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Durvalumab

  • Antibody medicine
  • Given by a clinician
  • Identity checked
  • Sources last checked 2026-09-04

This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.

What Durvalumab does in the body

By binding to its receptors, PD-L1 reduces cytotoxic T-cell activity, proliferation, and cytokine production.

, IFN-gamma) and can be expressed on both tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. 1). 1).

Why people take it. Resectable (tumors ≥ 4 cm and/or node positive) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and no known epidermal growth factor

What happened in people

RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

A fixed RNAWiki sentence

Where this came from

Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.

No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.

No source is stored against this line.

The limit that matters most

Not recorded.

Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.

What the registries record it as

  • The substance registry classes this as protein.

    FDA substance registry · 28X28X9OKV · read 2026-08-29

Where each sentence above came from

A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.

The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.

No statement of the main limit is recorded.

The four opening statements run to 63 words.

Words this page uses

Four words worth knowing first

Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.

Stand-in result

A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.

Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.

What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.

A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.

Enzyme

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.

Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.

What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.

A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.

Receptor

A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.

Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.

What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.

A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.

Pathway

A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.

A picture of it, and where the picture fails

A pathway is like a row of dominoes.

Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.

What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.

An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What happened in people

Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.

Determine whether adding experimental agents to standard neoadjuvant medications increases the probability of pathologic complete response (pCR) over standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy for each biomarker signature established at trial entry.

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT01042379
How many people
5000
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Breast cancer event-free survival (BC-EFS)

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT06058377
How many people
3680
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Event-free survival (EFS) in the experimental vs control arms

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT06112379
How many people
1902
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Disease Free Survival (DFS): Arm C vs A

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT03288532
How many people
1750
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

p53abn-RED trial

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT05255653
How many people
1615
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Percentage of patients that are treated based on their molecular tumor profile

The study did not show it

Who was studied
NCT02925234
How many people
1550
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated

What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.

The limits of this study, and where it came from

Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.

How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.

Form and route. Injection

Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary

Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.

  • openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
  • FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

How close this is to real life

The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.

  1. Living longer, or avoiding a major event Evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.5 registered measures of this kind. 3 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
  2. What a body can do day to day No evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
  3. Measured performance No evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
  4. Symptoms and quality of life No evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
  5. A number that stands in for health Evidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
  6. A step measured inside a person Evidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
  7. Animals Evidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
  8. Cells in a dish Evidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
  9. A guess from software No evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.

Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Felt, measured, or meaningful

Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.

Felt

Things a person could notice without a test.

No registered study measured anything of this kind.

Measured

Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.

  • systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

Meaningful

Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.

  • overall survival
  • progression free survival
  • disease free survival
  • event free survival rate
  • progression free survival time

A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.

Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.

Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.

Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.

Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.

Names that fit none of the three (34)
  • treatment emergent adverse events
  • reporting adverse events
  • objective response
  • experiencing dose limiting toxicities
  • dose limiting toxicities
  • objective response rate
  • adverse event
  • screen success rate
  • best response rate
  • reporting serious adverse events
  • experiencing a dose limiting toxicity
  • vital signs
  • electrocardiograms
  • experiencing dose limiting toxicity
  • phase 1 number of treatment emergent adverse events
  • objective response rate at 6 months
  • phase 1b/2 overall response rate of number of
  • pathologic complete response
  • dose limiting toxicities in dose escalation phase
  • all modules change from baseline in haematology parameters

These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Were people like you studied?

RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.

Who was studied

People similar to this profile were included.

  • IMFINZI is a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blocking antibody indicated: • in combination with platinum-containing chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, followed by IMFINZI continued as a single agent as adjuvant treatment after surgery, for the treatment of adult patients with resectable (tumors ≥ 4 cm and/or node positive) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and no known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)…

Who is missing from the studies

  • Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

What the label states about particular groups

  • On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of IMFINZI have not been established in pediatric patients.”

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-30

  • On older people, the label states: “Of the 401 patients with resectable NSCLC treated with IMFINZI in combination with chemotherapy in the AEGEAN study, 209 (52%) patients were 65 years or older and 49 (12%) patients were 75 years or older.”

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-30

  • On people who are pregnant, the label states: “The effects of durvalumab on prenatal and postnatal development were evaluated in reproduction studies in cynomolgus monkeys.”

