This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Insulin human does in the body
Insulins lower blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production.
From the FDA-approved label: The primary activity of insulin, including NOVOLIN 70/30, is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.
Why people take it. Glycemic control
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as protein.
FDA substance registry · 1Y17CTI5SR · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C257H383N65O77S6, weighing 5808.
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 62 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Biomarker
A biomarker is a number from a test that stands in for something about health.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A biomarker is like a fuel gauge.
Where that stops being true. A gauge is wired to the tank. Many biomarkers are only loosely tied to health.
What people get wrong. A better number is read as a better life. Several medicines improved a number and helped nobody.
A measurable indicator used as a substitute for a clinical outcome of interest.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved15 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
hba1c; glucose infusion rate; blood glucose measurements; postprandial glucose excursion; postprandial glucose excursion following a liquid meal; plasma glucose throughout hospital study period; perform oral glucose tolerance test; blood glucose inpatient
Healthy ageing
mortality
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
15 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Health Activation and Engagement (Non-Inferiority)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07669168
How many people
1000000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Death or non-fatal myocardial infarction
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01411865
How many people
933789
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Mean Change in BMI as Percentage of 95th Percentile
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05627011
How many people
58364
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Increase rate of survival
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05057598
How many people
50000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PSA Screening in Older Men
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04289753
How many people
37134
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Average fasting glucose
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05121844
How many people
31187
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Subcutaneous
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.18 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
□AnimalsNo evidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.No animal record is stored.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hba1c
glycosylated hemoglobin a1c at end of treatment
glucose infusion rate
blood glucose measurements
postprandial glucose excursion
postprandial glucose excursion following a liquid meal
plasma glucose throughout hospital study period
glycosylated hemoglobin
perform oral glucose tolerance test
the areas under the plasma nn 90 1170 curves
and 8 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
mortality
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (21)
postprandial glycemic control
morbidity
fev1
relative risk of major maternal hypoglycaemia
incidence of nosocomial infections in the cardiac icu
auc gir 360 720 min
relative bioavailability
incidence of major hypoglycaemic episodes
optimal glycemic control in inpatient cirrhotics
clearance at steady state for iv treatment group
area under the curve for im treatment group
auc 0 8h
cmax
incidence of hypoglycaemic episodes during the treatment
fasting intact proinsulin
glycemic control
hyperglycemia in the intensive care
persistent hyperglycemia
natriuretic peptide levels
glycerol levels
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
HUMULIN R U-500 is a concentrated human insulin indicated to improve glycemic control in adult and pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus requiring more than 200 units of insulin per day. HUMULIN ® R U-500 is a concentrated human insulin indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus requiring more than 200 units of insulin per day.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of AFREZZA have not been established in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of AFREZZA did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years of age and older to determine whether there were differences in safety between these patients and younger adult patients.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Limited available data with AFREZZA use in pregnant women are insufficient to determine drug-associated risks for adverse developmental outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of AFREZZA in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of AFREZZA has not been studied.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of AFREZZA has not been studied.”
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Given by a clinician
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Subcutaneous
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S9.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as solution, injection, suspension, powder, metered, injection, solution, given by the subcutaneous, intravenous, respiratory (inhalation) route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Insulin human appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 17054 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
blood glucose increased — 5167 reaction mentions
hypoglycaemia — 4944 reaction mentions
blood glucose decreased — 1432 reaction mentions
hyperglycaemia — 1171 reaction mentions
diabetic ketoacidosis — 1089 reaction mentions
diabetes mellitus inadequate control — 913 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Subcutaneous
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
104 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 47 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-9307 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as crystal, injection, solution, injection, suspension, liquid, powder and powder, metered, taken intravenous, oral, parenteral and respiratory (inhalation).
