This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Empagliflozin does in the body
Empagliflozin blocks that transporter, so roughly 60 to 100 grams of glucose a day leaves in the urine, taking sodium, water and calories with it.
Your kidney filters sugar out of your blood and then reclaims almost all of it through a specific transporter. That is the glucose effect. The heart and kidney effects are larger than the glucose effect can explain, and the mechanism behind them is still being argued about.
Why people take it. Used for heart failure, kidney disease and type 2 diabetes with added risk.
What happened in people
In weakened hearts, heart-related deaths and hospital admissions for heart failure fell by about one quarter.
✓ Reviewed first-read answer
Where this came from
A person wrote this and a reviewer approved it against this exact record. It carries no effect size.
A reviewer approved this against this record. The reviewed-claim record carrying the exact population and effect size does not exist yet.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Heart attacks and strokes did not clearly fall.
Where it acts
Brush border of the renal proximal convoluted tubule, segment S1 and S2
Kind of result
The kind of result is not recorded
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · HDC1R2M35U · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C23H27ClO7, weighing 450.91.
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
A reviewer approved this sentence against this exact record and its sources.
The limit a reviewer approved as the one that matters most here.
The four opening statements run to 101 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Randomisation
Randomisation means chance decides who gets which treatment.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a coin toss deciding the groups.
Where that stops being true. A coin toss is fair once. Fairness here comes from doing it for everyone.
What people get wrong. It is thought to make groups identical. It makes them similar on average, including on things nobody measured.
Allocation of participants to arms by a chance process, so that unmeasured factors are balanced in expectation.
Confidence interval
A confidence interval is the range the true answer is likely to sit in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a weather forecast giving a range rather than one number.
Where that stops being true. A forecast range covers tomorrow. This one covers what the study could resolve.
What people get wrong. The middle number is read as the answer. A range crossing zero means no change is still possible.
An interval estimate that would contain the true parameter in a stated proportion of repeated studies.
Formulation
A formulation is the exact made-up form a substance comes in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the difference between a whole bean and instant coffee.
Where that stops being true. Coffee tastes different. A formulation can change how much reaches the blood.
What people get wrong. Two products with the same name are assumed to behave the same. They often do not.
The specific composition and physical form of a product, including salt, excipients and release profile.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved8 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Blood sugar
hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment; fasting plasma glucose; hba1c change from baseline; hba1c; changes from baseline in hba1c after 76 weeks of treatment; hba1c after 52 weeks of treatment; achieving hba1c of 6 without diabetic medication; hba1c at 24 weeks
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
8 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Results from the one trial this record names
In NCT01131676, Time to first occurrence of an adjudicated component of the primary composite endpoint (3-point MACE): CV death, non-fatal MI (excluding silent MI), and non-fatal stroke; percentage of participants with the event was 10.5 percent of participants (all empagliflozin, pooled) against 12.1 percent of participants (placebo) in the comparison group at From randomisation to individual end of observation, up to 4.6 years. The recorded difference is Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.86 (95.02% CI 0.74 to 0.99; p=0.0382 (superiority)).
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT01131676 · read 2026-08-27
Composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
EMPA-REG OUTCOME (NCT01131676)
How many people
7020
Study design
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cardiovascular safety trial, median 3.1 years
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
HR 0.86 (95.02% CI 0.74-0.99), P = 0.04 for superiority
Repeated elsewhere
Partially Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Myocardial infarction and stroke did not differ significantly; the composite was carried by cardiovascular death. The key secondary endpoint adding unstable angina was not significant (p=0.08). Genital infection was increased.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure, ejection fraction above 40%
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
EMPEROR-Preserved (NCT03057951)
How many people
5988
Study design
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, median 26.2 months
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.69-0.90), P < 0.001
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. The paper states the effect was mainly related to lower heart failure hospitalisation rather than to cardiovascular death. More genital and urinary infections, and more hypotension.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
Interval reported. 95% CI 0
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
EMPA-KIDNEY (NCT03594110)
How many people
6609
Study design
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial, median 2.0 years
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.64-0.82), P < 0.001
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No significant difference in the composite of heart failure hospitalisation or cardiovascular death (4.0% against 4.6%), nor in death from any cause (4.5% against 5.1%).
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
Interval reported. 95% CI 0
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
First hospitalisation for heart failure or death from any cause after acute myocardial infarction
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
EMPACT-MI (NCT04509674)
How many people
6522
Study design
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled event-driven trial, median 17.9 months
Compared against
A dummy treatment
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
HR 0.90 (95% CI 0.76-1.06), P = 0.21
Repeated elsewhere
Failed to Replicate
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. First heart failure hospitalisation was nominally lower (HR 0.77, 0.60-0.98) inside a missed primary endpoint, which makes it hypothesis-generating rather than established.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
Interval reported. 95% CI 0
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 5 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.24 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Where a source records it acting
Kidneys: Inhibits SGLT2, reducing renal reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowering the renal threshold for glucose (as recorded)
US prescribing information · 0fdd0255-0055-65f3-b2c0-db8fbb87beae · read 2026-08-27
Start
Empagliflozin
What a person takes: Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin.