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-30

  • On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of durvalumab in human milk, its effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production.”

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-30

Where the result stopped carrying

  • This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
  • It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.

RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Why it might seem to do nothing

A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.

It was studied for a different goal

The studies measured something else entirely.

On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.

It was studied in different people

The people in the studies were not much like the reader.

On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

The evidence may simply be wrong

Small early studies often do not hold up.

On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.

None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What taking it involves

The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.

How it is supplied

Given by a clinician

Quoted from a source

Where this came from

Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.

Read from the recorded approval status.

No source is stored against this line.

Form and route

Injection

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

The form and route recorded on this substance.

No source is stored against this line.

Who oversees it

Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.

Quoted from a source

Where this came from

Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.

Suppression classes recorded: S1, S3, S4.

No source is stored against this line.

What is in the pack

Sold as injectable, injection, solution, given by the injection, intravenous route.

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.

No source is stored against this line.

Where it is registered

Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.

Counted from records

Where this came from

A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.

Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.

No source is stored against this line.

Why people stop

Not recorded.

Nothing recorded

Where this came from

RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.

No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.

No source is stored against this line.

What it would be like to takeNothing found in the sources checked

What can go wrong

Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.

Nothing found in the sources checked

No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.

The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.

Reports sent to a regulator

  • These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
  • Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
  • The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
  • News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
  • A count is not a rate and not a risk.

Durvalumab appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 4636 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.

The recorded terms (10)
  • pyrexia — 890 reaction mentions
  • pneumonitis — 547 reaction mentions
  • interstitial lung disease — 502 reaction mentions
  • febrile neutropenia — 497 reaction mentions
  • disease progression — 412 reaction mentions
  • hypothyroidism — 405 reaction mentions
  • radiation pneumonitis — 379 reaction mentions
  • colitis — 343 reaction mentions
  • hepatic function abnormal — 341 reaction mentions
  • malignant neoplasm progression — 320 reaction mentions
  • open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot

Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.

Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Does the exact form matter?

Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.

The form that was studied

Injection

Source-linked record

Where this came from

A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.

The form used in the studies cited on this page.

No source is stored against this line.

What is sold

Not recorded.

Nothing recorded

Where this came from

RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.

Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.

No source is stored against this line.

What is recorded as being sold

  • 10 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 10 of them contain it and nothing else.

    FDA National Drug Code directory · 17228-4611 · read 2026-08-29

  • They are sold as injection, solution, liquid and solution, taken intravenous.

    FDA National Drug Code directory · 17228-4611 · read 2026-08-29

  • The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is antibodies, monoclonal [cs] and programmed death ligand-1 antagonists [moa].

    FDA National Drug Code directory · 17228-4611 · read 2026-08-29

  • 1 published label names it as an active ingredient. 1 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-29

  • Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-29

  • IMFINZI is intravenous at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: 120 mg/2.4 mL (50 mg/mL) and 500 mg/10 mL (50 mg/mL) clear to opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution in a single-dose vial. • Injection: 500 mg/10 mL (50 mg/mL) solutio…, recorded as fda label in effect 2026-05-28 in the United States.

    US prescribing information · 8baba4ea-2855-42fa-9bd9-5a7548d4cec3 · read 2026-08-30

Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.

What it would be like to takeRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What you could measure

This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.

Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.

Questions worth asking

  • Which of the trials of Durvalumab studied people like me?
  • What was measured, and for how long?
  • Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
  • What would we watch for, and when would we stop?

Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.

RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What nobody knows yet

Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.

How fast does the body clear it?

The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.

Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.

What would answer it

A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Missing populations

Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Missing long-term data

No completed tested study window is recorded.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

No reviewed conclusion

RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Missing interaction studies

No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Formulation uncertainty

Several salts, forms or products of Durvalumab are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

Mechanism not reviewed

No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.

Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.

What would answer it

A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.

Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.

What happened in peopleRead from sources, not yet reviewed

Check any of this yourself

Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.

Where else this substance is registered

FDA substance identifier (UNII)
28X28X9OKV
RxNorm concept
1919507

Checks this page had to pass

  • Passed

    Identity resolved

    no open identity hold

  • Passed

    No unresolved merge across substance families

    no quarantine open

  • Passed

    Every public sentence names a source

    The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.

