Its recorded molecular formula is C6H12O6, weighing 180.16.
PubChem record · 2723872 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 35 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved4 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Cholesterol
24 hour triglyceride area under the curve; plasma triglyceride; over time in lipid profile; intrahepatic triglyceride content; triglycerides
Energy
total energy consumed in the three diet periods
Blood sugar
insulin resistance
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
4 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
A 50% or greater reduction in headache days/month during the third treatment month of maintenance phase relative to baseline phase with one of the study drugs.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02645370
How many people
3300
Study design
Phase 1
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Fat Mass
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04630977
How many people
3000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Measured performance
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
To assess the effects of lactose intolerance on gastrointestinal function and symptoms
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01286597
How many people
3000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
What a body can do day to day
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Treatment Responder (atogepant vs. topiramate; atogepant vs. propranolol)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06972056
How many people
1335
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The percent change in body weight from the baseline (randomization) to Week 60 (after one year of maintenance therapy).
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00236639
How many people
1293
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Percent Weight Loss From Baseline to Week 56
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00554216
How many people
1267
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.4 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.9 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Yeast, C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
hypoglycemic symptom scores morphine sulfate study
hypoglycemic symptom scores naloxone study
hypoglycemic symptom scores epinephrine study
symptom response
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
24 hour triglyceride area under the curve
plasma triglyceride
serum uric acid
intrahepatic triglyceride content
triglycerides
concentration of uric acid
concentration of nitrite / nitrate
insulin resistance
plasma glutamate concentration
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (22)
total energy consumed in the three diet periods
hepatic de novo lipogenesis
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia naloxone study
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia epinephrine study
small bowel water content area under the curve
intramyocellular lipids
endotoxin assessed by percentage of endotoxin positive
over time in adiponectin
over time in leptin
over time in blood ketones
over time in lipid profile
functional brain images
vldl
difference in the distribution of fecal microbiota in each
time to hypoglycaemia
hepatic fat content
flow mediated dilatation
eryclot pilot thrombocyte aggregation
eryclot thrombocyte aggregation
liver proton density fat fraction
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS: Temporary relief of symptoms related to sugar, including fatigue, headaches, and nervousness. **These statements are based upon homeopathic principles. They have not been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as solution, liquid, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Fructose appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 72 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
19 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. None of them contains it on its own, so nothing on this page can separate it from what it is combined with.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 70000-0052 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as liquid and solution, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 70000-0052 · read 2026-08-29
19 published labels name it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · ecff699b-d4d8-4407-8119-3e9a1100024a · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · ecff699b-d4d8-4407-8119-3e9a1100024a · read 2026-08-29
2306 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as fiber and other nutrients, non-nutrient/non-botanical, other combinations and sugar.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Fructose's largest trial (214 people) and its longest (10 years) measure?
214 people in Fructose's largest registered study, 10 years in its longest registered window, measuring Concentration of Uric Acid. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
39 na, 2 phase1, 2 phase2, 1 na or unstated; NCT00678145; 2018-08; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2022, NCT04898621.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Fructose was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
39
phase1
2
phase2
2
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT04898621
2022-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From yeast to human: where has Fructose shown lifespan?
"Protocol was terminated due to enrollment + feasibility issues. Aim 2 not conducted. Aims 1 + 3 were conducted in part. During Aim 3 the IRB requested that the study be transitioned under a new protocol (2018-9208) in order to simplify reporting."; 1 of 44 registered studies
Show the evidence
TrialNCT00678145
terminated; "Protocol was terminated due to enrollment + feasibility issues. Aim 2 not conducted. Aims 1 + 3 were conducted in part. During Aim 3 the IRB requested that the study be transitioned under a new protocol (2018-9208) in order to simplify…"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Fructose used 75g of fructose diluted in 200 mL of water — over how long?
24 hour triglyceride area under the curve; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
small bowel water content area under the curve; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
symptom response; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plasma triglyceride; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
intramyocellular lipids; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
endotoxin assessed by percentage of endotoxin positive; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum uric acid; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
over time in adiponectin; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
over time in leptin; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
over time in blood ketones; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
over time in lipid profile; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
functional brain images; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
intrahepatic triglyceride content; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
28
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
8; NCT01866215; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q6
Which of 24 hour triglyceride area under the curve, changes in markers of intestinal permeability and concentration of nitrite / nitrate did Fructose's trials measure?
24 hour triglyceride area under the curve, changes in markers of intestinal permeability and concentration of nitrite / nitrate lead 35 outcome terms across Fructose's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia epinephrine study, hypoglycemic symptom scores morphine sulfate study, hypoglycemic symptom scores naloxone study, hypoglycemic symptom scores epinephrine study, 24 hour triglyceride area under the curve and small bowel water content area under the curve follow.
