This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Exenatide does in the body
Synthesised as a drug, it tells the pancreas to release insulin when glucose is high, slows the stomach and reduces appetite.
A biochemist studying lizard venom in 1992 found a peptide that looked like the human gut hormone GLP-1 but survived far longer. It turned out to activate the same receptor. The extended-release version wraps the same peptide in dissolving polymer microspheres so one injection lasts a week.
Why people take it. Used for type 2 diabetes, though United States brands have been discontinued.
What happened in people
A large study found no clear reduction in heart attacks, strokes or heart-related deaths.
✓ Reviewed first-read answer
Where this came from
A person wrote this and a reviewer approved it against this exact record. It carries no effect size.
A reviewer approved this against this record. The reviewed-claim record carrying the exact population and effect size does not exist yet.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
It was not better than a dummy treatment for heart-related problems, and United States brands are discontinued.
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as protein.
FDA substance registry · 9P1872D4OL · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C184H282N50O60S, weighing 4186.6 Daltons.
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
A reviewer approved this sentence against this exact record and its sources.
The limit a reviewer approved as the one that matters most here.
The four opening statements run to 94 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved13 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Body weight
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved4 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
hba1c from baseline to week 30; hba1c from baseline to study termination; hba1c from baseline to day 28; hba1c from baseline to week 16; hba1c from visit 1 to each protocol visit; fasting plasma glucose from visit 1 to each protocol visit; time averaged serum glucose during a 24 hour period; superiority as assessed by hba1c reduction
Body weight
body weight from visit 1 to each protocol visit; who achieved hba1c 7 4 minimal weight gain; body weight; body mass index
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
13 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
EXSCEL (NCT01144338)
How many people
14752
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
P < 0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.06 for superiority
Repeated elsewhere
Failed to Replicate
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. High discontinuation, with a substantial fraction of participants off study drug well before the end of follow-up, which biases an intention-to-treat superiority test toward the null
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Twice-daily subcutaneous pen, or once-weekly extended-release microsphere autoinjector
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
EXSCEL trial record (NCT01144338) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 1 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.21 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Where a source records it acting
Pancreas: A GLP-1 receptor agonist that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta-cell and suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
Stomach: Slows gastric emptying, thereby reducing the rate at which meal-derived glucose appears in the circulation
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
Start
Exenatide
What a person takes: Twice-daily subcutaneous pen, or once-weekly extended-release microsphere autoinjector.
The measurement behind this step
Byetta delivered 5 or 10 micrograms twice daily within an hour before the morning and evening meals. Bydureon and Bydureon BCise suspended 2 mg of the same peptide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for weekly injection. All three are discontinued in the United States.
Getting in
A venom peptide that survives where the human hormone does not
Human GLP-1 is chopped in half within about two minutes by an enzyme in the blood. The lizard version has a different amino acid at exactly the position that enzyme attacks.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Glycine at position 2 in place of alanine removes the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 recognition site, giving a plasma half-life of roughly 2.4 hours without any chemical modification.
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The weekly version is the identical peptide packed inside biodegradable beads that slowly dissolve under the skin.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres hydrolyse over weeks, releasing entrapped peptide with an initial burst followed by a sustained diffusion and erosion phase.
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Despite coming from a lizard, it fits the human receptor and switches it on fully.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Full agonism at the class B GPCR GLP-1R with Gs coupling and cAMP accumulation, despite only about 53% sequence identity with human GLP-1(7-37).
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Glucose-dependent insulin, less glucagon, slower stomach
Insulin release rises only when glucose is high, the hormone that raises glucose falls, and food leaves the stomach more slowly.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
cAMP-mediated potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, suppression of alpha-cell glucagon output, and vagally mediated delay of gastric emptying that is more pronounced with the short-acting formulation.
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
About one point off HbA1c, and no proven cardiovascular benefit
Blood glucose control improves and weight falls a little. The large outcome trial did not show fewer heart attacks or strokes.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
HbA1c reduction of roughly 0.8 to 1.0 percentage points with weight loss of two to three kilograms; EXSCEL hazard ratio 0.91 for three-point MACE with P=0.06 for superiority.
