This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Glucagon does in the body
From the FDA-approved label: Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by activating hepatic glucagon receptors, thereby stimulating glycogen breakdown and release of glucose from the liver.
Hepatic stores of glycogen are necessary for glucagon to produce an antihypoglycemic effect. Extrahepatic effects of glucagon include relaxation of the smooth muscle of the stomach, duodenum, small bowel, and colon.
Why people take it. Severe hypoglycemia
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
Its recorded molecular formula is C153H225N43O49S, weighing 3483.
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 69 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved19 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Recovery
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
glucose; effectiveness of closed loop diabetes control; maximum insulin concentration first phase response; maximum insulin concentration second phase response; insulin area under the curve second phase response; area under the curve for glucose above baseline; glucose levels as measured by the glucose sensor; day and night glucose levels
Energy
energy expenditure
Recovery
time to plasma glucose recovery
Cholesterol
metabolite and lipid profiling
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
19 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Number of participants who received an influenza vaccine
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06030726
How many people
881373
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of participants who received an influenza vaccine
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06600490
How many people
308978
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of participants who received an influenza vaccine
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06030739
How many people
299881
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of participants with any prescription of renin-angiotensin system inhibition and/or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06300086
How many people
28388
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Composite cardiovascular disease (cardiovascular death, non fatal myocardial infarction, non fatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and readmission for acute coronary syndrome)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05782881
How many people
16000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Time to First Occurrence of Any Component Event of Composite (All-Cause Death, Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction (MI), Nonfatal Stroke, Coronary Revascularization, or Heart Failure Events)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05556512
How many people
15374
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.24 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
glucose
maximum insulin concentration first phase response
maximum insulin concentration second phase response
insulin area under the curve second phase response
area under the curve for glucose above baseline
glucose levels as measured by the glucose sensor
day and night glucose levels
pd endpoint plasma glucose profiles 0 360 min above baseline
pd endpoint time to peak plasma glucose concentration
pk endpoint peak plasma concentration
and 14 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (16)
effectiveness of closed loop diabetes control
responders
at least one adverse event
safety and tolerability number of adverse events
safety and tolerability findings in local tolerability
time below 4 0
one or more serious adverse event
energy expenditure
epinephrine
treatment emergent adverse events
hypoglycemic excursions
hyperglycemic excursions
metabolite and lipid profiling
glycogen in muscle and adipose tissue
non specific proteins in muscle and adipose tissue
time in range
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
For the treatment of severe hypoglycemia: Glucagon is indicated as a treatment for severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) which may occur in patients with diabetes mellitus. Because patients with type 1 diabetes may have less of an increase in blood glucose levels compared with a stable type 2 patient, supplementary carbohydrate should be given as soon as possible, especially to a pediatric patient.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of BAQSIMI have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 1 year of age.”
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of BAQSIMI did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger adult patients.”
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from case reports and a small number of observational studies with glucagon use in pregnant women over decades of use have not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There is no information available on the presence of glucagon in human or animal milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production.”
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Injection
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as injectable, powder, solution, injectable, given by the injection, intramuscular, intravenous, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Glucagon appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 295 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
hypotension — 46 reaction mentions
hypoglycaemia — 39 reaction mentions
headache — 37 reaction mentions
nausea — 35 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 31 reaction mentions
vomiting — 25 reaction mentions
bradycardia — 24 reaction mentions
nasal discomfort — 24 reaction mentions
cardiogenic shock — 18 reaction mentions
respiratory failure — 16 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Injection
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
17 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 15 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0548-8351 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution, injection, solution, liquid and powder, taken intramuscular, intravenous, nasal and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0548-8351 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is antihypoglycemic agent [epc], decreased gi motility [pe] and decreased gi smooth muscle tone [pe].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0548-8351 · read 2026-08-29
19 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 17 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 359982a8-ec5c-4927-8c0f-89771e0f942b · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 359982a8-ec5c-4927-8c0f-89771e0f942b · read 2026-08-29
10 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as amino acid/protein and botanical.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Baqsimi is nasal at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Nasal Powder: 3 mg glucagon: as a white powder in an intranasal device containing one dose of glucagon Nasal powder: intranasal device containing one dose of glucagon 3 mg ( 3 ), recorded as fda label in effect 2025-08-06 in the United States.