The measurement behind this step
Once daily in the morning, with or without food. Metabolism is by glucuronidation rather than by cytochrome P450, so the drug has few of the interactions that complicate other cardiometabolic agents. Its glucose-lowering effect depends on filtered glucose load and therefore fades as kidney function falls, while the cardiovascular and renal benefits do not.
Getting in
Absorbed well, and delivered to the kidney tubule from the blood side
The tablet is absorbed quickly and travels in the blood to the kidney, where it is filtered and secreted into the tubule so it can reach its target from the urine side.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Oral bioavailability is high and absorption is rapid, with peak concentrations at about 1.5 hours; food slightly delays but does not meaningfully reduce it. Elimination is roughly half renal and half faecal, with metabolism dominated by glucuronidation via UGT2B7, UGT1A3, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9 rather than by cytochrome P450 — so its interaction profile is unusually clean.
It reaches the brush border of the first part of the kidney tubule
The target sits on the surface of cells lining the very beginning of the kidney tubule, facing the fluid that has just been filtered out of the blood.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
SGLT2 is expressed almost exclusively on the apical brush border of proximal tubule segments S1 and S2, where it reabsorbs roughly 90% of filtered glucose. SGLT1, further along in S3 and throughout the small intestine, handles the remainder — which is why blocking SGLT2 alone does not eliminate all glucose reabsorption and why a maximally effective dose still leaves some reclamation intact.
A glucose look-alike jams the transporter, and cannot be cut loose
The drug looks enough like glucose to occupy the transporter, but the link holding its sugar ring on is a carbon-carbon bond that the body's sugar-cleaving enzymes cannot break.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Empagliflozin is a C-aryl glucoside: replacing the natural oxygen glycosidic linkage with a carbon-carbon bond makes it resistant to beta-glucosidase hydrolysis, the flaw that made the natural product phlorizin unusable as a drug. Selectivity for SGLT2 over SGLT1 is roughly 2,500-fold, the highest in the class, which keeps intestinal glucose absorption intact.
Glucose, sodium and water leave in the urine together
Sugar that is not reclaimed carries water with it osmotically, and the sodium that would have travelled with it is left in the tubule too. The result is calorie loss, mild fluid loss and a signal to the rest of the kidney.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Urinary glucose excretion rises to roughly 60 to 100 grams daily, with accompanying osmotic diuresis and natriuresis. The delivery of extra sodium to the macula densa restores tubuloglomerular feedback, constricting the afferent arteriole and lowering intraglomerular pressure — which produces the characteristic initial dip in eGFR and is the leading candidate explanation for the long-term renal protection.
Heart failure hospitalisations and kidney decline fall; heart attacks do not
Across four large trials, fewer people were admitted for heart failure and kidney function declined more slowly. Heart attacks and strokes were not reduced, which is why the drug is now a cardiology and nephrology drug rather than an anti-atherosclerosis one.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
In EMPA-REG, cardiovascular death fell 38% and heart failure hospitalisation 35% while myocardial infarction and stroke showed no significant difference. In EMPEROR-Reduced the annual eGFR decline was -0.55 against -2.28 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year. In EMPA-KIDNEY the primary composite hazard ratio was 0.72 with no significant difference in all-cause death.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment
fasting plasma glucose
maximum measured concentration
warfarin r enantiomers maximum measured concentration
warfarin s enantiomers maximum measured concentration
hba1c change from baseline
glycosylated haemoglobin after 104 weeks of treatment
glycosylated haemoglobin after 24 weeks
hba1c
serum osmolality from baseline
and 14 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (16)
hypoglycaemic events
new onset of hypertension
warfarin r enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity
warfarin s enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity
total empa area under the curve 0 to infinity
empa area under the curve 0 to infinity
simvastatin area under the curve 0 to infinity
drug related adverse events
auc0
cmax
auc ss
cmax ss
auc0 of glimepiride
cmax of glimepiride
adverse drug reactions
liver fat content
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 12.4 h hours
Read from the label, which states: “The apparent terminal elimination half-life of empagliflozin was estimated to be 12.4 h and apparent oral clearance was 10.6 L/h based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
People with heart failure across the ejection fraction range, people with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, and people with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. On the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Who a named study recorded including and excluding
It included: Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus prior to informed consent; Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of >= 7.0% and <=10% for patients on background therapy or HbA1c >= 7.0% and <= 9.0% for drug naive patients; Age >= 18 years; Body Mass index <= 45 at Visit 1; High cardiovascular risk.