  • Not passed

    Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence

    No registered study is classified as testing this substance.

  • Passed

    No internal keys in reader text

    enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page

  • Passed

    Safety mode resolved

    Suppression classes recorded: S1, S3, S4.

  • Passed

    Canonical metadata present

    slug and display name present

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

How this medicine reached us

Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.

What the approval register records

  • 1 approved application covers products containing this substance. The earliest was BLA761069, approved 20170501 to ASTRAZENECA UK LTD.

    Drugs@FDA application register · BLA761069 · read 2026-08-29

  • Marketing status on the register: prescription.

    Drugs@FDA application register · BLA761069 · read 2026-08-29

  • The earliest marketing start date recorded for a listed product is 20170105.

    FDA National Drug Code directory · 17228-4611 · read 2026-08-29

What is missing or unclearRead from sources, not yet reviewed

What to learn next

Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.

This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.

What is not here

7 questions this page could not answer

These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.

  • What was measured, goal by goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
  • What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.

The record as stored

The full record, for auditing

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Recorded evidence blocks (11)

What did Durvalumab's largest trial (4000 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?


4000 people in Durvalumab's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Progression-free survival time (PFS). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

447 phase2, 212 phase1, 94 phase3, 19 na or unstated, 9 early phase1, 8 na, 5 phase4; NCT05155189; 2041-05; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT04905316.

Interpretation These counts include studies where Durvalumab was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.

Show the evidence
  • phase2
    447
  • phase1
    212
  • phase3
    94
  • na or unstated
    19
  • early phase1
    9
  • na
    8
2 more recorded rows
  • phase4
    5
  • Last recorded human test NCT04905316
    2026-07-06

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

From mouse to human: where has Durvalumab shown lifespan?


mouse: mechanism-only and human: lifespan (699): the rungs where Durvalumab has a recorded finding. Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov · organism ladder · 2026-09-01

Interpretation Progression-free survival time (PFS) — the recorded outcome words.

Yeast C. elegans Drosophila Mouse mechanism-onlyRat Dog Non-human primate Human lifespan
Show the evidence
  • mouse
    mechanism-only
  • human NCT02664935
    lifespan; Progression-free survival time (PFS); 699

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

112 of Durvalumab's trials stopped: safety, futility/efficacy, accrual/recruitment, funding/business, sponsor decision unspecified, other?


safety (9), futility/efficacy (7), accrual/recruitment (45), funding/business (12), sponsor decision unspecified (2) and other (37): Durvalumab's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

"low accrual"; 112 of 699 registered studies

Show the evidence

Trial

  • NCT02452463
    terminated; "low accrual"
  • NCT02556463
    terminated; "Company strategy"
  • NCT02669914
    terminated; "Low accrual, funding withdrawn by AstraZeneca, and change in clinical practice"
  • NCT02706405
    terminated; "Terminated due to slow accrual."
  • NCT02716805
    terminated; "FDA placed on partial hold due to additional data"
  • NCT02805660
    terminated; "The study was discontinued early because the Sponsor de-prioritized development of mocetinostat. The decision to stop was not due to any patient safety issues."
14 further recorded trials
  • NCT02807454
    terminated; "Health Authority request due to class effect"
  • NCT02827838
    terminated; "Study closed prior to meeting enrollment goal and funding issues"
  • NCT02868632
    withdrawn; "termination because of low accrual; four subjects enrolled and four screen failures."
  • NCT02871323
    withdrawn; "PI decided to withdraw the study after it opened for enrollment but before any patients were enrolled"
  • NCT02885727
    withdrawn; "Funding issues caused the study to not be opened the at local IRB"
  • NCT02891161
    terminated; "Sponsor-investigator elected to discontinue followup on remaining subjects after planned analyses and manuscripts were completed."
  • NCT02901548
    terminated; "Study closed early due to futility"
  • NCT02938793
    terminated; "poor enrollment likely due to expanded availability of immunotherapy for patients"
  • NCT02966587
    withdrawn; "Withdrawn prior to opening to enrollment"
  • NCT02993991
    withdrawn; "The study has been terminated due to a change in internal prioritization and not due to any safety concerns."
  • NCT02997332
    terminated; "Toxicities due to the treatment, stop of enrollment"
  • NCT03004105
    withdrawn; "Inadequate funding"
  • NCT03030131
    terminated; "Definitive discontinuation according to safety monitoring of death from the 46th patient onwards."
  • NCT03038477
    withdrawn; "Cancelled by PI"