US prescribing information · f1f5df9b-872f-44e5-a18f-f0b68e7e9254 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 160.531–239.20949 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 8 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Glucagon studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Glucagon are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
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17 documents were read for this substance.
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12 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA012122, approved 19601114 to LILLY.
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6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Glucagon's largest trial (170 people) and its longest (10 years) measure?
170 people in Glucagon's largest registered study, 10 years in its longest registered window, measuring Maximum Glucagon Concentration Observed (Cmax) for 1 mg Dose Level. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
28 phase1, 24 na, 23 phase2, 9 phase3, 9 phase4, 1 early phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT02817659; 2026-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05500586.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Glucagon was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase1
28
na
24
phase2
23
phase3
9
phase4
9
early phase1
1
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT05500586
2026-03-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Glucagon shown lifespan?
"Uterine contractility not possible to visualize with our ultrasound machines"; 8 of 91 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01674283
withdrawn; "Uterine contractility not possible to visualize with our ultrasound machines"
NCT02490098
withdrawn; "Funding terminated"
NCT02701257
terminated; "The study was terminated prior to completing the planned cohorts and analysis because of problems with the infusion set resulting in inadequate insulin delivery"
NCT03217175
terminated; "Lack of appropriate funds"
NCT03490942
terminated; "Primary endpoint was not met"
NCT05454709
withdrawn; "Study medication could not be delivered by manufacturer."
0; NCT01674283; PHASE4; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of area under the curve for glucose above baseline, at least one adverse event and brain adenosine triphosphate concentration did Glucagon's trials measure?
area under the curve for glucose above baseline, at least one adverse event and brain adenosine triphosphate concentration lead 40 outcome terms across Glucagon's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation maximum insulin concentration second phase response, insulin area under the curve second phase response, area under the curve for glucose above baseline, responders, at least one adverse event and safety and tolerability number of adverse events follow.
Show the evidence
glucose
1
effectiveness of closed loop diabetes control
1
maximum insulin concentration first phase response
1
maximum insulin concentration second phase response
1
insulin area under the curve second phase response
1
area under the curve for glucose above baseline
1
14 more recorded rows
responders
1
at least one adverse event
1
safety and tolerability number of adverse events
1
safety and tolerability findings in local tolerability
1
glucose levels as measured by the glucose sensor
1
day and night glucose levels
1
time below 4 0
1
pd endpoint plasma glucose profiles 0 360 min above baseline
1
pd endpoint time to peak plasma glucose concentration
Measure glucagon tolerance in healthy obese subject prior to subject becoming significantly nauseous.; Energy Expenditure; latest 2029-12-19
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02817659
"To Determine Tolerability to Glucagon Infusion in Obese Subjects"; n 20; "Measure glucagon tolerance in healthy obese subject prior to subject becoming significantly nauseous."; 2026-12
NCT03139305
"Effect of Prolonged (72 Hour) Glucagon Administration on Energy Expenditure in Healthy Obese Subjects"; n 30; "Energy Expenditure"; 2027-02
NCT03241706
"Liver Glycogen and Hypoglycemia in Humans"; n 40; "Epinephrine"; 2028-05-31
NCT04007809
"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of New-onset Type I Diabetes"; n 98; "Evaluation of T1D subgroups by using follow-up of clinical parameters : weight in kilograms"; 2027-06-30
NCT06252493
"Value of PET/MR Enterography in the Assessment of Crohn's Disease Using a Collagen-binding Radiotracer."; n 25; "Detection Rate of Fibrotic Strictures with [68Ga]CBP8-PET PET/MRE."; 2029-12-19
NCT06424106
"Effect of Glucagon on Fasting Insulin Secretion and Glucose Metabolism in Subjects Without Type 2 Diabetes"; n 60; "Change in beta-cell responsivity induced by glucagon"; 2027-07-01
5 further recorded trials
NCT06558422
"Human Models of Selective Insulin Resistance: Pancreatic Clamp"; n 36; "Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) (absolute value)"; 2029-02-28
NCT06872060
"The Effects of Glucagon on Renal Regional Blood Flow in Humans Measured by Magnetic Resonance."; n 10; "Blood perfusion of the kidney"; 2027-11-01
NCT06877208
"The Effect of Glucagon on Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Humans"; n 12; "Cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), acute effect (part C)"; 2027-08
NCT07300982
"Studies of Insulin and Glucagon Action in the Liver"; n 40; "Glucose appearance (Ra)"; 2029-12
NCT07366710
"Measuring Amino Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Volunteers and NAFLD Patients Using Total-body PET"; n 36; "Whole-body tracer uptake (SUVmean) assessed using total-body PET/CT"; 2027-10
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 33 trials of Glucagon posted no result?