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT01131676 · read 2026-08-27
It excluded: Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia with a glucose level >240 mg/dl (>13.3 mmol/L) after an overnight fast during placebo run-in and confirmed by a second measurement (not on the same day); Planned cardiac surgery or angioplasty within 3 months; Impaired renal function, defined as Glomerular Filtration Rate <30 ml/min (severe renal impairment, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula) during screening or run in.; Bariatric surgery within the past two years and other gastrointestinal surgeries that induce chronic malabsorption; Medical history of cancer (except for basal cell carcinoma) and/or treatment for cancer within the last 5 years.
ClinicalTrials.gov record · NCT01131676 · read 2026-08-27
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of JARDIANCE have not been established in pediatric patients less than 10 years of age as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “In glycemic control trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a total of 2,721 (32%) patients treated with JARDIANCE were 65 years of age and older, and 491 (6%) were 75 years of age and older.”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Based on animal data showing adverse renal effects, JARDIANCE is not recommended during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There is limited information regarding the presence of JARDIANCE in human milk, the effects of JARDIANCE on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced liver function, the label states: “JARDIANCE may be used in patients with hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “The efficacy and safety of JARDIANCE for glycemic control were evaluated in a trial of adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild and moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] .”
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
EMPACT-MI missed its primary endpoint in 6,522 patients after acute myocardial infarction (HR 0.90, p=0.21)
EMPA-KIDNEY showed no significant difference in all-cause death or in the heart failure and cardiovascular death composite
The EMPA-REG key secondary composite, adding unstable angina to the primary, was not significant (p=0.08)
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf.
On this record: This record is linked to 1 related forms. Evidence does not carry across all of them.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (9)
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Once daily in the morning, with or without food. Metabolism is by glucuronidation rather than by cytochrome P450, so the drug has few of the interactions that complicate other cardiometabolic agents. Its glucose-lowering effect depends on filtered glucose load and therefore fades as kidney function falls, while the cardiovascular and renal benefits do not.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
Genital mycotic infection is the commonest adverse effect and the commonest reason for stopping. Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis is a labelled warning and can occur at glucose levels that would ordinarily exclude the diagnosis, with risk raised by fasting, dehydration, acute illness and surgery. Fournier gangrene, necrotising fasciitis of the perineum, is a rare labelled warning. Volume depletion and hypotension occur, particularly with loop diuretics. An expected initial dip in eGFR occurs on starting and is haemodynamic rather than injurious.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Empagliflozin appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 8845 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral tablet, and fixed combinations with metformin and with linagliptin
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Metabolism is by glucuronidation rather than by cytochrome P450, so the drug has few of the interactions that complicate other cardiometabolic agents. Its glucose-lowering effect depends on filtered glucose load and therefore fades as kidney function falls, while the cardiovascular and renal benefits do not.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on which forms are sold and how they compare.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
75 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 49 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0597-0153 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as powder, tablet, tablet, extended release and tablet, film coated, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0597-0153 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor [epc] and sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 0597-0153 · read 2026-08-29
13 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 9 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 5777b8a8-ada6-4950-8548-43a1de11f075 · read 2026-08-29
SYNJARDY is film-coated tablets at 5 mg empagliflozin/500 mg metformin HCl; 5 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl; 12.5 mg empagliflozin/500 mg metformin HCl; 12.5 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2026-01-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 0fdd0255-0055-65f3-b2c0-db8fbb87beae · read 2026-08-27
SYNJARDY XR is film-coated tablets (extended-release metformin component) at 5 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl extended-release; 10 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl extended-release; 12.5 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl extended-release; 25 mg empagliflozin/1,000 mg metformin HCl extended-release, recorded as prescription product; fda label in effect 2026-01-30 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 0fdd0255-0055-65f3-b2c0-db8fbb87beae · read 2026-08-27
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
Evidence on this page does not automatically apply to this one.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Empagliflozin studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That any one named mechanism — ketone fuel shift, sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibition, natriuresis — explains the cardiovascular benefit; none has been isolated in a randomised design
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That EMPEROR-Preserved showed a mortality benefit — the paper attributes the effect mainly to fewer hospitalisations
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That empagliflozin and dapagliflozin are interchangeable on outcomes — no head-to-head trial exists
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the benefit is an antiatherosclerotic effect — myocardial infarction and stroke did not differ significantly in EMPA-REG
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Empagliflozin are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
EMPA-REG OUTCOME: a safety trial found a 32% reduction in all-cause death
In plain words
The trial existed because regulators require diabetes drugs to prove they do not cause heart attacks. It found that this one reduced deaths from any cause by a third, which no glucose-lowering drug had done in that setting.