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-9307 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is insulin [cs] and insulin [epc].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0002-9307 · read 2026-08-29
22 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 11 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · dc0ddf27-5c97-4ec4-9032-ecaff0c8f571 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · dc0ddf27-5c97-4ec4-9032-ecaff0c8f571 · read 2026-08-29
3056 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
AFREZZA is respiratory (inhalation) at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Inhalation Powder: 3 single-use cartridges of insulin human as white powder labeled “afrezza”., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-05-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 29f4637b-e204-425b-b89c-7238008d8c10 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Insulin human studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Insulin human are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
7 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
2 of them state the same volumeOfDistribution, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
1Y17CTI5SR
RxNorm concept
311026
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S9.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
2 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was BLA018780, approved 19821028 to LILLY.
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What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
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The full record, for auditing
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Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q2
What did Insulin human's largest trial (7439 people) and its longest (15 years) measure?
7439 people in Insulin human's largest registered study, 15 years in its longest registered window, measuring Mortality (28 day). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
33 phase1, 21 na, 21 phase4, 18 phase2, 17 phase3, 7 na or unstated, 6 early phase1; NCT02102243; 2025-12. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06939959.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Insulin human was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase1
33
na
21
phase4
21
phase2
18
phase3
17
na or unstated
7
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
6
Last recorded human testNCT06939959
2026-04-25
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
Insulin human was tested only in human — what did it show?
14 of Insulin human's trials stopped: safety, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
safety (1), accrual/recruitment (3), funding/business (1) and other (9): Insulin human's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"See termination reason in detailed description."; 14 of 118 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00136916
terminated; "See termination reason in detailed description."
NCT00143247
terminated; "See termination reason in detailed description."
NCT00527397
terminated; "See termination reason in detailed description."
NCT00642616
terminated; "Terminated upon recommendation of the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB)"
NCT01136746
terminated; "Low enrollment"
NCT01308437
terminated; "Business reasons"
8 further recorded trials
NCT01581736
terminated; "PI job change"
NCT01648218
terminated; "Poor enrollment"
NCT02102243
withdrawn; "No longer interested in study topic"
NCT02588950
terminated; "Slow enrollment"
NCT02642523
withdrawn; "Preliminary data run on rat samples showed that this study question and design would not produce conclusive results. The PI decided not to carry out the study."
2 recorded entries; human; also "30% Regular Insulin Human Neutral and 70%Isophane Insulin", "Humulin R (100 units/mL)"
Show the evidence
human
NCT01358435
30% Regular Insulin Human Neutral and 70%Isophane Insulin
NCT04118920
Humulin R (100 units/mL)
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Which of area under the curve for im treatment group, auc 0 8h and auc gir 360 720 min did Insulin human's trials measure?
area under the curve for im treatment group, auc 0 8h and auc gir 360 720 min lead 40 outcome terms across Insulin human's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
morbidity, fev1, glycosylated hemoglobin a1c at end of treatment, relative risk of major maternal hypoglycaemia, incidence of nosocomial infections in the cardiac icu and auc gir 360 720 min follow.
Show the evidence
postprandial glycemic control
1
hba1c
1
mortality
1
morbidity
1
fev1
1
glycosylated hemoglobin a1c at end of treatment
1
14 more recorded rows
relative risk of major maternal hypoglycaemia
1
incidence of nosocomial infections in the cardiac icu
1
auc gir 360 720 min
1
glucose infusion rate
1
relative bioavailability
1
incidence of major hypoglycaemic episodes
1
blood glucose measurements
1
postprandial glucose excursion
1
postprandial glucose excursion following a liquid meal
1
plasma glucose throughout hospital study period
1
optimal glycemic control in inpatient cirrhotics
1
glycosylated hemoglobin
1
clearance at steady state for iv treatment group
1
area under the curve for im treatment group
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Insulin human's 9 ongoing trials reports first?