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Human studies of Durvalumab used Durvalumab - 1500 mg — over how long?


studies of Durvalumab used the recorded amount. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

5 recorded entries; human; intravenous; also "Durvalumab - 1500 mg", "Durvalumab 50 MG/ML", "Durvalumab Injection for intravenous use 500 mg vial solution for infusion"

Show the evidence

human

  • NCT02805660
    Durvalumab - 1500 mg
  • NCT04156087
    Durvalumab 50 MG/ML
  • NCT05382741
    intravenous; Durvalumab Injection for intravenous use 500 mg vial solution for infusion
  • NCT06341764
    Durvalumab 1120 mg
  • NCT06341764
    Durvalumab 1500 mg

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which of adverse event, adverse events and all modules change from baseline in haematology parameters did Durvalumab's trials measure?


adverse event, adverse events and all modules change from baseline in haematology parameters lead 40 outcome terms across Durvalumab's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

Interpretation objective response, experiencing dose limiting toxicities, dose limiting toxicities, objective response rate, adverse event and screen success rate follow.

Show the evidence
  • treatment emergent adverse events
    1
  • overall survival
    1
  • reporting adverse events
    1
  • objective response
    1
  • experiencing dose limiting toxicities
    1
  • dose limiting toxicities
    1
14 more recorded rows
  • objective response rate
    1
  • adverse event
    1
  • screen success rate
    1
  • best response rate
    1
  • reporting serious adverse events
    1
  • experiencing a dose limiting toxicity
    1
  • vital signs
    1
  • electrocardiograms
    1
  • experiencing dose limiting toxicity
    1
  • phase 1 number of treatment emergent adverse events
    1
  • objective response rate at 6 months
    1
  • progression free survival
    1
  • phase 1b/2 overall response rate of number of
    1
  • pathologic complete response
    1

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which of Durvalumab's 312 ongoing trials reports first?


312 registered trials of Durvalumab are open; earliest completion 2023-02. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01

Overall Survival; Compare Disease free survival (DFS) for patients with NSCLC that is PD-L1 expression TC ≥ 25% and patients without common activating EGFR mutations or ALK gene rearrangements; latest 2041-05