What was measured
Death from any cause, cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalisation over a median 3.1 years
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk to empagliflozin 10 mg, 25 mg or placebo once daily on top of standard care; 7,020 were treated, median observation 3.1 years. The primary composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke occurred in 490 of 4,687 (10.5%) on pooled empagliflozin against 282 of 2,333 (12.1%) on placebo: hazard ratio 0.86 (95.02% CI 0.74 to 0.99), p=0.04 for superiority. There were no significant between-group differences in myocardial infarction or stroke. The differences were in cardiovascular death (3.7% against 5.9%, a 38% relative reduction), hospitalisation for heart failure (2.7% against 4.1%, 35%) and death from any cause (5.7% against 8.3%, 32%). The key secondary composite, adding unstable angina, was not significant (p=0.08). Genital infection was increased with no increase in other adverse events.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
The benefit did not come from the glucose, and nobody has shown what it did come from
In plain words
The heart attacks and strokes this drug was supposed to prevent did not change. What changed was heart failure and death. Several explanations have been proposed and none has been tested against the others.
What was measured
That any single named mechanism — ketone fuel shift, sodium-hydrogen exchange, natriuresis — accounts for the cardiovascular benefit; each is plausible and none has been isolated
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
In EMPA-REG the primary composite was driven entirely by cardiovascular death: myocardial infarction and stroke showed no significant difference, and the benefit appeared within months, far too early for an effect on atherosclerosis. The glycaemic difference between arms was small. Proposed mechanisms include osmotic diuresis and natriuresis reducing preload and afterload, a shift in cardiac fuel use toward ketone bodies, reduced myocardial sodium-hydrogen exchanger activity, reduced epicardial adipose inflammation, and restoration of tubuloglomerular feedback lowering intraglomerular pressure. No randomised design has isolated any one of them. That the effect is real is settled across four trials and more than 22,000 patients; why it happens is not.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
EMPEROR-Reduced: it works in heart failure whether or not the patient has diabetes
In plain words
Nearly four thousand patients with a weakened heart, half of them without diabetes, took empagliflozin or placebo. Cardiovascular deaths and heart failure hospitalisations fell by a quarter.
What was measured
Cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for worsening heart failure over a median 16 months
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
EMPEROR-Reduced randomised 3,730 patients with NYHA class II-IV heart failure and ejection fraction of 40% or less to empagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo on top of recommended therapy. Over a median 16 months the primary composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for worsening heart failure occurred in 361 of 1,863 (19.4%) against 462 of 1,867 (24.7%): hazard ratio 0.75 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.86), p<0.001, consistent regardless of diabetes status. Total heart failure hospitalisations fell (hazard ratio 0.70, 0.58 to 0.85, p<0.001). The annual rate of eGFR decline was slower on empagliflozin (-0.55 against -2.28 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year, p<0.001) with a lower risk of serious renal outcomes. Uncomplicated genital tract infection was more frequent on empagliflozin.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
EMPEROR-Preserved: the first positive trial in a condition with no treatment
In plain words
Heart failure with a normal pumping fraction had defeated every drug tried against it. In nearly six thousand patients this one reduced the combined endpoint, almost entirely through fewer hospitalisations.
What was measured
Cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure over a median 26.2 months, ejection fraction above 40%
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
EMPEROR-Preserved randomised 5,988 patients with NYHA class II-IV heart failure and ejection fraction above 40% to empagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo on top of usual therapy. Over a median 26.2 months the primary composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure occurred in 415 of 2,997 (13.8%) against 511 of 2,991 (17.1%): hazard ratio 0.79 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.90), p<0.001. The paper states the effect was mainly related to lower hospitalisation for heart failure rather than to cardiovascular death — a distinction that matters when the result is described as a mortality benefit, which it was not. Total heart failure hospitalisations were 407 against 541 (hazard ratio 0.73, 0.61 to 0.88, p<0.001). Uncomplicated genital and urinary tract infections and hypotension were more frequent on empagliflozin.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
EMPA-KIDNEY: kidney progression slowed, and mortality did not change
In plain words
In six and a half thousand people with chronic kidney disease, the drug slowed the loss of kidney function. Deaths from any cause were 4.5% against 5.1%, which is not a statistically demonstrated difference.
What was measured
Kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death over a median 2.0 years, and all-cause mortality
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
EMPA-KIDNEY randomised 6,609 patients with chronic kidney disease — eGFR 20 to under 45, or eGFR 45 to under 90 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of at least 200 mg/g — to empagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo. Over a median 2.0 years the primary composite of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death occurred in 432 of 3,304 (13.1%) against 558 of 3,305 (16.9%): hazard ratio 0.72 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.82), p<0.001, consistent with and without diabetes and across eGFR strata. Hospitalisation from any cause was lower (hazard ratio 0.86, 0.78 to 0.95, p=0.003). But there were no significant between-group differences in the composite of heart failure hospitalisation or cardiovascular death (4.0% against 4.6%) or in death from any cause (4.5% against 5.1%). Serious adverse event rates were similar.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
EMPACT-MI: the run of positive trials ended after acute myocardial infarction
In plain words
Six and a half thousand patients at risk of heart failure after a heart attack were given the drug within two weeks. The primary endpoint was not reduced.