Show the evidence
total energy consumed in the three diet periods
1
hepatic de novo lipogenesis
1
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia naloxone study
1
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia epinephrine study
1
hypoglycemic symptom scores morphine sulfate study
1
hypoglycemic symptom scores naloxone study
1
14 more recorded rows
hypoglycemic symptom scores epinephrine study
1
24 hour triglyceride area under the curve
1
small bowel water content area under the curve
1
symptom response
1
plasma triglyceride
1
intramyocellular lipids
1
endotoxin assessed by percentage of endotoxin positive
1
serum uric acid
1
over time in adiponectin
1
over time in leptin
1
over time in blood ketones
1
over time in lipid profile
1
functional brain images
1
intrahepatic triglyceride content
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Fructose's 7 ongoing trials reports first?
Insulin resistance; Liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF); latest 2029-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT04966299
"Effect of Daily Erythritol Versus Sucrose Intake Over 5 Weeks on Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents"; n 30; "Insulin resistance"; 2026-07
NCT06329544
"High Fructose Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Metabolic Health"; n 30; "Liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF)"; 2028-08-31
NCT06799715
"Assessments of Metabolic Responses to Acute Oral Administration of Sucrose, Glucose, and Fructose"; n 20; "Effect of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and water on the GI hormone response - GLP-1"; 2026-09
NCT06852612
"Dietary Treatment Strategies and Metabolic Control in Glycogen Storage Disease Type I"; n 20; "Change in lactate during the dietary intervention compared to baseline under the usual diet"; 2027-03
NCT07013916
"Fructose is a Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathogenic Factor in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)"; n 72; "Change in plasma glutamate concentration"; 2027-04-01
NCT07599683
"Effect of Low Dose Galactose on Glycaemia and Glucose Kinetics"; n 25; "Glucose incremental area under the curve"; 2029-12-31
1 further recorded trialNCT07757347
"Fructose and (Aging)"; n 32; "Changes in markers of intestinal permeability"; 2027-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which running trial of Fructose could settle insulin sensitivity?
NCT04966299 measures Insulin resistance, reading out 2026-07.
1 open trial; n 30; "Effect of Daily Erythritol Versus Sucrose Intake Over 5 Weeks on Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT04966299
"Effect of Daily Erythritol Versus Sucrose Intake Over 5 Weeks on Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents"; n 30; "Insulin resistance"; 2026-07
Q9
Which 29 trials of Fructose posted no result?
Posted no result
29 of 29 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00620360, NCT01021969, NCT00475475, NCT00535535, NCT01165853 and NCT01459406, and 23 more
Completion dates
oldest 2008-12; newest 2022-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00620360
2008-12
NCT01021969
2011-07
NCT00475475
2011-12
NCT00535535
2011-12
NCT01165853
2012-07
NCT01459406
2012-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT02217605
2013-12
NCT01103921
2014-01
NCT01866215
2014-01
NCT02589613
2014-06
NCT01776853
2015-02
NCT03247114
2015-05-22
NCT02590913
2015-06
NCT00686608
2015-07-01
NCT02876796
2015-10
NCT01713023
2016-01
NCT02946983
2016-06
NCT02459834
2016-08
NCT02902224
2016-08
NCT02745730
2016-10
Q10
At the median, Fructose's trials enrolled 20 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
20
Largest enrolment
214
Registered trials counted
44
Q11
What do 72 spontaneous reports say about Fructose — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Fructose appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 72 reaction mentions were counted: erythema 8; malaise 8; abdominal pain 7; anaemia 7. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1232863 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
erythema
8
malaise
8
abdominal pain
7
anaemia
7
chronic sinusitis
7
colitis
7
4 more recorded rows
colitis ulcerative
7
constipation
7
dyspepsia
7
female genital tract fistula
7
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
Was Fructose studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Fructose's label sentences: "To identify metabolites as potential biomarkers of fructose vs glucose consumption and related metabolic changes, we conducted exploratory metabolomic profiling of fasting blood samples from participants in a double-blind, parallel-arm trial involving 31 male and female adults with overweight or…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-04-27
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
To identify metabolites as potential biomarkers of fructose vs glucose consumption and related metabolic changes, we conducted exploratory metabolomic profiling of fasting blood samples from participants in a double-blind, parallel-arm trial involving 31 male and female adults with overweight or obesity, both before and after supplementation with glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages.
exercise
This randomized trial investigates the impact of a high-dose 2:1 maltodextrin-fructose supplementation to medium-to-high-level endurance runners immediately before, during, and after a 15 km run at 90% VO<sub>2max</sub> intensity on post-exercise inflammatory stress.
recorded 2026-04-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Fructose and mTOR?
"At the intervention level, five strategic categories are synthesized: dietary modification (fructose restriction, Mediterranean diet); probiotic and prebiotic microbial restoration; bile acid FXR/TGR5 modulation with exogenous SCFA supplementation; senolytic, NAD⁺ precursor, and mTOR/AMPK-targeted pharmacotherapy; and fecal microbiota…" — where Fructose and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-13
"At the intervention level, five strategic categories are synthesized: dietary modification (fructose restriction, Mediterranean diet); probiotic and prebiotic microbial restoration; bile acid FXR/TGR5 modulation with exogenous SCFA supplementation; senolytic, NAD⁺ precursor, and mTOR/AMPK-targeted pharmacotherapy; and fecal microbiota transplantation for systemic reconstitution."
