Its recorded molecular formula is C4H10O4, weighing 122.12.
PubChem record · 222285 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 13 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved2 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change of Serum Uric Acid Level
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06084585
How many people
180
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Treatment success - criterion 1 (yes/no)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06762353
How many people
152
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
glucose tolerance measured oral glucose tolerance test
plasma polyol levels after polyol ingestion
plasma polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
urinary polyol levels after polyol ingestion
urinary polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
glucose tolerance
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (7)
endothelial function
probing pocket depth change
bleeding on probing change
clinical attachment level change
acute effect on cholecystokinin release
platelet aggregation after polyol ingestion
platelet aggregation at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
470 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q1
What did Erythritol's largest trial (80 people) and its longest (5.1 years) measure?
80 people in Erythritol's largest registered study, 5.1 years in its longest registered window, measuring Endothelial function. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
13 na, 2 phase4; NCT04731363; 2026-04-01; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT04731363.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Erythritol was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
13
phase4
2
Last recorded human testNCT04731363
2026-04-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From Drosophila to human: where has Erythritol shown mechanism-only?
acute effect on cholecystokinin release; 2026-09-01
7 more recorded rows
biomarkers
platelet aggregation after polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
platelet aggregation at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plasma polyol levels after polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plasma polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
urinary polyol levels after polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
urinary polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glucose tolerance; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
11
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
12; NCT02934321; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q5
Which of acute effect on cholecystokinin release, bleeding on probing change and clinical attachment level change did Erythritol's trials measure?
acute effect on cholecystokinin release, bleeding on probing change and clinical attachment level change lead 13 outcome terms across Erythritol's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
clinical attachment level change, glucose tolerance measured oral glucose tolerance test, acute effect on cholecystokinin release, platelet aggregation after polyol ingestion, platelet aggregation at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion and plasma polyol levels after polyol ingestion follow.
Show the evidence
endothelial function
1
probing pocket depth change
1
bleeding on probing change
1
clinical attachment level change
1
glucose tolerance measured oral glucose tolerance test
1
acute effect on cholecystokinin release
1
7 more recorded rows
platelet aggregation after polyol ingestion
1
platelet aggregation at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
1
plasma polyol levels after polyol ingestion
1
plasma polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
1
urinary polyol levels after polyol ingestion
1
urinary polyol levels at 30 minutes post polyol ingestion
1
glucose tolerance
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Which of Erythritol's 2 ongoing trials reports first?
P-selectin, a platelet surface marker, assessed as median fluorescence intensity; Change of glucose tolerance; latest 2026-11-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT05967741
"The Effects of Dietary Erythritol on Platelet Reactivity and Vascular Inflammation"; n 24; "P-selectin, a platelet surface marker, assessed as median fluorescence intensity"; 2026-06
NCT07377097
"Effects of Sweetener Consumption on Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Prediabetic Subjects"; n 80; "Change of glucose tolerance"; 2026-11-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which 10 trials of Erythritol posted no result?
Posted no result
10 of 10 completed trials
Registrations
NCT02823249, NCT02023840, NCT02023853, NCT01908348, NCT03039478 and NCT02934321, and 4 more
Completion dates
oldest 2015-04; newest 2022-09-16
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02823249
2015-04
NCT02023840
2015-12
NCT02023853
2015-12
NCT01908348
2016-12
NCT03039478
2018-08-31
NCT02934321
2019-08-23
4 further recorded trials
NCT02824614
2020-02
NCT04027283
2020-09-01
NCT04713137
2021-06-03
NCT05279183
2022-09-16
Q8
At the median, Erythritol's trials enrolled 20 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
20
Largest enrolment
80
Registered trials counted
15
Q9
Was Erythritol studied with fasting?
fasting is named in Erythritol's label sentences: "In this trial, two complementary analyses were performed to identify predictors of fasting erythritol and erythronate concentrations across different populations and to assess changes in these metabolites following bariatric surgery-induced weight loss." openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-10-07
1 recorded statement; fasting
Show the evidence
fasting
In this trial, two complementary analyses were performed to identify predictors of fasting erythritol and erythronate concentrations across different populations and to assess changes in these metabolites following bariatric surgery-induced weight loss.
recorded 2025-10-07 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
What is recorded about Erythritol and autophagy?
"Collectively, these findings demonstrate that gestational erythritol exposure promotes oxidative stress, disrupts autophagy, impairs steroidogenesis, and inhibits PI3K signaling, culminating in transgenerational ovarian dysfunction." — where Erythritol and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-05-14
autophagy, NAD+; PMID 42222091, 39825331, 4390964
Show the evidence
autophagyPMID 42222091
"Collectively, these findings demonstrate that gestational erythritol exposure promotes oxidative stress, disrupts autophagy, impairs steroidogenesis, and inhibits PI3K signaling, culminating in transgenerational ovarian dysfunction."
NAD+
PMID 39825331
"DNA was extracted and selected parts the immunity; solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1), toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), SP110 nuclear body protein (SP110), the adenosine A3 receptor (ADORA3), caspase activating recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS),…"
PMID 4390964
"Glycerol-, d-erythrose-, or erythritol-grown wild-type mycelium contained an NAD-dependent erythritol dehydrogenase absent in glucose cells."
PMID 4390964
"Erythritol metabolism in wild-type cells of S. commune, therefore, involves an NADPH-dependent reduction of d-erythrose to produce erythritol, followed by induction of an NAD-coupled erythritol dehydrogenase to form erythrulose."
recorded 2026-05-14 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 3 required field(s) not terminal: Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.