Determination of the variability of HbA1c (by measurement of standard deviation of HbA1c) between the 2 diabetes treatment thresholds; Percentage of Glucose Time in Range for Study Participants; latest 2032-06
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02879409
"HbA1c Variability in Type II Diabetes"; n 150; "Determination of the variability of HbA1c (by measurement of standard deviation of HbA1c) between the 2 diabetes treatment thresholds"; 2026-10-01
NCT05159453
"Dose Response Study of Transdermal Human Insulin in Patients"; n 30; "Percentage of Glucose Time in Range for Study Participants"; 2027-12-15
NCT06072963
"COMMETS- Combination MCI Metabolic Syndrome"; n 80; "Cognitive change - The effect of the combination of Semaglutide and intranasal insulin on cognitive functioning."; 2028-12-01
NCT06558422
"Human Models of Selective Insulin Resistance: Pancreatic Clamp"; n 36; "Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) (absolute value)"; 2029-02-28
NCT07224321
"INHALE-1st: Afrezza® For Youth With Newly-Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes"; n 100; "Percentage of participants with Continuous Glucose Meter (CGM) measured time in range (TIR) ≥70%"; 2027-09
NCT07341373
"A Single Bolus, 12-hour Euglycemic Clamp Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Glucodynamics (GD) of Intraperitoneal (IP) Portal Insulin U-500"; n 25; "Safety: Incidence of adverse events"; 2026-09
3 further recorded trials
NCT07634770
"Bioavailability, Biopotency and Food Effect Study of SCD0503 Compared to Subcutaneous Regular Human Insulin"; n 16; "AUCins.0-6h, area under the serum insulin concentration curve from 0 to 6 hours"; 2026-10
NCT07653464
"Interplay of Central and Peripheral Vascular Effects of Insulin in Obesity"; n 64; "Amount of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA)"; 2032-06
NCT07720479
"Intranasal Insulin for Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients With T2DM"; n 210; "Postoperative Delirium"; 2028-02-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 55 trials of Insulin human posted no result?
Posted no result
55 of 55 completed trials
Registrations
NCT01511159, NCT00513643, NCT00676819, NCT00567775, NCT01448070 and NCT01467141, and 49 more
Completion dates
oldest 2001-12; newest 2024-06-24
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01511159
2001-12
NCT00513643
2002-06
NCT00676819
2002-07-19
NCT00567775
2002-11-20
NCT01448070
2002-12-20
NCT01467141
2003-10-15
14 further recorded trials
NCT00065130
2003-12
NCT00569400
2004-01-19
NCT00071448
2004-06
NCT00511719
2005-03
NCT01492959
2005-03-23
NCT00365170
2005-04
NCT00135473
2005-09
NCT01492205
2006-06
NCT00315952
2006-12
NCT00246623
2007-03
NCT00562133
2007-03
NCT00147836
2007-10
NCT00719108
2008-09
NCT00752180
2009-04
Q9
At the median, Insulin human's trials enrolled 42 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
42
Largest enrolment
7439
Registered trials counted
118
Q10
What do 17054 spontaneous reports say about Insulin human — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Insulin human appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 17054 reaction mentions were counted: blood glucose increased 5167; hypoglycaemia 4944; blood glucose decreased 1432; hyperglycaemia 1171. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1201631 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
blood glucose increased
5167
hypoglycaemia
4944
blood glucose decreased
1432
hyperglycaemia
1171
diabetic ketoacidosis
1089
diabetes mellitus inadequate control
913
4 more recorded rows
glycosylated haemoglobin increased
797
blood glucose abnormal
547
premature baby
500
hypoglycaemic coma
494
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
What is recorded about Insulin human and IGF-1?
"In these tissues mammalian insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) also had the AC activating effect." — where Insulin human and IGF-1 appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 1999-03-01
IGF-1; PMID 10235632
Show the evidence
IGF-1
PMID 10235632
"In these tissues mammalian insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) also had the AC activating effect."
PMID 10235632
"The order of efficiency of the above peptides based upon their ability to induce the maximal AC activating effect was as follows: relaxin > IGF-1 > insulin (human myometrium); IGF-1 > relaxin > insulin (rat skeletal muscle); molluscan insulin-like peptide > IGF-I > insulin > relaxin (molluscan muscle)."
recorded 1999-03-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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