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
satiety hormones
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hba1c from baseline to week 30
hba1c from baseline to study termination
hba1c from baseline to day 28
glycosylated hemoglobin
glcosylated hemoglobin
hba1c from baseline to week 16
hba1c from visit 1 to each protocol visit
body weight from visit 1 to each protocol visit
fasting plasma glucose from visit 1 to each protocol visit
time averaged serum glucose during a 24 hour period
and 11 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (18)
basal c peptide level
beta cell function after 52 weeks of therapy
lipids from visit 1 to each protocol visit
asiiauc during a hyperglycemic clamp test
adverse events
pharmacodynamic measurements during 7 days of dosing
treatment failure
time to treatment failure
incidence of hypoglycemia
weight
safety incidence of adverse events
treatment emergent antibody status
glycosylated a1c at week 26
reactive hyperemic index over the 3 month treatment period
treatment emergent adverse events
reaching the efficacy goal
abdominal visceral fat from baseline to 6 months
time to steady state
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 2.4 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “The mean apparent clearance of exenatide in humans is 9.1 L/hour and the mean terminal half-life is 2.4 hours. These pharmacokinetic characteristics of exenatide are independent of the dose.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Historically, adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral agents. In the United States it is no longer marketed.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of exenatide have not been established in pediatric patients.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Exenatide was studied in 282 patients 65 years of age or older and in 16 patients 75 years of age or older.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Limited data with exenatide in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There is no information regarding the presence of exenatide, in human milk, the effects of exenatide on the breastfed infant, or the effects of exenatide on milk production.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “No pharmacokinetic study has been performed in patients with a diagnosis of acute or chronic hepatic impairment.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “Exenatide is not recommended for use in patients with end-stage renal disease or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) and should be used with caution in patients with renal transplantation.”
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
The superiority hypothesis in EXSCEL, which was prespecified and missed at P = 0.06
The commercial position of all three US products, every one of which is now listed as discontinued
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Given by a clinician
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Twice-daily subcutaneous pen, or once-weekly extended-release microsphere autoinjector
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Byetta delivered 5 or 10 micrograms twice daily within an hour before the morning and evening meals. Bydureon and Bydureon BCise suspended 2 mg of the same peptide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for weekly injection. All three are discontinued in the United States.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
The recorded stepping schedule
What follows is the schedule printed on the label, recorded as it is written there. It is a record of what was done, not a recommendation.
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
Initiation: 5 mcg per dose twice daily
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
After 1 month of therapy, based on clinical response: 10 mcg twice daily — To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions, as recorded in the label
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Nausea is the dominant adverse event and is more prominent with the twice-daily form. Acute pancreatitis and acute kidney injury from volume depletion are uncommon but labelled. The extended-release form carries a boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumours and causes injection-site nodules from the polymer depot.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
Where this came from
Eng J et al. Isolation and characterization of exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom. J Biol Chem 1992 (1313797) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Twice-daily subcutaneous pen, or once-weekly extended-release microsphere autoinjector
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Bydureon and Bydureon BCise suspended 2 mg of the same peptide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres for weekly injection. All three are discontinued in the United States.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
13 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 13 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52416-124 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection and powder, taken subcutaneous.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52416-124 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is glp-1 receptor agonist [epc], glucagon-like peptide 1 [cs] and glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) agonists [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52416-124 · read 2026-08-29
2 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 2 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · read 2026-08-29
Byetta is injection: solution in a single-patient-use prefilled pen at 5 mcg per dose (300 mcg/1.2 mL) and 10 mcg per dose (600 mcg/2.4 mL) prefilled pens, 60 doses each, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2025-09-02 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 53d03c03-ebf7-418d-88a8-533eabd2ee4f · read 2026-08-27
Recorded price in US: 300.1675 USD per one millilitre, for the one priced product, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Exenatide studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the cardiovascular benefit seen with liraglutide and semaglutide extends to this molecule
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the lowest manufacturing cost in a class translates into the lowest price to patients
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Exenatide are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
Discovered in Gila monster venom in 1992, thirteen years before approval
In plain words
Exendin-4 was isolated from the venom of Heloderma suspectum and characterised in a 1992 paper. The drug built on it reached patients in 2005.