Posted no result
33 of 33 completed trials
Registrations
NCT02012166, NCT00745186, NCT00817271, NCT00823940, NCT00434772 and NCT01155206, and 27 more
Completion dates
oldest 2005-12; newest 2023-08-08
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02012166
2005-12
NCT00745186
2008-03
NCT00817271
2009-04
NCT00823940
2009-04-27
NCT00434772
2009-05
NCT01155206
2010-01
14 further recorded trials
NCT01916265
2013-11
NCT02367053
2015-04
NCT02416765
2015-10
NCT02459938
2015-10
NCT02237053
2016-06
NCT02626936
2016-06
NCT02660008
2016-06
NCT02475421
2017-01
NCT02798250
2017-03
NCT02748369
2017-03-02
NCT02916251
2017-04-05
NCT02910518
2017-05-03
NCT03444467
2018-05-24
NCT03526445
2019-06-12
Q9
At the median, Glucagon's trials enrolled 20 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
20
Largest enrolment
170
Registered trials counted
90
Q10
What do 295 spontaneous reports say about Glucagon — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Glucagon appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 295 reaction mentions were counted: hypotension 46; hypoglycaemia 39; headache 37; nausea 35. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL5314341 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
hypotension
46
hypoglycaemia
39
headache
37
nausea
35
toxicity to various agents
31
vomiting
25
4 more recorded rows
bradycardia
24
nasal discomfort
24
cardiogenic shock
18
respiratory failure
16
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Glucagon studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Glucagon's label sentences: "In trial 1404-0002, survodutide was associated with significant and rapid increases in HOMA-β versus placebo, with significant decreases in HOMA-IR, glucagon, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-06-22
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
In trial 1404-0002, survodutide was associated with significant and rapid increases in HOMA-β versus placebo, with significant decreases in HOMA-IR, glucagon, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
exercise
This is secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial involving 193 adults with obesity (age 18-65 years, body mass index 32-43 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) without diabetes mellitus who completed an 8-week low-calorie diet and were subsequently randomized (1:1:1:1 ratio) to: exercise plus placebo; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide 3 mg once-daily plus usual activity; exercise plus…
recorded 2026-06-22 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Glucagon and AMPK?
"This could extend to myokine reprogramming (elevated myostatin/GDF15, reduced irisin/IL-15), glucagon/α-cell compensation inducing hyperglucagonemia (15-25% rise), microbiome-bile acid shifts fostering low-grade inflammation (IL-6/TNF-α upregulation by 10-15%), mitochondrial mass reduction (20-25% via AMPK), and NMJ disassembly,…" — where Glucagon and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-03
"This could extend to myokine reprogramming (elevated myostatin/GDF15, reduced irisin/IL-15), glucagon/α-cell compensation inducing hyperglucagonemia (15-25% rise), microbiome-bile acid shifts fostering low-grade inflammation (IL-6/TNF-α upregulation by 10-15%), mitochondrial mass reduction (20-25% via AMPK), and NMJ disassembly, collectively impairing muscle as the primary glucose sink (reducing…"
sirtuinPMID 41976189
"Drawing on recent breakthroughs in non-human primate models (2023-2025), this synthesis explores the potential of systemic interventions-including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors (sirtuin 1 SIRT1 activators), senolytics (targeting BCL-2/p16), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists-as candidates to potentially synchronize these internal clocks."
senolyticPMID 41976189
"Drawing on recent breakthroughs in non-human primate models (2023-2025), this synthesis explores the potential of systemic interventions-including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors (sirtuin 1 SIRT1 activators), senolytics (targeting BCL-2/p16), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists-as candidates to potentially synchronize these internal clocks."