What was measured
First hospitalisation for heart failure or death from any cause over a median 17.9 months after acute myocardial infarction
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
EMPACT-MI randomised 3,260 patients to empagliflozin 10 mg daily and 3,262 to placebo, started within 14 days of hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction in patients at risk for heart failure, on top of standard care. Over a median 17.9 months the primary composite of first hospitalisation for heart failure or death from any cause occurred in 267 (8.2%) against 298 (9.1%): incidence rates 5.9 and 6.6 per 100 patient-years, hazard ratio 0.90 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.06), p=0.21. On the components, first heart failure hospitalisation was 118 (3.6%) against 153 (4.7%), hazard ratio 0.77 (0.60 to 0.98) — nominally lower — while death from any cause was 169 (5.2%) against 178 (5.5%), hazard ratio 0.96 (0.78 to 1.19). Adverse events matched the known profile. A component nominally favouring a drug inside a missed primary endpoint is a hypothesis, not a result.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin are treated as interchangeable without a comparison
In plain words
The two leading drugs in this class have never been tested against each other. Everything said about one being better or equal to the other comes from comparing separate trials against separate placebos.
What was measured
That the SGLT2 inhibitors are interchangeable on outcomes — an inference across separate placebo-controlled trials with different populations, never tested head to head
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin each have positive trials in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, in heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction, and in chronic kidney disease, against placebo. They differ in their diabetes cardiovascular outcome trials: EMPA-REG met its primary endpoint with a 32% reduction in all-cause death, while DECLARE-TIMI 58 did not reduce major adverse cardiovascular events. That difference could be a drug difference or a population difference — DECLARE enrolled a much larger proportion of patients without established cardiovascular disease — and no trial has randomised anyone between the two molecules. Class-effect language is an inference from indirect comparison.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
3 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
A glucose-lowering drug that turned out to be a heart failure and kidney drug: 5.7% against 8.3% all-cause mortality in 7,020 patients with type 2 diabetes, then positive primary endpoints in 3,730 patients with reduced ejection fraction, 5,988 with preserved ejection fraction and 6,609 with chronic kidney disease — and a clear miss in 6,522 patients after acute myocardial infarction.
Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q1
What did Empagliflozin's largest trial (1249636 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?
1249636 people in Empagliflozin's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Incidence Rate of the Composite of All-cause Mortality (ACM) or Hospitalization for Heart Failure (HF). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
113 phase4, 93 phase3, 90 phase2, 64 phase1, 54 na or unstated, 30 na, 9 early phase1; NCT04381936; 2038-09-30. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05426525.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Empagliflozin was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
113
phase3
93
phase2
90
phase1
64
na or unstated
54
na
30
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
9
Last recorded human testNCT05426525
2026-08-20
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Empagliflozin shown lifespan?
futility/efficacy (1), accrual/recruitment (7), funding/business (4), sponsor decision unspecified (2) and other (10): Empagliflozin's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Insufficient recruitment."; 24 of 432 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02728453
terminated; "Insufficient recruitment."
NCT02768220
withdrawn; "no funding"
NCT02985242
terminated; "difficulties to recruit planned numbers of patients within reasonable time frame"
NCT03060980
terminated; "Decision by Sponsor"
NCT03152552
terminated; "This study terminated prematurely because of slow enrollment"
NCT03173963
withdrawn; "Original drug sponsor withdrew from study, replacement sponsor not obtained."
14 further recorded trials
NCT03437330
withdrawn; "poor recruitment"
NCT03504566
withdrawn; "Registered and published incorrectly"
NCT03554200
terminated; "COVID 19"
NCT03642184
terminated; "Difficult in enrolling suitable participants"
NCT03933956
terminated; "Study terminated owing to challenges posed by the COVID-19 situation."
NCT04143581
withdrawn; "Lack of funds"
NCT04243850
withdrawn; "COVID"
NCT04917692
withdrawn; "Not funded"
NCT05058417
withdrawn; "Institutional and funding constrains"
NCT05102071
withdrawn; "Study was canceled because database sample size was inadequate."
NCT05174507
withdrawn; "Sponsor- Investigator decision"
NCT05282121
terminated; "Company decision"
NCT05444153
withdrawn; "Sponsor decision"
NCT05960617
withdrawn; "The study was not initiated because the planned prospective design was no longer feasible in routine clinical practice before participant enrollment."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Empagliflozin used BI 10773 25 mg — over how long?