What was measured
Isolation and receptor characterisation of a natural GLP-1 receptor agonist
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Eng and colleagues isolated exendin-4 as an exendin-3 analogue from Heloderma suspectum venom and characterised its activity on dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acini. The peptide has a glycine at position 2 in place of the alanine that makes human GLP-1 a DPP-4 substrate, which is the whole reason it survives in circulation.
Source
Eng J et al. J Biol Chem 1992;267:7402-7405
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
verified
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
EXSCEL: noninferior on safety, not superior on efficacy
In plain words
In 14,752 people followed a median 3.2 years, cardiovascular events occurred in 11.4% on exenatide and 12.2% on placebo. The difference did not reach significance.
What was measured
Three-point MACE, hazard ratio 0.91, P = 0.06 for superiority
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
Primary composite hazard ratio 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.00), P<0.001 for noninferiority but P=0.06 for superiority. Rates of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure hospitalisation, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and medullary thyroid carcinoma did not differ between groups.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The first drug in the class is now discontinued in the United States
In plain words
Byetta, Bydureon and Bydureon BCise are all listed as discontinued in the FDA drug database. The molecule that started the field is no longer sold where it started.
What was measured
Not recorded
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Drugs@FDA marketing status for NDA 021773 (Byetta), NDA 022200 (Bydureon and Bydureon Pen) and NDA 209210 (Bydureon BCise) is Discontinued for every listed product. The last national acquisition-cost entries are February 2025 for Byetta and April 2025 for Bydureon BCise. Withdrawal followed commercial displacement by weekly agents with larger effects, not a safety action.
Source
Drugs@FDA marketing status, NDA 021773, NDA 022200 and NDA 209210
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
verified
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
That the cheapest molecule in a class becomes the affordable one
In plain words
Exenatide has the lowest modelled manufacturing cost of any GLP-1 agonist, under five dollars a month. Its final US acquisition cost was over eight hundred. No generic ever launched, and then the brand left the market.
What was measured
That patent expiry alone produces price competition
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Modelled cost-based price $0.75 to $4.46 per month against a final NADAC of about $816 per month for the twice-daily pen. Patent protection had lapsed, and the synthesis is an unmodified 39-residue solid-phase assembly, yet the product line was discontinued before generic entry rather than after it.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The weekly formulation traded convenience for injection-site nodules
In plain words
Wrapping the peptide in dissolving polymer beads made one injection last a week, and left palpable lumps at the injection site in a substantial minority of users.
What was measured
Injection-site nodule incidence in the extended-release formulation
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
The extended-release product suspends exenatide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Injection-site nodules, which reflect the polymer depot rather than the peptide, are a labelled adverse reaction and a common reason for discontinuation.
Source
BYDUREON BCISE US prescribing information, adverse reactions
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
verified
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
How many documents were read
2 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
2 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
2 of them state the same tMax, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
9P1872D4OL
CAS registry number
141758-74-9
PubChem compound
45588096
RxNorm concept
60548
Checks this page had to pass
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The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
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✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
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Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
The earliest marketing start date recorded for a listed product is 20050428.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 52416-124 · read 2026-08-29
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
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What is not here
3 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
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The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
The first GLP-1 receptor agonist, isolated from Gila monster venom in 1992 and approved in 2005, which in 14,752 people was noninferior but not superior to placebo for cardiovascular events and is now discontinued in the United States.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Exenatide's largest trial (1499650 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?
1499650 people in Exenatide's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Change in concentrations of fasting plasma glucose and lipids from Baseline Visit 2 (Day 1) to Week 24, to Week 52, and to each intermediate visit. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
73 phase4, 63 phase3, 44 phase2, 31 phase1, 24 na, 14 na or unstated, 1 early phase1; NCT00679042; 2026-06-14; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05610800.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Exenatide was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
73
phase3
63
phase2
44
phase1
31
na
24
na or unstated
14
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
1
Last recorded human testNCT05610800
2026-03-10
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Exenatide shown biomarker?