NAD+PMID 41976189
"Drawing on recent breakthroughs in non-human primate models (2023-2025), this synthesis explores the potential of systemic interventions-including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors (sirtuin 1 SIRT1 activators), senolytics (targeting BCL-2/p16), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists-as candidates to potentially synchronize these internal clocks."
AMPKPMID 42517561
"Genetic or pharmacologic [via glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs)] interventions in the AMPK/USP10 loop can augment ACE2 level in lung endothelium."
mTORPMID 42095886
"Pioneering avenues of investigation of oxidative stress, autophagy, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cellular metabolism mechanisms with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt signaling, and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) offer exciting treatment opportunities for osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease."
8 more recorded rows
AMPKPMID 42095886
"Pioneering avenues of investigation of oxidative stress, autophagy, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cellular metabolism mechanisms with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt signaling, and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) offer exciting treatment opportunities for osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease."
autophagyPMID 42095886
"Pioneering avenues of investigation of oxidative stress, autophagy, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), cellular metabolism mechanisms with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt signaling, and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) offer exciting treatment opportunities for osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease."
sirtuinPMID 42545731
"FactsCardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis share a neurocardiac basis linked by cellular metabolism and diabetes, indicating the presence of common pathological pathways.Current care remains symptomatic and prevention focused, and interventions targeting shared pathways such as oxidative stress, senescence, and autophagy are lacking.Apolipoprotein E (APOE),…"
autophagyPMID 42545731
"FactsCardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis share a neurocardiac basis linked by cellular metabolism and diabetes, indicating the presence of common pathological pathways.Current care remains symptomatic and prevention focused, and interventions targeting shared pathways such as oxidative stress, senescence, and autophagy are lacking.Apolipoprotein E (APOE),…"
sirtuinPMID 41957871
"Senolytics and senomorphics target senescent cell burden; SGLT-2 inhibitors are notable for their indirect senolytic mechanism, enhancing immunosurveillance of senescent cells glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists attenuate inflammaging; NAD + precursors restore mitochondrial and sirtuin function; and the gerozyme (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [15-PGDH]) inhibitor offers a…"
senolyticPMID 41957871
"Senolytics and senomorphics target senescent cell burden; SGLT-2 inhibitors are notable for their indirect senolytic mechanism, enhancing immunosurveillance of senescent cells glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists attenuate inflammaging; NAD + precursors restore mitochondrial and sirtuin function; and the gerozyme (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [15-PGDH]) inhibitor offers a…"
NAD+PMID 41957871
"Senolytics and senomorphics target senescent cell burden; SGLT-2 inhibitors are notable for their indirect senolytic mechanism, enhancing immunosurveillance of senescent cells glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists attenuate inflammaging; NAD + precursors restore mitochondrial and sirtuin function; and the gerozyme (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [15-PGDH]) inhibitor offers a…"
autophagyPMID 41150819
"These results demonstrated that TA can inhibit glucagon secretion, induce autophagy, and suppress cell proliferation in αTC1-6 cells."
"Additionally, we describe the adaptive role that glucagon, Sestrin2, and urea play to inhibit mTORC1 and how eIF5A, glucagon, spermidine, and TFEB induce autophagy."
recorded 2026-08-03 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
How did Glucagon get from 1960 to approved?
1960 first approval to 2020 first non-human result: 3 dated events for Glucagon.
first approval 1960, first human trial 1999, first non-human result 2020; approved
Show the evidence
1960
first approval
1999-10
first human trial
2020PMID:32655157
first non-human result
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL 37 — CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported · ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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✓ source coverage passed: 12 source rows
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