20 recorded entries; human; also "Empagliflozin 2.5 mg", "Empagliflozin 10 mg", "5 mg empagliflozin/850 mg metformin FDC"
Show the evidence
human
NCT01111331
BI 10773 25 mg
NCT02028767
Empagliflozin 2.5 mg
NCT02028767
Empagliflozin 10 mg
NCT02102932
5 mg empagliflozin/850 mg metformin FDC
NCT02102932
12.5 mg empagliflozin
NCT02102932
5 mg empagliflozin
14 more recorded rows
humanNCT02102932
12.5 mg empagliflozin/850 mg metformin FDC
humanNCT02102932
12.5 mg empagliflozin/500 mg metformin FDC
humanNCT02102932
5 mg empagliflozin/500 mg metformin FDC
humanNCT02489968
empagliflozin 10 mg + linagliptin 5 mg
humanNCT02489968
empagliflozin 10 mg
humanNCT02489968
empagliflozin 25 mg + linagliptin 5 mg
humanNCT02489968
empagliflozin 25 mg
humanNCT02589626
empagliflozin 10mg
humanNCT02848833
JARDIANCE 10mg
humanNCT02848833
JARDIANCE 25mg
humanNCT02854748
Empagliflozin 25mg
humanNCT02854748
Empagliflozin 25mg/Lobeglitazone 0.5mg
humanNCT03030222
Empagliflozin 10 mg Tab
humanNCT03128528
Empagliflozin 10mg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Empagliflozin's half-life is 12.4 h hours — which schedules were studied?
12.4 h hours, the half-life Empagliflozin's label states. openfda-label · 59ed43d9-b4e0-72a2-e063-6394a90a327d · 2026-08-27
Show the evidence
half life
12.4 h hours; The apparent terminal elimination half-life of empagliflozin was estimated to be 12.4 h and apparent oral clearance was 10.6 L/h based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis.
metabolism
Metabolism No major metabolites of empagliflozin were detected in human plasma and the most abundant metabolites were three glucuronide conjugates (2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O-glucuronide).
recorded 2026-08-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Empagliflozin's effect on hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment?
Hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment: measured in Empagliflozin's trials.
hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment; 2026-09-01
hypoglycaemic events; 2026-09-01
fasting plasma glucose; 2026-09-01
new onset of hypertension; 2026-09-01
maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
warfarin r enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
warfarin r enantiomers maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
warfarin s enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
warfarin s enantiomers maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c change from baseline; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glycosylated haemoglobin after 104 weeks of treatment; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glycosylated haemoglobin after 24 weeks; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hba1c; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum osmolality from baseline; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase from baseline; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum concentration of aldosterone from baseline; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
total empa maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
total ramipril maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
total ramiprilat maximum measured concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
changes from baseline in hba1c after 76 weeks of treatment; 2026-09-01
half life
2026-09-04; halfLife; hours; 12.4 h; 2026-08-27
human trials at or under30
111
smallest human trial
0; NCT01984606; PHASE3; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of achieving hba1c of 6 without diabetic medication, adverse drug reactions and auc ss did Empagliflozin's trials measure?
achieving hba1c of 6 without diabetic medication, adverse drug reactions and auc ss lead 40 outcome terms across Empagliflozin's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
new onset of hypertension, maximum measured concentration, warfarin r enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity, warfarin r enantiomers maximum measured concentration, warfarin s enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity and warfarin s enantiomers maximum measured concentration follow.
Show the evidence
hba1c after 12 weeks of treatment
1
hypoglycaemic events
1
fasting plasma glucose
1
new onset of hypertension
1
maximum measured concentration
1
warfarin r enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity
1
14 more recorded rows
warfarin r enantiomers maximum measured concentration
1
warfarin s enantiomers area under the curve 0 to infinity
1
warfarin s enantiomers maximum measured concentration
1
hba1c change from baseline
1
glycosylated haemoglobin after 104 weeks of treatment
1
glycosylated haemoglobin after 24 weeks
1
hba1c
1
serum osmolality from baseline
1
serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase from baseline
1
serum concentration of aldosterone from baseline
1
total empa maximum measured concentration
1
total ramipril maximum measured concentration
1
total ramiprilat maximum measured concentration
1
changes from baseline in hba1c after 76 weeks of treatment
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Empagliflozin's 109 ongoing trials reports first?