Change in concentrations of fasting plasma glucose and lipids from Baseline Visit 2 (Day 1) to Week 24, to Week 52, and to each intermediate visit — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
mouse
mechanism-only
rat
mechanism-only
humanNCT00044668
biomarker; Change in concentrations of fasting plasma glucose and lipids from Baseline Visit 2 (Day 1) to Week 24, to Week 52, and to each intermediate visit; 236
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
16 of Exenatide's trials stopped: futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
futility/efficacy (1), accrual/recruitment (8), funding/business (2) and other (5): Exenatide's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Lack of recruitment"; 16 of 236 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00529204
terminated; "Lack of recruitment"
NCT00701935
terminated; "Enrollment was much slower than anticipated, leading to a decision to terminate the study early for enrollment futility."
NCT00799435
terminated; "Inability to recruit adequate Sample Size who met the entry criteria"
NCT01302327
withdrawn; "Very rare disease, we were unable to recruit patients"
NCT01381926
terminated; "unavailability of study drug and matching placebo"
NCT01573806
withdrawn; "No funding"
10 further recorded trials
NCT01791465
terminated; "This study was terminated after 6 patients due to loss of funding"
NCT01818648
withdrawn; "Study was withdrawn by PI due to decision to study a different medication."
NCT02244164
terminated; "Recruitment too slow"
NCT02586831
withdrawn; "Study withdrawn prior to enrollment due to funding issues"
NCT02793154
terminated; "Early termination due to insufficient enrollment."
NCT02811484
withdrawn; "Inability to enroll due to the widespread use of both classes of drugs in patients with T2DM, including those on concomitant insulin therapy."
NCT03029351
terminated; "termination by sponsor"
NCT03645408
terminated; "Due to COVID-19 hospital-wide policies halting recruitment"
NCT05762744
terminated; "We concluded that it would not be possible to meet our recruitment targets within the available budget. The study was ended when the funding ended."
NCT06252623
withdrawn; "The study was closed due to the inability to acquire the study drug."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Exenatide used AC2993 2.5 mcg — over how long?
16 recorded entries; human; also "AC2993 5.0 mcg", "AC2993 7.5 mcg", "AC2993 10.0 mcg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00044694
AC2993 2.5 mcg
NCT00044694
AC2993 5.0 mcg
NCT00044694
AC2993 7.5 mcg
NCT00044694
AC2993 10.0 mcg
NCT01154933
exenatide 5 mcg
NCT01154933
exenatide 10 mcg
10 more recorded rows
humanNCT01269034
long acting insulin + rapid acting + 1.25 mcg Exenatide
humanNCT02084654
Exenatide 5 and 10 mcg 2 times a day
humanNCT02157974
Byetta 5Mcg Pen Injection
humanNCT03029351
Exenatide Extended Release for Inj Susp 2 MG
humanNCT03232112
Exenatide 2 MG Injection
humanNCT03232112
Bydureon Pen, 2 Mg, Extended Release
humanNCT03970044
Exenatide 2 MG
humanNCT04520490
Exenatide 2 mg [Bydureon]
humanNCT04909333
Day 1 Exenatide; Day 2 : 0.9% saline solution
humanNCT04909333
Day 1 : 0.9% saline solution, Day 2 Exenatide
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Exenatide's half-life is 2.4 hours — which schedules were studied?
2.4 hours, the half-life Exenatide's label states. openfda-label · e6cb5c8f-e97f-4a6a-95a4-939fd2393949 · 2026-08-27
Show the evidence
half life
2.4 hours hours; The mean apparent clearance of exenatide in humans is 9.1 L/hour and the mean terminal half-life is 2.4 hours. These pharmacokinetic characteristics of exenatide are independent of the dose.
tmax
Drug Interactions Acetaminophen When 1,000 mg acetaminophen elixir was given with 10 mcg exenatide (0 hour) and 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours after exenatide injection, acetaminophen AUCs were decreased by 21%, 23%, 24% and 14%, respectively; C max was decreased by 37%, 56%, 54% and 41%, respectively; T max was increased from 0.6 hour in the control period to 0.9 hour, 4.2 hours, 3.3 hours and 1.6…
metabolism
Distribution The mean apparent volume of distribution of exenatide following SC administration of a single-dose of exenatide is 28.3 L. Metabolism and Elimination Nonclinical studies have shown that exenatide is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration with subsequent proteolytic degradation.
recorded 2026-08-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Exenatide's effect on hba1c from baseline to week 30?
