival index
1
eibi bleeding eastman indterdental bleeding index scale
Intelligence quotient (IQ) at 3.5 years, WPPSI IV; Number of retrieved oocytes; latest 2032-06
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02378246
"Swedish Iodine in Pregnancy and Development in Children (SWIDDICH) Study"; n 1337; "Intelligence quotient (IQ) at 3.5 years, WPPSI IV"; 2032-06
NCT06721273
"Iodine Supplementation and Fertility Parameters"; n 230; "Number of retrieved oocytes"; 2027-03-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 9 trials of Iodine posted no result?
Posted no result
9 of 9 completed trials
Registrations
NCT01717729, NCT03889431, NCT01985204, NCT02927119, NCT02462044 and NCT00791466, and 3 more
Completion dates
oldest 2012-10; newest 2023-12-15
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01717729
2012-10
NCT03889431
2013-08-10
NCT01985204
2014-07
NCT02927119
2014-12
NCT02462044
2015-09
NCT00791466
2016-05
3 further recorded trials
NCT02018094
2017-01-02
NCT03431701
2019-06-30
NCT05382793
2023-12-15
Q10
At the median, Iodine's trials enrolled 160 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
160
Largest enrolment
3879
Registered trials counted
19
Q11
What do 849 spontaneous reports say about Iodine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Iodine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 849 reaction mentions were counted: drug hypersensitivity 787; iodine allergy 14; fatigue 11; contrast media allergy 6. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1201225 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
drug hypersensitivity
787
iodine allergy
14
fatigue
11
contrast media allergy
6
drug tolerance
6
headache
6
4 more recorded rows
hyperleukocytosis
6
placental insufficiency
5
contrast media reaction
4
gastric bypass
4
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
Was Iodine studied with fasting?
fasting is named in Iodine's label sentences: "We measured participants' fasting red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum folate, homocysteine, thyroglobulin, vitamin B-12 biomarkers, glucose, and insulin, and urinary iodine/creatinine ratios before and during the intervention." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-01-27
1 recorded statement; fasting
Show the evidence
fasting
We measured participants' fasting red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum folate, homocysteine, thyroglobulin, vitamin B-12 biomarkers, glucose, and insulin, and urinary iodine/creatinine ratios before and during the intervention.
recorded 2026-01-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Iodine and IGF-1?
"This study targeted to investigate the potential role of breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during the early stage of lactation in child neurocognitive development." — where Iodine and IGF-1 appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-05-12
"This study targeted to investigate the potential role of breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during the early stage of lactation in child neurocognitive development."
PMID 42023590
"Aberrant activation of IGF ligands, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor isoforms (especially IR-A), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) enhances oncogenic signaling through the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways and disrupts differentiation programs essential for iodine handling."
mTOR
"This study assumes that high iodine intake is related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer, and may affect the cell cycle through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and promote the progress of cancer."
"In addition, the expression of key proteins in the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (such as p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-P706k) was up-regulated in TPC-1 cells treated with high iodine, indicating that the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated."
"After the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 was used, the cell proliferation and migration ability decreased significantly, and cell cycle analysis showed that more cells treated with high iodine entered the S phase, while the proportion of cells in the G1 phase increased after LY294002 treatment."
autophagy
PMID 37651936
"By precisely encapsulating iodine within the cavity of a glucan α-helix via hydrogen bonding, extracellular St NPs prevented excess iodine uptake by thyroid cells in vitro and in vivo; this down-regulated the expression of NIS protein (0.06-fold) and autophagy protein LC3B-II (0.35-fold)."
PMID 31074208
"Notably, inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) could significantly alleviate excessive iodine-induced cognitive impairment."
PMID 31074208
"These data imply that autophagy is involved in the cognitive impairment elicited by excessive iodine as a pathway of cell death, and inhibition of autophagy via 3-MA may significantly alleviate the above damage."
AMPKPMID 30932012
"Activation of AMP-activated-protein-kinase (AMPK), leads to decreased NIS expression and thyroid iodine uptake in in vitro and animal models."
recorded 2026-05-12 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
Bio Iodine, Iodine Tincture (Iodo) First Aid Antiseptic, Bestmade Natural Products Iodium, I2pure Hypodine, Iodo Blanco (Iodine Tincture Decolorized) First Aid Antiseptic, IODDO IODINE, Iodine Tincture, Salicylic Iodine (Iodo Salicilico) First Aid Antiseptic
Salt form
HYPODINE, IODINE 2%, Sold as potassium iodide, sodium iodide or kelp extract; potassium iodide is also an FDA-approved over-the-counter drug (iOSAT, NDA 018664)
Sources (10)
Sources
ClinicalTrials.govclinicaltrials.gov ·
ClinicalTrials.govClinicalTrials.gov API v2 snapshot 2026-09-01T09:00:05 ·
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.