Objective Response Rate (ORR); Efficacy as Measured by Change in Hepatic Fat Fraction (HFF); latest 2038-09-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03424005
"A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Treatment Combinations in Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer"; n 1132; "Objective Response Rate (ORR)"; 2030-09-30
NCT03867487
"SGLT2 Inhibitors as a Novel Treatment for Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"; n 40; "Efficacy as Measured by Change in Hepatic Fat Fraction (HFF)"; 2028-02-01
NCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
NCT04447911
"Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin in Patients With Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hyponatremia"; n 172; "Change in average daily area under curve (AUC) for serum sodium concentration"; 2027-02
NCT04541797
"Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance of Asymptomatic Type 2 Diabetics with Cardiovascular High Risk to Measure Empagliflozin Impact on Myocardial Blood Flow (CATCH-EM)"; n 160; "Difference in myocardial blood flow as measured by stress CMR (ie. maximum upslope ratio and myocardial perfusion reserve index) between patients receiving empagliflozin and patients not receiving empagliflozin."; 2025-02-28
NCT04602754
"Efficacy and Safety of Berlim 25/20 Association in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia."; n 228; "Reduction of glycated hemoglobin levels measured between the first visit and the last visit."; 2027-09
14 further recorded trials
NCT04662723
"Multicentre Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Personalized Therapy on Patients With Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy."; n 878; "-Proteinuria reduction within 6 months in IgAN patients with active renal lesions"; 2028-12-31
NCT05028140
"Efficacy and Safety of Piemonte Association in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus"; n 480; "Glycated hemoglobin"; 2027-09
NCT05057806
"SGLT2 Inhibitors, Ketones, and Cardiovascular Benefit Research Plan"; n 30; "Change in Phosphocreatine"; 2027-03-31
NCT05147090
"Effects of Empagliflozin on Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients"; n 106; "Change in liver stiffness (measured by MRE)"; 2027-12-31
NCT05164263
"Real World Safety & Efficacy Experience of Empagliflozin With or Without Metformin in T2DM Patients - EASE Study"; n 2000; "SAFETY and TOLERABILITY Outcomes"; 2027-08-31
NCT05182658
"Empagliflozin in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"; n 250; "Primary Outcome: Change in peak VO2 measured in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing AND Change in 23-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score (KCCQ-OSS) range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better…"; 2026-11-30
NCT05220917
"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study"; n 781430; "MACE"; 2027-09-30
NCT05271162
"Empagliflozin in the Prevention of Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy Based on Anthracyclines"; n 220; "Number of participants with diagnosis of cancer treatment-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) at any time over the 12-month study period"; 2028-02-24
NCT05360615
"The Effects of Empagliflozin on Renal Outcomes in Post Severe Acute Kidney Injury Survivors"; n 147; "MAKE365"; 2026-07-01
NCT05392764
"Early Treatment With a Sodium-glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor in High-risk Patients With Acute Heart Failure"; n 444; "A hierarchical composite endpoint consisting of death within 90 days, heart failure rehospitalization within 90 days, WHF during hospitalization, and urine output up to 48 hours after treatment initiation, assessed by the win ratio"; 2027-12-31
NCT05501483
"Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity and Its Link to Type 2 Diabetes"; n 60; "Changes in fat cell lipolysis after 6 months of treatment"; 2032-12-31
NCT05510115
"Feasibility of Study of Empagliflozin in Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"; n 50; "Safety of the intervention"; 2026-08-01
NCT05553938
"Effects of Acute and Chronic Empagliflozin Heart Failure"; n 60; "Natriuretic effect of empagliflozin or placebo as an adjuvant to loop diuretic therapy"; 2026-08-14
NCT05610956
"Evaluate the Possible Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Patient With Ulcerative Colitis"; n 60; "clinical improvement of patients of mild to moderate UC using using the Montreal classification of severity of ulcerative colitis."; 2026-12-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Empagliflozin could settle vo2max?
NCT05182658 measures Primary Outcome: Change in peak VO2 measured in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing AND Change in 23-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score (KCCQ-OSS) range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better…, reading out 2026-11-30.
6 open trials; n 250; "Empagliflozin in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT05182658
"Empagliflozin in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"; n 250; "Primary Outcome: Change in peak VO2 measured in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing AND Change in 23-item Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score (KCCQ-OSS) range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better…"; 2026-11-30
NCT06473844
"Efficacy of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Adults With Sepsis"; n 60; "Mortality"; 2027-02-28
NCT07292909
"Effect of Empagliflozin on Inflammation"; n 100; "CRP change"; 2027-09-30
NCT07325435
"Beta Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes: Differential Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLIP-Receptor Agonists"; n 60; "Change in Stimulated C-peptide Index during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is a measure of Beta Cell Function and will be measuresd at baseline and at 16 weeks after treatment with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist or SGLT2-Inhibitor"; 2028-06-30
NCT06642272
"A Pragmatic Trial Comparing Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin Through Cluster Randomization Embedded in the Electronic Health Record"; n 17200; "Time to the first occurrence of any of the components of the composite: all-cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, hospitalization for myocardial infarction, hospitalization for ischemic stroke, and incident or worsening…"; 2028-12-31
NCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
Q10
Which 90 trials of Empagliflozin posted no result?