Show the evidence

Trial

  • NCT01993810
    "Comparing Photon Therapy To Proton Therapy To Treat Patients With Lung Cancer"; n 330; "Overall Survival"; 2028-11-30
  • NCT02273375
    "Double Blind Placebo Controlled Controlled Study of Adjuvant MEDI4736 In Completely Resected NSCLC"; n 1415; "Compare Disease free survival (DFS) for patients with NSCLC that is PD-L1 expression TC ≥ 25% and patients without common activating EGFR mutations or ALK gene rearrangements"; 2026-01-31
  • NCT02299999
    "SAFIR02_Breast - Efficacy of Genome Analysis as a Therapeutic Decision Tool for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer"; n 1460; "Progression-free survival in the targeted drug arm compared to standard maintenance therapy arm"; 2025-12
  • NCT02453282
    "Phase III Open Label First Line Therapy Study of MEDI 4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus SOC in Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)"; n 1118; "Overall Survival (OS); PD-L1 (TC >=25%) Analysis Set Population, Durvalumab Monotherapy Vs SoC Chemotherapy and Durvalumab + Tremelimumab Vs SoC Chemotherapy"; 2026-12-31
  • NCT02484404
    "Phase I/II Study of the Anti-Programmed Death Ligand-1 Durvalumab Antibody (MEDI4736) in Combination With Olaparib and/or Cediranib for Advanced Solid Tumors and Advanced or Recurrent Ovarian, Triple Negative Breast, Lung, Prostate and Colorectal Can..."; n 268; "Ph II Determine overall response rate of Durvalumab-O and Durvalumab-C in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer"; 2027-10-30
  • NCT02516241
    "Study of MEDI4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Urothelial Cancer"; n 1126; "To Assess the Efficacy of Durvalumab + Tremelimumab Combination Therapy Versus SoC in Terms of OS in Full Analysis Set"; 2026-12-31
14 further recorded trials
  • NCT02519348
    "A Study of Durvalumab or Tremelimumab Monotherapy, or Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab or Bevacizumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma"; n 433; "Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs)"; 2026-12-18
  • NCT02537418
    "Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab in Advanced Incurable Solid Malignancies Given With or Without Standard Chemotherapy Regimens"; n 153; "Confirm the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of durvalumab ± tremelimumab in patients receiving standard chemotherapy"; 2026-12-31
  • NCT02546661
    "Open-Label, Randomised, Multi-Drug, Biomarker-Directed, Phase 1b Study in Pts w/ Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer"; n 117; "Module A: The frequency and nature of adverse events related to AZD4547 monotherapy."; 2026-01-30
  • NCT02671435
    "A Study of Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Monalizumab in Solid Tumors"; n 383; "Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (TESAEs)"; 2027-07-30
  • NCT02678182
    "Planning Treatment for Oesophago-gastric Cancer: a Maintenance Therapy Trial"; n 494; "Progression Free Survival (PFS)"; 2027-06
  • NCT02726997
    "Matched Paired Pharmacodynamics and Feasibility Study of Durvalumab in Combination With Chemotherapy in Frontline Ovarian Cancer (N-Dur)"; n 18; "Pharmacodynamic Changes Induced by Treatment with Durvalumab in Combination with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Women with Advanced Stage, Metastatic Ovarian Cancer Using Paired T-Test"; 2027-12-31
  • NCT02734004
    "A Phase I/II Study of MEDI4736 in Combination With Olaparib in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors."; n 264; "Initial Stage Cohorts: Disease Control Rate (DCR) at Week 12"; 2026-09-17
  • NCT02812420
    "Durvalumab and Tremelimumab in Treating Patients With Muscle-Invasive, High-Risk Urothelial Cancer That Cannot Be Treated With Cisplatin-Based Therapy Before Surgery"; n 54; "Incidence of adverse events determined by extreme toxicity"; 2027-12-31
  • NCT02826434
    "Adjuvant PVX-410 Vaccine and Durvalumab in Stage II/III Triple Negative Breast Cancer"; n 22; "Dose Limiting Toxicity Rate of PVX-410 in Combination With Durvalumab"; 2027-09
  • NCT02888743
    "Durvalumab and Tremelimumab With or Without High or Low-Dose Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal or Non-small Cell Lung Cancer"; n 110; "Overall Response Rate"; 2027-01-02
  • NCT02925234
    "The Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP Trial)"; n 1550; "Percentage of patients that are treated based on their molecular tumor profile"; 2027-12
  • NCT02962063
    "Durvalumab, an Anti-PDLI Antibody, and Tremelimumab, an Anti-CTLA4 Antibody, and Chemoradiation Before Surgery for Esophageal Cancer"; n 64; "unacceptable toxicity"; 2026-11
  • NCT02983578
    "Danvatirsen and Durvalumab in Treating Patients With Advanced and Refractory Pancreatic, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Mismatch Repair Deficient Colorectal Cancer"; n 39; "Incidence of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs"; 2025-08-30
  • NCT03003962
    "Study of Durvalumab Alone or Chemotherapy for Patients With Advanced Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (PEARL)"; n 669; "Overall Survival (OS)"; 2026-06-30

recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04

Which running trial of Durvalumab could settle lifespan?


NCT02299999 measures Progression-free survival in the targeted drug arm compared to standard maintenance therapy arm, reading out 2025-12.

113 open trials; n 1460; "SAFIR02_Breast - Efficacy of Genome Analysis as a Therapeutic Decision Tool for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer"

