This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Flurbiprofen does in the body
Relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis ( 1 ) Relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis
From the FDA-approved label: Flurbiprofen has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. The mechanism of action of flurbiprofen, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Flurbiprofen is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in vitro. Flurbiprofen concentrations reached during therapy have produced in vivo effects. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 5GRO578KLP · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 107 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
sore throat pain intensity scale; pain
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Visual analog scale (VAS) rating of pain
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00519246
How many people
2000
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Warfarin oral clearance
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00162474
How many people
1000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
the average numeric rating scale score over the past 24 hours, rated each morning upon awakening and average over 7 days.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07370402
How many people
750
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Area under the pain intensity time curve (AUC0-48, time in hours) in resting and moving states as assessed by numerical rating scale(NRS) during postoperative 48 hours
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06530563
How many people
606
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
postoperative pain score（NRS）
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05901389
How many people
456
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.3 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
sore throat pain intensity scale
pain
oral health related quality of life scores evaluated
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
drug plasma levels midazolam
drug plasma levels rosiglitazone
maximum observed plasma concentration
maximum observed plasma concentration for caffeine
part a maximum observed plasma concentration for bupropion
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (32)
warfarin oral clearance
formation clearance of cyp2c9 mediated warfarin metabolites
losartan oral clearance and the formation clearance of e3174
siponimod oral clearance
s warfarin and phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters
adverse events at end of each cohort
hematology/chemistry/urinalysis at end of each cohort
physical examination at end of each cohort
vital signs and electrocardiogram at end of each cohort
pk parameters
pharmacokinetic parameters
probing pocket depth reduction
ketoprofen clearance
tolbutamide clearance
cyp1a2 activity
cyp2b6 activity
cyp2d6 activity
cyp2c9 activity
cyp2c19 activity
cyp3a4 activity
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Flurbiprofen tablets are indicated: For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis. Flurbiprofen tablets are a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indicated for Relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis ( 1 ) Relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis ( 1 )
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Elderly patients, compared to younger patients, are at greater risk for NSAID-associated serious cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and/or renal adverse reactions.”
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Use of NSAIDs, including flurbiprofen tablets, can cause premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and fetal renal dysfunction leading to oligohydramnios and, in some cases, neonatal renal impairment.”
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary Flurbiprofen is poorly excreted into human milk.”
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S3, S6.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as tablet, solution/drops, solution/ drops, troche, given by the oral, ophthalmic route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Flurbiprofen appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 42 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
23 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 23 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 63187-937 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as powder, solution/ drops, tablet, tablet, film coated and troche, taken ophthalmic and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 63187-937 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is anti-inflammatory agents, cyclooxygenase inhibitors [moa] and non-steroidal [cs].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 63187-937 · read 2026-08-29
8 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 8 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-29
LURBIRO is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Flurbiprofen Tablets, USP: 100 mg round, convex, blue, film-coated tablets debossed "NH" and "100" Tablets: 100 mg ( 3 ), recorded as fda label in effect 2025-07-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 7ebf7427-eaae-4035-a6b2-0ea6381e8763 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 3.1738 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, for the one priced product, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Recorded price in US: 10.1594 USD per one millilitre, for the one priced product, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Flurbiprofen studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Flurbiprofen are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
7 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
3 of them state the same bioavailability, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
3 of them state the same tMax, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
3 of them state the same volumeOfDistribution, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
5GRO578KLP
RxNorm concept
197724
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S3, S6.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
11 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA019404, approved 19861231 to ALLERGAN.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (11)
Q2
What did Flurbiprofen's largest trial (1000 people) and its longest (27 years) measure?
1000 people in Flurbiprofen's largest registered study, 27 years in its longest registered window, measuring drug plasma levels midazolam:. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
18 phase1, 7 phase4, 5 na, 5 phase2, 3 early phase1, 3 phase3, 2 na or unstated; NCT00162474; 2030-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07223671.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Flurbiprofen was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase1
18
phase4
7
na
5
phase2
5
early phase1
3
phase3
3
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
2
Last recorded human testNCT07223671
2026-03-19
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From mouse to human: where has Flurbiprofen shown biomarker?
5 recorded entries; human; also "flurbiprofen 25 mg", "Flurbiprofen 10%", "Flurbiprofen (10 mg, M01AE09)"
Show the evidence
human
NCT01731067
flurbiprofen 25 mg
NCT02403687
Flurbiprofen 10%
NCT02438072
Flurbiprofen (10 mg, M01AE09)
NCT04425902
Flurbiprofen 100 mg
NCT05955885
Flurbiprofen 8.75 MG
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Which of adverse events at end of each cohort, apparent terminal phase half life for caffeine and auc for metoprolol did Flurbiprofen's trials measure?
adverse events at end of each cohort, apparent terminal phase half life for caffeine and auc for metoprolol lead 40 outcome terms across Flurbiprofen's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation siponimod oral clearance, s warfarin and phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters, adverse events at end of each cohort, hematology/chemistry/urinalysis at end of each cohort, physical examination at end of each cohort and vital signs and electrocardiogram at end of each cohort follow.
