This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Epirubicin does in the body
1) ] .
From the FDA-approved label: Epirubicin is an anthracycline cytotoxic agent. Although it is known that anthracyclines can interfere with a number of biochemical and biological functions within eukaryotic cells, the precise mechanisms of epirubicin's cytotoxic and/or antiproliferative properties have not been completely elucidated. Epirubicin forms a complex with DNA by intercalation of its planar rings between nucleotide base pairs, with consequent inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis. Such intercalation triggers DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II, resulting in cytocidal activity.
Why people take it. ELLENCE is indicated as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence of axillary node tumor involvement following resection of primary breast cancer [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] .
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 3Z8479ZZ5X · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C27H29NO11HCl, weighing 579.95.
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 125 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Biomarker
A biomarker is a number from a test that stands in for something about health.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A biomarker is like a fuel gauge.
Where that stops being true. A gauge is wired to the tank. Many biomarkers are only loosely tied to health.
What people get wrong. A better number is read as a better life. Several medicines improved a number and helped nobody.
A measurable indicator used as a substitute for a clinical outcome of interest.
Placebo
A placebo is a dummy treatment given so the real one can be compared with it.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A placebo is like a blank control in an experiment.
Where that stops being true. A blank does nothing. People given a placebo often do get better.
What people get wrong. A placebo effect is read as imaginary. The improvement is measured and real.
An inactive intervention matched in appearance to the test intervention, used to control for non-specific effects.
Comparator
A comparator is whatever the treatment was measured against.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the other runner in a race.
Where that stops being true. A race has one winner. A study can show both arms improved.
What people get wrong. Results are read without asking what the other group got. Beating nothing is not beating a treatment.
The control condition against which the experimental intervention is assessed.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Identification of a responder sub-population with intermediate and high risk, which due to therapy has outcome comparable to HR+/RS≤11
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01779206
How many people
4936
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Percentage of Participants With Invasive Disease-Free Survival (IDFS) Event (Excluding Second Primary Non-Breast Cancer [SPNBC]), as Assessed Using Radiologic, Histologic Examinations or Laboratory Findings
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01358877
How many people
4804
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00301925
How many people
4400
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Disease-Free Survival
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01222052
How many people
4150
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Disease free survival
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02181101
How many people
3754
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The first primary objective of this study is to compare disease free survival after randomisation in patients treated with a combination of 5-FU/Epirubicine/Cyclophosphamide followed by Docetaxel vs. Docetaxel/Cyclophosphamide
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00847444
How many people
3547
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Injection
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
ELLENCE is indicated as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence of axillary node tumor involvement following resection of primary breast cancer [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. ELLENCE is an anthracycline topoisomerase inhibitor indicated as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence of axillary node tumor involvement following resection of primary breast cancer ( 1 ).
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness of ELLENCE have not been established in pediatric patients.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical experience in patients who were 65 years of age and older who received ELLENCE chemotherapy regimens for primary breast cancer showed no overall differences in safety and effectiveness compared with younger patients.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Based on findings from animal studies and its mechanism of action, ELLENCE can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1) ] ; avoid the use of ELLENCE during the 1 st trimester.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of epirubicin in human milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “Epirubicin is eliminated by both hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion and clearance is reduced in patients with hepatic dysfunction.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “No significant alterations in the pharmacokinetics of epirubicin or its major metabolite, epirubicinol, have been observed in patients with serum creatinine <5 mg/dL.”
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (11)
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Injection
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S1, S3, S4, S6.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as injectable, powder, injection, solution, given by the injection, intravenous route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Injection
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
5 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 5 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0009-5091 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as injection, solution and powder, taken intravenous.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0009-5091 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is anthracycline topoisomerase inhibitor [epc], anthracyclines [cs] and topoisomerase inhibitors [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0009-5091 · read 2026-08-29
1 published label names it as an active ingredient. 1 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-29
Ellence is intravenous at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 50 mg/25 mL (2 mg/mL), 200 mg/100 mL (2 mg/mL) clear red solution in a single-dose vial., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-07-24 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Epirubicin studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Epirubicin are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
3Z8479ZZ5X
CAS registry number
56420-45-2
PubChem compound
41867
ChEMBL
CHEMBL417
ChEBI
47898
WHO international nonproprietary name list entry
5171
RxNorm concept
3995
EMA substance identifier
100000080474
DrugBank
DB00445
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Quoted from a stored source.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S1, S3, S4, S6.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
15 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA050778, approved 19990915 to PFIZER INC.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
9 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What was measured, goal by goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
How close this is to real life — found nothing in the sources checked.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
Felt, measured, or meaningful — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q2
On the Epirubicin label: indicated for what?