Show the evidence

Trial

  • NCT02299999
    "SAFIR02_Breast - Efficacy of Genome Analysis as a Therapeutic Decision Tool for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer"; n 1460; "Progression-free survival in the targeted drug arm compared to standard maintenance therapy arm"; 2025-12
  • NCT03704480
    "Durvalumab + Tremelimumab ± Paclitaxel in Advanced BTC After Platinum Chemotherapy."; n 106; "Overall Survival (OS) in amended Arm A"; 2025-12-31
  • NCT02273375
    "Double Blind Placebo Controlled Controlled Study of Adjuvant MEDI4736 In Completely Resected NSCLC"; n 1415; "Compare Disease free survival (DFS) for patients with NSCLC that is PD-L1 expression TC ≥ 25% and patients without common activating EGFR mutations or ALK gene rearrangements"; 2026-01-31
  • NCT03003962
    "Study of Durvalumab Alone or Chemotherapy for Patients With Advanced Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (PEARL)"; n 669; "Overall Survival (OS)"; 2026-06-30
  • NCT06040099
    "A US Study to Evaluate Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) in Combination With Durvalumab and Bevacizumab Therapy in People With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Amenable to TARE"; n 58; "Progression Free Survival (PFS)"; 2026-07-01
  • NCT03410615
    "Cisplatin + Radiotherapy vs Durvalumab + Radiotherapy Followed by Durvalumab vs Durvalumab + Radiotherapy Followed by Tremelimumab + Durvalumab in Intermediate-Risk HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal SCC"; n 129; "3 year event-free survival"; 2026-07-31
14 further recorded trials
  • NCT03529422
    "Durvalumab With Radiotherapy for Adjuvant Treatment of Intermediate Risk SCCHN"; n 18; "Disease-free Survival Rate"; 2026-08-31
  • NCT03778957
    "A Global Study to Evaluate Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Combination With Durvalumab and Bevacizumab Therapy in Patients With Locoregional Hepatocellular Carcinoma"; n 724; "Progression Free Survival (PFS) for Arm B vs Arm C"; 2026-08-31
  • NCT03775486
    "Study of Durvalumab+Olaparib or Durvalumab After Treatment With Durvalumab and Chemotherapy in Patients With Lung Cancer (ORION)"; n 401; "Progression-free Survival"; 2026-09-27
  • NCT04892953
    "Local Consolidative Therapy and Durvalumab for Oligoprogressive and Polyprogressive Stage III NSCLC After Chemoradiation and Anti-PD-L1 Therapy"; n 51; "Progression free survival (PFS)"; 2026-09-30
  • NCT03703297
    "Study of Durvalumab + Tremelimumab, Durvalumab, and Placebo in Limited Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Patients Who Have Not Progressed Following Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy"; n 730; "Durvalumab Versus Placebo: Progression-Free Survival (PFS) Assessed by Blinded Independent Central Review (BICR) Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1"; 2026-10-23
  • NCT04699838
    "Chemo-Immunotherapy Followed by Durvalumab and Ceralasertib in Treatment Naïve Patients With Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer"; n 30; "Progression Free Survival (PFS)"; 2026-11
  • NCT03965468
    "Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy and Surgery for Synchronous Oligo-metastatic NSCLC"; n 96; "Progression-free survival at 12 months"; 2026-12
  • NCT06419179
    "Maintenance Durvalumab (MEDI4736) and Olaparib (AZD2281) After Standard 1st Line Treatment (Carboplatin/Cisplatin, Etoposide, Durvalumab) in HRD Positive Extensive Disease (ED) Small-cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)"; n 29; "Progression-free survival (PFS)"; 2026-12
  • NCT06117891
    "An Observational Study to Learn More About How Well a Treatment Works When Given After Treatment With Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab or Another Similar Combination of Drugs in Adults With Liver Cancer That Cannot be Treated With Surgery"; n 300; "Overall survival (OS)"; 2026-12-10
  • NCT03737643
    "Durvalumab Treatment in Combination With Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab, Followed by Maintenance Durvalumab, Bevacizumab and Olaparib Treatment in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients"; n 1407; "Progression-free Survival (PFS) by Investigator Assessment Using Modified RECIST 1.1 - Full Analysis Set"; 2026-12-23
  • NCT03057106
    "Durvalumab and Tremelimumab ± Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Squamous or Non-Squamous NSCLC"; n 301; "Overall Survival"; 2026-12-30
  • NCT03606967
    "Testing the Addition of an Individualized Vaccine to Durvalumab and Tremelimumab and Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer"; n 86; "Progression-free survival (PFS)"; 2026-12-30
  • NCT05222971
    "Olaparib With or Without Durvalumab for DDR Gene Mutated Biliary Tract Cancer Following Platinum-based Chemotherapy"; n 62; "6-month progression-free survival rate"; 2026-12-30
  • NCT02453282
    "Phase III Open Label First Line Therapy Study of MEDI 4736 (Durvalumab) With or Without Tremelimumab Versus SOC in Non Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)"; n 1118; "Overall Survival (OS); PD-L1 (TC >=25%) Analysis Set Population, Durvalumab Monotherapy Vs SoC Chemotherapy and Durvalumab + Tremelimumab Vs SoC Chemotherapy"; 2026-12-31

Which 75 trials of Durvalumab posted no result?