Posted no result
90 of 90 completed trials
Registrations
NCT02782624, NCT02401880, NCT02471963, NCT03059056, NCT02964572 and NCT04203914, and 84 more
Completion dates
oldest 2009-11; newest 2024-06-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02782624
2009-11
NCT02401880
2015-12
NCT02471963
2016-06
NCT03059056
2017-02-02
NCT02964572
2017-07
NCT04203914
2017-09-30
14 further recorded trials
NCT03249506
2017-11-01
NCT02686476
2017-12
NCT03050229
2018-03
NCT03008551
2018-04-02
NCT03771781
2018-05-25
NCT03113110
2018-05-31
NCT03492580
2018-06-25
NCT03157414
2018-06-28
NCT02792400
2018-07
NCT02637973
2018-08
NCT03200782
2018-09-21
NCT03895229
2018-10-26
NCT03093103
2018-12-31
NCT02874807
2019-01-14
Q11
At the median, Empagliflozin's trials enrolled 75 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
75
Largest enrolment
1249636
Registered trials counted
432
Q12
What do 8845 spontaneous reports say about Empagliflozin — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Empagliflozin appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 8845 reaction mentions were counted: diabetic ketoacidosis 3077; euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis 1115; ketoacidosis 1081; fungal infection 802. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL2107830 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
diabetic ketoacidosis
3077
euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis
1115
ketoacidosis
1081
fungal infection
802
fournier's gangrene
580
urinary tract infection
556
4 more recorded rows
acute kidney injury
553
dehydration
530
metabolic acidosis
331
pollakiuria
220
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
Was Empagliflozin studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Empagliflozin's label sentences: "As a pre-specified exploratory analysis, aimed at understanding the relevance of circulating lipid substrate availability in the effect of empagliflozin on cardiopulmonary function, we measured fasting plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (β(OH)B) and free fatty acids in 44 patients with T2D undergoing…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-08-30
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
As a pre-specified exploratory analysis, aimed at understanding the relevance of circulating lipid substrate availability in the effect of empagliflozin on cardiopulmonary function, we measured fasting plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (β(OH)B) and free fatty acids in 44 patients with T2D undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) before and after 6 months of randomised therapy with empagliflozin…
exercise
As a pre-specified exploratory analysis, aimed at understanding the relevance of circulating lipid substrate availability in the effect of empagliflozin on cardiopulmonary function, we measured fasting plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (β(OH)B) and free fatty acids in 44 patients with T2D undergoing cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) before and after 6 months of randomised therapy with empagliflozin…
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
What is recorded about Empagliflozin and AMPK?
"Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has demonstrated pleiotropic metabolic effects extending beyond glycemic control, including modulation of AMPK signaling, attenuation of oxidative stress, and suppression of inflammatory activation." — where Empagliflozin and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-16
"Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has demonstrated pleiotropic metabolic effects extending beyond glycemic control, including modulation of AMPK signaling, attenuation of oxidative stress, and suppression of inflammatory activation."
PMID 41528619
"This study aimed to investigate how empagliflozin alleviates renal injury in diabetic nephropathy with hyperuricemia by activating AMPK and regulating autophagy and apoptosis."
autophagyPMID 41528619
"This study aimed to investigate how empagliflozin alleviates renal injury in diabetic nephropathy with hyperuricemia by activating AMPK and regulating autophagy and apoptosis."
AMPKPMID 41528619
"Empagliflozin was administered with or without AMPK inhibition to assess its regulatory role."
autophagy
PMID 41528619
"These results indicate that Empagliflozin exerts reno-protective effects by activating AMPK to promote autophagy and inhibit apoptosis, and that AMPK plays a central mechanistic role in mediating these effects."
PMID 41528619
"Empagliflozin alleviates renal injury in diabetic nephropathy with hyperuricemia by activating AMPK, promoting autophagy, and inhibiting apoptosis, suggesting its potential therapeutic value in managing this complication."
mTOR
PMID 40767292
"Mechanistic analysis revealed that empagliflozin modulated the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)/mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1)/autophagy signaling pathway."
PMID 40767292
"Inhibition of AMPK or autophagy nullified the antihypertrophic effect of empagliflozin, underscoring the dependence on the AMPK/mTORC1/autophagy pathway."
PMID 40767292
"Empagliflozin effectively ameliorates cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF by enhancing autophagy via the AMPK/mTORC1 pathway."
sirtuin
PMID 41462250
"Empagliflozin treatment significantly modulated sirtuin and miRNA expression, with higher SIRT6 (p < 0.001) and lower SIRT4 (p = 0.018) expression compared to placebo after 26 weeks.(p (p In contrast, patients in the placebo group showed a reduction in SIRT6 expression (p = 0.006)."
PMID 39350330
"As previous studies revealed that neuroinflammation is a significant factor in the etiology of MDD, this study proposed to unravel the possible antidepressant effect of Empagliflozin (EMPA) through targeting miRNA-134 (miR-134)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) axes…"
senolyticPMID 42099527
"Emerging strategies targeting fundamental aging mechanisms-including senolytic therapies and glucose-lowering drugs with potential geroprotective effects such as metformin and empagliflozin-represent promising directions for future research."
recorded 2026-07-16 · last checked 2026-09-04
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