Hba1c from baseline to week 30: measured in Exenatide's trials.
hba1c from baseline to week 30 is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
hba1c from baseline to week 30; 2026-09-01
hba1c from baseline to study termination; 2026-09-01
hba1c from baseline to day 28; 2026-09-01
basal c peptide level; 2026-09-01
glycosylated hemoglobin; 2026-09-01
glcosylated hemoglobin; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
beta cell function after 52 weeks of therapy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c from baseline to week 16; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c from visit 1 to each protocol visit; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
body weight from visit 1 to each protocol visit; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fasting plasma glucose from visit 1 to each protocol visit; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
lipids from visit 1 to each protocol visit; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
asiiauc during a hyperglycemic clamp test; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time averaged serum glucose during a 24 hour period; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pharmacodynamic measurements during 7 days of dosing; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
superiority as assessed by hba1c reduction; 2026-09-01
0; NCT00572689; PHASE4; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of 24 hour heart rate from baseline to endpoint, abdominal visceral fat from baseline to 6 months and adverse events did Exenatide's trials measure?
24 hour heart rate from baseline to endpoint, abdominal visceral fat from baseline to 6 months and adverse events lead 40 outcome terms across Exenatide's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
basal c peptide level, glycosylated hemoglobin, glcosylated hemoglobin, beta cell function after 52 weeks of therapy, hba1c from baseline to week 16 and hba1c from visit 1 to each protocol visit follow.
Show the evidence
hba1c from baseline to week 30
1
hba1c from baseline to study termination
1
hba1c from baseline to day 28
1
basal c peptide level
1
glycosylated hemoglobin
1
glcosylated hemoglobin
1
14 more recorded rows
beta cell function after 52 weeks of therapy
1
hba1c from baseline to week 16
1
hba1c from visit 1 to each protocol visit
1
body weight from visit 1 to each protocol visit
1
fasting plasma glucose from visit 1 to each protocol visit
1
lipids from visit 1 to each protocol visit
1
asiiauc during a hyperglycemic clamp test
1
time averaged serum glucose during a 24 hour period
1
adverse events
1
pharmacodynamic measurements during 7 days of dosing
1
superiority as assessed by hba1c reduction
1
treatment failure
1
time to treatment failure
1
hba1c from baseline to week 12
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Exenatide's 7 ongoing trials reports first?
Treatment Emergent Adverse Events; Change of BMI z-score; latest 2028-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00679042
"Islet Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Using the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Protocol"; n 21; "Treatment Emergent Adverse Events"; 2026-06-14
NCT04520490
"Brain Activation and Satiety in Children 2"; n 63; "Change of BMI z-score"; 2026-02-12
NCT05220917
"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study"; n 781430; "MACE"; 2027-09-30
NCT05356104
"GLP-1 Analogue in Preventing Progression of Small Vessel Disease (GAPP-SVD)"; n 110; "Change of Brain Peak Width of Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity"; 2027-12
NCT05482789
"Exenatide Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Gestational Diabetes"; n 13; "Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC) of glucose"; 2026-12-31
NCT05663515
"A Pan-European Post-Authorisation Safety Study: Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients Who Initiated Exenatide as Compared With Those Who Initiated Other Non-Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists Based Glucose Lowering Drugs"; n 24000; "Incidence rate of primary diagnosis of pancreatic cancer among exenatide exposed population"; 2026-10-01
1 further recorded trialNCT07309094
"Clinical, Morphometric and Biochemical Effects on Adiposopathy Associated With the Use of GLP-1RA in CKD"; n 250; "Ultrasonography change in perirenal adipose tissue thickness"; 2028-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 93 trials of Exenatide posted no result?
Posted no result
93 of 93 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00044694, NCT00039013, NCT00035984, NCT00039026, NCT01789957 and NCT00517283, and 87 more
Completion dates
oldest 2003-05; newest 2024-04-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00044694
2003-05
NCT00039013
2003-06
NCT00035984
2003-08
NCT00039026
2003-08
NCT01789957
2004-06
NCT00517283
2005-06
14 further recorded trials
NCT00099320
2005-08
NCT00099333
2005-08
NCT00099619
2005-08
NCT00044668
2005-09
NCT00103935
2005-10
NCT00254800
2006-08
NCT00111540
2006-09
NCT00254254
2007-02
NCT00324363
2007-04
NCT00382239
2007-05
NCT00241423
2007-06
NCT00313001
2007-07
NCT00359879
2007-07
NCT00381342
2007-09
Q10
At the median, Exenatide's trials enrolled 60 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
60
Largest enrolment
1499650
Registered trials counted
236
Q11
Was Exenatide studied with fasting?