"ELLENCE is indicated as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence of axillary node tumor involvement following resection of primary breast cancer [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] . ELLENCE is an anthracycline topoisomerase inhibitor indicated as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence…": indications and usage on Epirubicin's label. DailyMed label · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · 2026-07-24
Q3
301 registered trials of Epirubicin — at which phases?
Registered studies posting no result
264 of 301
301 registered studies of Epirubicin: 154 phase2, 113 phase3, 29 phase1, 13 na, 10 phase4, 3 na or unstated, 1 early phase1. CLINICALTRIALS_SNAPSHOT · 2026-09-01
1894 with a PubMed record
Show the evidence
phase2
154
phase3
113
phase1
29
na
13
phase4
10
na or unstated
3
10 more recorded rows
early phase1
1
completed
143
unknown
74
terminated
26
recruiting
25
active not recruiting
14
not yet recruiting
11
withdrawn
5
suspended
2
enrolling by invitation
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
27 of Epirubicin's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
safety (1), futility/efficacy (2), accrual/recruitment (12), funding/business (3) and other (9): Epirubicin's stop wording, clustered. CLINICALTRIALS_SNAPSHOT · 2026-09-01
"lack of patient inclusion"; 27 of 301 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00003852
terminated; "lack of patient inclusion"
NCT00066807
terminated; "Poor accrual, patients were followed until completion of 5 yrs treatment"
NCT00096304
terminated; "Low accrual"
NCT00162812
terminated; "Low accrual rate"
NCT00176488
terminated; "Competing studies"
NCT00431795
terminated; "Due to poor accrual"
14 further recorded trials
NCT00756470
terminated; "Slow accrual."
NCT00954512
terminated; "This study was terminated for business reasons."
NCT01123473
terminated; "company withdrew interest"
NCT01159236
withdrawn; "Recent developments lead to re-evaluation of study."
NCT01167738
terminated; "concern of detrimental effect"
NCT01205217
withdrawn; "Data presented at SABCS 2010 showing that dual blockade is superior to monotherapy"
NCT01220128
terminated; "Study termination due to negative Ph III of another study product from same technology platform."
NCT01327521
withdrawn; "Accrual below target levels"
NCT01690325
terminated; "Therapy of HER2+ patients according to protocol was no longer appropriate. Patient enrolment behind planned schedule and challenges of site performance"
NCT01697072
terminated; "All Amgen sponsored AMG102 clinical studies were terminated following a pre-planned Data Monitoring Committee safety review of study 20070622."
NCT01779050
terminated; "Loss of study funding"
NCT01929811
terminated; "Slow enrollment."
NCT01985841
terminated; "Due to poor accrual"
NCT02067416
withdrawn; "Funding agent withdrew funding"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Human studies of Epirubicin used Epirubicin: 75mg/m2 for up to 4 cycles from date of first dose — over how long?
studies of Epirubicin used the recorded amount. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
1 recorded entry; human; also "Epirubicin: 75mg/m2 for up to 4 cycles from date of first dose"
Show the evidence
humanNCT01985841
Epirubicin: 75mg/m2 for up to 4 cycles from date of first dose
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Epirubicin's half-life is 3 minutes — which schedules were studied?
3 minutes, the half-life Epirubicin's label states: "The plasma concentration declined in a triphasic manner with mean half-lives for the alpha, beta, and gamma phases of about 3 minutes, 2.5 hours, and 33 hours, respectively." DailyMed label · 0a03c798-a652-4895-b29c-3b521a89ba42 · 2026-07-24
Show the evidence
half lifepharmacokinetics
3 minutes; The plasma concentration declined in a triphasic manner with mean half-lives for the alpha, beta, and gamma phases of about 3 minutes, 2.5 hours, and 33 hours, respectively.
metabolismpharmacokinetics
Metabolism Epirubicin is extensively and rapidly metabolized by the liver and is also metabolized by other organs and cells, including red blood cells.
recorded 2026-07-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which running trial of Epirubicin could settle lifespan?