Show the evidence
warfarin oral clearance
1
formation clearance of cyp2c9 mediated warfarin metabolites
1
losartan oral clearance and the formation clearance of e3174
1
siponimod oral clearance
1
s warfarin and phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters
1
adverse events at end of each cohort
1
14 more recorded rows
hematology/chemistry/urinalysis at end of each cohort
1
physical examination at end of each cohort
1
vital signs and electrocardiogram at end of each cohort
1
drug plasma levels midazolam
1
drug plasma levels rosiglitazone
1
pk parameters
1
pharmacokinetic parameters
1
probing pocket depth reduction
1
ketoprofen clearance
1
tolbutamide clearance
1
sore throat pain intensity scale
1
pain
1
cyp1a2 activity
1
cyp2b6 activity
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Which of Flurbiprofen's 3 ongoing trials reports first?
Warfarin oral clearance; Incidence of POST; latest 2030-12
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00162474
"Determinants of Warfarin Metabolism"; n 1000; "Warfarin oral clearance"; 2030-12
NCT07163429
"Efficacy of Flurbiprofen Spray for Postoperative Sore Throat Following Double-Lumen Endobronchial Intubation"; n 58; "Incidence of POST"; 2027-06-30
NCT07531147
"Effects of Flurbiprofen Spray and Ice Cream for Pain and Voice Outcomes After Thyroidectomy"; n 100; "Feasibility of flurbiprofen (0.25%) spray and ice cream on voice quality"; 2026-09
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which 24 trials of Flurbiprofen posted no result?
Posted no result
24 of 24 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00001724, NCT00615212, NCT00920088, NCT01040286, NCT01026714 and NCT00964106, and 18 more
Completion dates
oldest 2001-11; newest 2024-07-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00001724
2001-11
NCT00615212
2008-02-15
NCT00920088
2009-11
NCT01040286
2010-06
NCT01026714
2010-08
NCT00964106
2011-08-29
14 further recorded trials
NCT01535079
2012-11
NCT01731067
2014-01
NCT01061112
2014-06
NCT02227173
2014-11
NCT02569905
2015-04
NCT02403687
2017-02
NCT03165929
2017-03
NCT03131973
2017-11-10
NCT03745599
2018-11-02
NCT04643249
2020-12-17
NCT04602845
2021-12-31
NCT05254548
2022-04-13
NCT06000137
2023-01-30
NCT05512013
2023-04-01
Q8
At the median, Flurbiprofen's trials enrolled 50 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
50
Largest enrolment
1000
Registered trials counted
41
Q9
What do 42 spontaneous reports say about Flurbiprofen — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Flurbiprofen appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 42 reaction mentions were counted: toxic anterior segment syndrome 30; iridocyclitis 12. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL3989754 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
toxic anterior segment syndrome
30
iridocyclitis
12
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Flurbiprofen and CYP2C9: shared by which compounds?
CYP2C9 appear in Flurbiprofen's recorded interaction sentences, 2 in all. openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
Interpretation clinical_pharmacology
Show the evidence
CYP2C9
clinical_pharmacology
In vitro studies have demonstrated that cytochrome CYP2C9 plays an important role in the metabolism of flurbiprofen to its major metabolite 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen.
clinical_pharmacology
Poor Metabolizers of CYP2C9 Substrates: In patients who are known or suspected to be poor CYP2C9 metabolizers based on genotype or previous history/experience with other CYP2C9 substrates (such as warfarin and phenytoin), reduce the dose of flurbiprofen to avoid abnormally high plasma levels due to reduced metabolic clearance.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Flurbiprofen studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Flurbiprofen's label sentences: "We conducted a randomized, counterbalanced, double-masked, crossover trial (NCT05512013) in which 12 healthy adults ingested ibuprofen (IBU, 800 mg), celecoxib (CEL, 200 mg), flurbiprofen (FLU, 100 mg), or placebo (PLA) before a 10 × 10 bout of plyometric exercise." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
We conducted a randomized, counterbalanced, double-masked, crossover trial (NCT05512013) in which 12 healthy adults ingested ibuprofen (IBU, 800 mg), celecoxib (CEL, 200 mg), flurbiprofen (FLU, 100 mg), or placebo (PLA) before a 10 × 10 bout of plyometric exercise.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Flurbiprofen and IGF-1?
"Agents tested included Demecolcine (an inhibitor of cytoskeletal contraction), growth factors (i.e., TGF-beta 1, PDGF, and IGF-1), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and flurbiprofen)." — where Flurbiprofen and IGF-1 appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 1996-03-01
IGF-1; PMID 8675801
Show the evidence
IGF-1PMID 8675801
"Agents tested included Demecolcine (an inhibitor of cytoskeletal contraction), growth factors (i.e., TGF-beta 1, PDGF, and IGF-1), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and flurbiprofen)."
recorded 1996-03-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 11 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.