fasting is named in Exenatide's label sentences: "In this prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized cross-over, proof-of-principle study, 10 μg intravenous exenatide was compared to placebo in 14 patients with confirmed EHH in a fasting test." openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-07-01
1 recorded statement; fasting
Show the evidence
fasting
In this prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized cross-over, proof-of-principle study, 10 μg intravenous exenatide was compared to placebo in 14 patients with confirmed EHH in a fasting test.
recorded 2025-07-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Exenatide and sirtuin?
"This study evaluated whether exenatide attenuates acute doxorubicin-induced hepatic injury and examined whether the observed biochemical changes are consistent with modulation of oxidative stress and SIRT1-HMGB1/NF-κB-related signaling. <b>Methods:</b> Male Wistar albino rats were allocated to four groups (n = 7/group): control,…" — where Exenatide and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-15
"This study evaluated whether exenatide attenuates acute doxorubicin-induced hepatic injury and examined whether the observed biochemical changes are consistent with modulation of oxidative stress and SIRT1-HMGB1/NF-κB-related signaling. <b>Methods:</b> Male Wistar albino rats were allocated to four groups (n = 7/group): control, exenatide, doxorubicin, and exenatide + doxorubicin."
PMID 42515767
"None of the altered parameters returned completely to control levels, indicating attenuation rather than full normalization of acute injury-related changes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Exenatide attenuated doxorubicin-induced acute hepatic injury in this rat model and was associated with reduced oxidative stress, reduced inflammatory activation, higher hepatic SIRT1 levels, lower serum HMGB1 levels, and…"
PMID 37742607
"Here, we used whole-body heterozygous Sirt1 knockout (Sirt1<sup>+/-</sup>) and kidney-specific Sirt1 knockout (KSK) mice to investigate whether SIRT1 regulates Txnip via histone deacetylation in DKD and exenatide-alleviated DKD."
mTORPMID 41101220
"The combined administration of finerenone and exenatide demonstrated potent nephroprotective effects in DN by attenuating inflammation and oxidative damage via modulation of NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and NRF2 pathways."
autophagy
PMID 33044023
"Furthermore, Exenatide is a known activator of autophagy, which is a complex process of subcellular degradation that may enhance the viability of random skin flaps."
PMID 33044023
"Coadministration of exenatide with 3-methyladenine and chloroquine, potent inhibitors of autophagy, reversed the beneficial effects, suggesting that the therapeutic benefits of exenatide for skin flaps are due largely to autophagy activation."
PMID 33044023
"Mechanistically, we identified that exenatide enhanced activation and nuclear translocation of TFE3, which leads to autophagy activation."
mTORPMID 33044023
"Furthermore, we found that exenatide activates the AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways, which likely lead to exenatide's effects on activating TFE3."
AMPKPMID 33044023
"Furthermore, we found that exenatide activates the AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways, which likely lead to exenatide's effects on activating TFE3."
mTORPMID 31611738
"In addition, mTOR inhibition was greater in cells treated with exenatide."
AMPK
"Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was performed to observe endometrium morphological change, and western blot and RT-PCR were performed to identify the alteration AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) and SIRT1 proteins and the relative expression of SIRT1 mRNA in endometrial cellular after the intervention of exenatide (EX)."
PMID 26648451
"Our results suggest that exenatide could attenuate the growth of endometrial cancer Ishikawa xenografts in nude mice, and AMPK may be the target of the mechanism."
IGF-1
PMID 29256971
"Moreover, modulation of insulin-like growth factor-1/2 (IGF-1/IGF-2) system by exenatide, and the consequent effect on cardiomyocyte apoptosis, is yet to be established."
PMID 29256971
"Current study showed that the GLP-1R agonist exenatide exerted cardioprotection associated with upregulation of ERα and modulation of IGF-1/IGF-2 signaling in favor of antiapoptosis."
recorded 2026-07-15 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.