NCT04296175 measures Disease free survival, reading out 2027-03.
12 open trials; n 808; "Carboplatin Intensified Chemotherapy for TRIple NEgative Breast Cancer(CITRINE)"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT04296175
"Carboplatin Intensified Chemotherapy for TRIple NEgative Breast Cancer(CITRINE)"; n 808; "Disease free survival"; 2027-03
NCT04193059
"Study Comparing EC-T Verses PCb in the Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Non-triple Negative Breast Cancer"; n 1560; "disease free survival"; 2027-07
NCT05287308
"Adjuvant Albumin-bound Paclitaxel Versus Taxanes in Breast Cancer: a Real-world Study"; n 500; "5-year invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) rate"; 2027-09
NCT06140966
"Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Daratumumab and Carfilzomib-based Induction/Consolidation/Maintenance Therapy in Transplant-eligible, Ultra High-risk, Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma"; n 54; "2-year progression-free survival"; 2027-10-20
NCT00433420
"Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Fluorouracil and/or Pegfilgrastim in Treating Women With Node-Positive Breast Cancer"; n 2000; "Disease-free survival"; 2027-12
NCT00798070
"Panther: A Study Comparing Biweekly and Tailored EC-T Versus Three Weekly FEC-T in Breast Cancer Patients"; n 2017; "Breast cancer relapse-free survival"; 2028-01
6 further recorded trials
NCT05901428
"TCb vs EC-T in High Risk ER+/HER2- Breast Cancer"; n 1736; "invasive disease-free survival (iDFS)"; 2028-06
NCT05678933
"AC-CHOP Versus CHOP in Patients With Previously Untreated PTCL-TFH"; n 200; "Progression-free survival (PFS)"; 2029-12-01
NCT07749924
"Active Surveillance Versus Adjuvant Intravesical Chemotherapy in Liquid Biopsy-Defined Low-Shedding Intermediate-Risk NMIBC"; n 670; "Recurrence-free survival"; 2032-03-01
NCT06112379
"A Phase III Randomised Study to Evaluate Dato-DXd and Durvalumab for Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Treatment of Triple-Negative or Hormone Receptor-low/HER2-negative Breast Cancer"; n 1902; "Event-free survival (EFS) in the experimental vs control arms"; 2032-09-23
NCT03286634
"ASIA Down Syndrome Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 2016"; n 60; "Event Free Survival"; 2033-03-31
NCT03892330
"Combination Therapy of Anthracyclines for Children With Nephroblastoma"; n 120; "Progression free survival (PFS)"; 2045-06-30
Q8
Which 105 trials of Epirubicin posted no result?
Posted no result
105 of 105 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00309569, NCT00003606, NCT00002870, NCT00004934, NCT00004873 and NCT00002615, and 99 more
Completion dates
oldest 2000-09; newest 2024-06-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00309569
2000-09
NCT00003606
2001-06
NCT00002870
2002-01
NCT00004934
2003-05
NCT00004873
2003-07
NCT00002615
2003-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT00021047
2004-06
NCT00020748
2004-10
NCT00146588
2004-12
NCT00154739
2005-07
NCT00062296
2005-08
NCT00004237
2005-09
NCT00002953
2005-11
NCT00645866
2006-03
NCT00003893
2006-04
NCT00140075
2006-08
NCT00556127
2006-09
NCT00072319
2006-11
NCT00058487
2007-01
NCT00057980
2007-02
Q9
At the median, Epirubicin's trials enrolled 130.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
130.5
Largest enrolment
4936
Registered trials counted
288
Q10
What do 1513 spontaneous reports say about Epirubicin — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Epirubicin appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 1513 reaction mentions were counted: neutropenia 192; vomiting 189; bone marrow failure 182; febrile neutropenia 180. FAERS via Open Targets · CHEMBL1200981 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
neutropenia
192
vomiting
189
bone marrow failure
182
febrile neutropenia
180
pyrexia
173
white blood cell count decreased
151
4 more recorded rows
leukopenia
129
agranulocytosis
119
myelosuppression
111
neoplasm progression
87
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Which 10 reactions does Epirubicin's label not list?
ChEMBL 37 — CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 6 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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