Posted no result
75 of 75 completed trials
Registrations
NCT02141347, NCT02262741, NCT02685059, NCT02301130, NCT02027961 and NCT03085849, and 69 more
Completion dates
oldest 2017-01-27; newest 2024-07-30
Show the evidence

Trial

  • NCT02141347
    2017-01-27
  • NCT02262741
    2017-09-21
  • NCT02685059
    2018-03
  • NCT02301130
    2018-03-05
  • NCT02027961
    2018-04-24
  • NCT03085849
    2018-11-26
14 further recorded trials
  • NCT02549651
    2019-02-04
  • NCT02734160
    2019-04-17
  • NCT02117219
    2019-04-30
  • NCT04115111
    2019-05-16
  • NCT02802098
    2019-07
  • NCT02705482
    2019-08-07
  • NCT02000947
    2019-09-17
  • NCT02586987
    2019-09-20
  • NCT02649686
    2019-11-12
  • NCT02658214
    2019-11-14
  • NCT03005002
    2019-11-26
  • NCT02777710
    2019-12
  • NCT02882308
    2020-01-10
  • NCT02900157
    2020-01-23

At the median, Durvalumab's trials enrolled 51.5 people — anything larger?


Median enrolment
51.5
Largest enrolment
4000
Registered trials counted
698

What do 4636 spontaneous reports say about Durvalumab — and not say?


These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.

Durvalumab appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 4636 reaction mentions were counted: pyrexia 890; pneumonitis 547; interstitial lung disease 502; febrile neutropenia 497. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL3301587 · 2026-06-24

Show the evidence
  • pyrexia
    890
  • pneumonitis
    547
  • interstitial lung disease
    502
  • febrile neutropenia
    497
  • disease progression
    412
  • hypothyroidism
    405
4 more recorded rows
  • radiation pneumonitis
    379
  • colitis
    343
  • hepatic function abnormal
    341
  • malignant neoplasm progression
    320

recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04

What is recorded about Durvalumab and mTOR?


"This study ( NCT02546661 , BISCAY) combined durvalumab with relevant targeted therapies in biomarker-selected chemotherapy-refractory AUC populations including: (1) fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in tumors with FGFR DNA alterations (FGFRm); (2) pharmacological inhibitor of the enzyme poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)…" — where Durvalumab and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2021-05-03

mTOR; PMID 33941921, 31374917

Show the evidence

mTOR

  • PMID 33941921
    "This study ( NCT02546661 , BISCAY) combined durvalumab with relevant targeted therapies in biomarker-selected chemotherapy-refractory AUC populations including: (1) fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in tumors with FGFR DNA alterations (FGFRm); (2) pharmacological inhibitor of the enzyme poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) in tumors with and without DNA homologous recombination…"
  • PMID 31374917
    "Several biologic agents have been studied in combination with PARP inhibitors, including inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; bevacizumab, cediranib), and PD-1 or PD-L1 (durvalumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab), anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies (tremelimumab), mTOR-(vistusertib), AKT-(capivasertib), and PI3K inhibitors (buparlisib, alpelisib), as well as MEK 1/2, and WEE1…"

recorded 2021-05-03 · last checked 2026-09-04

Where it is registered
Identifiers, relations and other names

The exact record

ChEMBL id
CHEMBL3301587
CAS number
1428935-60-7
RxCUI
1919503
Trade name
Imfinzi
Development code
MEDI-4736, MEDI4736
Also called
anti pd-l1, anti-pd-l1 durvalumab, anti-pdl1, atezolizumab, durva, durvalumab placebo, durvalumab-680lt, ici, immunotherapy, medimmune 4736, toripalimab, DURVALUMAB [JAN]
Sources (8)

Sources

2 more sources

ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md

How these records are assembled · Which registers were checked

Index-quality checks
  • identity passed: no open identity hold
  • required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
  • public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
  • source coverage passed: 8 source rows
  • no critical contamination: no quarantine open
  • canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
  • no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page

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