AMPKPMID 42662784
"At the intervention level, five strategic categories are synthesized: dietary modification (fructose restriction, Mediterranean diet); probiotic and prebiotic microbial restoration; bile acid FXR/TGR5 modulation with exogenous SCFA supplementation; senolytic, NAD⁺ precursor, and mTOR/AMPK-targeted pharmacotherapy; and fecal microbiota transplantation for systemic reconstitution."
senolyticPMID 42662784
"At the intervention level, five strategic categories are synthesized: dietary modification (fructose restriction, Mediterranean diet); probiotic and prebiotic microbial restoration; bile acid FXR/TGR5 modulation with exogenous SCFA supplementation; senolytic, NAD⁺ precursor, and mTOR/AMPK-targeted pharmacotherapy; and fecal microbiota transplantation for systemic reconstitution."
NAD+PMID 42662784
"At the intervention level, five strategic categories are synthesized: dietary modification (fructose restriction, Mediterranean diet); probiotic and prebiotic microbial restoration; bile acid FXR/TGR5 modulation with exogenous SCFA supplementation; senolytic, NAD⁺ precursor, and mTOR/AMPK-targeted pharmacotherapy; and fecal microbiota transplantation for systemic reconstitution."
mTORPMID 42338171
"Overall, this study elucidates how FMDV modulates glycolysis through two different autophagic pathways, which would contribute to our understanding of how the autophagy-glycolysis axis regulates viral replication, providing new avenues for developing antiviral strategies targeting metabolism.<b>Abbreviations</b>: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; CQ: chloroquine;…"
sirtuinPMID 42338171
"Overall, this study elucidates how FMDV modulates glycolysis through two different autophagic pathways, which would contribute to our understanding of how the autophagy-glycolysis axis regulates viral replication, providing new avenues for developing antiviral strategies targeting metabolism.<b>Abbreviations</b>: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; CQ: chloroquine;…"
5 more recorded rows
autophagyPMID 42338171
"Overall, this study elucidates how FMDV modulates glycolysis through two different autophagic pathways, which would contribute to our understanding of how the autophagy-glycolysis axis regulates viral replication, providing new avenues for developing antiviral strategies targeting metabolism.<b>Abbreviations</b>: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; CQ: chloroquine;…"
mTOR
"Lesional tissues exhibited sustained autophagy repression, marked by increased expression and activation of mTOR and ZKSCAN3, reduced levels of autolysosome-promoting metabolites β-hydroxybutyrate and nicotinamide riboside, and accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a negative regulator of AMPK."
AMPK
"Lesional tissues exhibited sustained autophagy repression, marked by increased expression and activation of mTOR and ZKSCAN3, reduced levels of autolysosome-promoting metabolites β-hydroxybutyrate and nicotinamide riboside, and accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a negative regulator of AMPK."
autophagy
"Lesional tissues exhibited sustained autophagy repression, marked by increased expression and activation of mTOR and ZKSCAN3, reduced levels of autolysosome-promoting metabolites β-hydroxybutyrate and nicotinamide riboside, and accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a negative regulator of AMPK."
AMPKPMID 39599706
"In conclusion, NR could alleviate lipid metabolic abnormalities induced by fructose through activating SIRT1/AMPK-mediated browning of WAT."
sirtuin
PMID 39599706
"In conclusion, NR could alleviate lipid metabolic abnormalities induced by fructose through activating SIRT1/AMPK-mediated browning of WAT."
PMID 38807218
"Rats fed with fructose in drinking water, Sirt1<sup>-/-</sup> mice, mice treated with the ER stressor tunicamycin with or without a SIRT1 activator, and human Huh-7 hepatoma cells transfected with siRNA or exposed to tunicamycin or different inhibitors were used."
autophagyPMID 39859121
"Furthermore, resveratrol restored the liver architecture and the oxidative balance, as evidenced by the decreased MDA levels and improved antioxidant status via elevated GSH and SOD activities, as well as the activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling axis. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study specifically examines resveratrol's therapeutic effects in a high-fructose diet-induced NASH model, focusing on the…"
NAD+PMID 40973819
"Mechanistically, the combination of glucose and fructose elevates the NAD⁺/NADH ratio by activation of the reverse reaction of sorbitol dehydrogenase in the polyol pathway."
recorded 2026-08-13 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
Dietade dietary foods, Anti Nausea, Walgreen Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor, Cvs Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor, Good Neighbor Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor, Sugar Cravings, Anti Nausea Liquid Cherry Flavor, Anti Nausea / Walgreen Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor / Cvs Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor / Good Neighbor Anti Nausea Cherry Flavor / Sugar Cravings / Anti Nausea Liquid Cherry Flavor
Development code
NSC-760385, NSC-9250
Sources (10)
Sources
ClinicalTrials.govclinicaltrials.gov ·
ClinicalTrials.govClinicalTrials.gov API v2 snapshot 2026-09-01T09:00:05 ·
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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