This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What DIMETHYL FUMARATE does in the body
Dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults.
From the FDA-approved label: The mechanism by which dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exerts its therapeutic effect in multiple sclerosis is unknown. DMF and the metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), have been shown to activate the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. The Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. MMF has been identified as a nicotinic acid receptor agonist in vitro .
Why people take it. Dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
446 registered substances share the start of this name, which is why a search for it can return more than one thing.
FDA substance registry · 92RU3N3Y1O · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 145 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Endurance
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Focus
worsening in cognitive improvement over 2 years
Endurance
6 minute walk distance
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Cytotoxicity/Cell viability.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05456022
How many people
1000000
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04381936
How many people
70000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number and Percentage of Participants With Laboratory Confirmed Influenza Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03880474
How many people
2364
Study design
Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Progression-free survival (PFS) in rapid early responder (RER) patients
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05675410
How many people
1875
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00835770
How many people
1736
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Total incidence of age related chronic diseases
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02960711
How many people
1600
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.6 registered measures of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.3 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.1 registered measure inside human tissue.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse, Rat, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
maximum observed concentration cmax
time to reach maximum observed concentration tmax
changes in phosphocreatine in cerebral grey matter
levels of neurofilament in rrms
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
annualized relapse rate
annualized relapse rate at month 12
time to first multiple sclerosis relapse
time to disability progression independent of relapse
freedom of relapse
relapse and/or progressive worsening of disease
6 minute walk distance
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (29)
relapsed
treatment emergent adverse events
incidence of treatment emergent aes
incidence of serious aes
clinical laboratory assessments
responder rate of static physician s global assessment
duration of gi related episodes in dmf treated
pregnancy loss
live birth
time to first gastrointestinal related event
apparent elimination half life
that experience serious adverse events
overall adherence rates at month 12 arm 3 vs arm 1
cumulative combined unique active lesions
american congress of rheumatology 20
lymphocyte subsets counts up to 48 weeks t cells subsets
lymphocyte subsets counts up to 48 weeks b cell subsets
lymphocyte subsets counts up to 48 weeks t cell cytokines
safety of dmf treatment in ctcl
efficacy of dmf treatment in ctcl
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients.”
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from the dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules Pregnancy Registry, observational studies, and pharmacovigilance with dimethyl fumarate use in pregnant women have not indicated an increased risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of DMF or MMF in human milk.”
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Withdrawn
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S1, S8.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as capsule, delayed release, capsule, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
DIMETHYL FUMARATE appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 8633 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
68 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 68 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 82249-745 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, capsule, delayed release, capsule, gelatin coated and powder, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 82249-745 · read 2026-08-29
20 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 20 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-29
74 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical.
Those labels carry all other and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
DIMETHYL FUMARATE is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Dimethyl fumarate delayed-release capsules, USP are available as hard gelatin delayed-release capsules containing 120 mg or 240 mg of dimethyl fumarate, USP., recorded as fda label in effect 2024-06-27 in the United States.
US prescribing information · a3677dce-a44b-481f-8a76-9ff3a4d42105 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of DIMETHYL FUMARATE studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of DIMETHYL FUMARATE are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
No traced study record is stored for this substance.
Built from stored sources by fixed rules. No reviewer has signed it off.
How many documents were read
19 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
19 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
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How this medicine reached us
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19 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA204063, approved 20130327 to BIOGEN.
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6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q2
What did DIMETHYL FUMARATE's largest trial (70000 people) and its longest (19 years) measure?
70000 people in DIMETHYL FUMARATE's largest registered study, 19 years in its longest registered window, measuring Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge). ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
25 na or unstated, 20 phase2, 20 phase4, 19 phase3, 15 phase1; NCT04381936; 2038-09-30. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05959759.
Interpretation These counts include studies where DIMETHYL FUMARATE was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na or unstated
25
phase2
20
phase4
20
phase3
19
phase1
15
Last recorded human testNCT05959759
2026-07-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From C. elegans to human: where has DIMETHYL FUMARATE shown lifespan?
C. elegans: lifespan, Drosophila: lifespan, NHP: mechanism-only, mouse: lifespan, rat: lifespan, dog: biomarker and human: lifespan (95): the rungs where DIMETHYL FUMARATE has a recorded finding. Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov · organism ladder · 2026-09-01
Interpretation Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge) — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
C. elegans
lifespan
Drosophila
lifespan
NHP
mechanism-only
mouse
lifespan
rat
lifespan
dog
biomarker
1 more recorded row
humanNCT04381936
lifespan; Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge); 95
"The study was withdrawn for business reasons. The decision to stop the TECNERGY study was not a result of any safety or efficacy concerns."; 18 of 95 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02090348
withdrawn; "The study was withdrawn for business reasons. The decision to stop the TECNERGY study was not a result of any safety or efficacy concerns."
NCT02323269
terminated; "109MS415 ImPROve study was terminated due to patient enrollment challenges and feasibility . The decision was not a result of safety concerns."
NCT02343159
terminated; "Sponsor Decision"
NCT02428218
withdrawn; "Feasibility"
NCT02428231
terminated; "Sponsor decision"
NCT02430532
terminated; "Sponsor Decision"
12 further recorded trials
NCT02472938
withdrawn; "Sponsor Decision"
NCT02475304
withdrawn; "Difficulties to enrol patients"
NCT02675413
withdrawn; "Principal Investigator decided to withdraw."
NCT02784834
terminated; "lack of funding"
NCT02901106
terminated; "Another surveillance protocol was initiated by the OFSEP (OFSEP cohort) which allows to follow all the patients, whatever their treatment."
NCT02975349
terminated; "Results from the EVOLUTION clinical trials showed evobrutinib did not meet its primary endpoint of annualized relapse rate for up to 156 weeks compared to oral teriflunomide in both studies."
NCT02981082
terminated; "Low recruitment"
NCT03345940
terminated; "termination of the study due to the slowness of the recruitment activity, according to the contract signed with the Sponsor"
NCT03870763
terminated; "Decision to stop the trial was based on long-term difficulties in fulfilling our enrolment commitments and changes in paediatric MS landscape which no longer support placebo-controlled trials.Decision to stop study was not based on safety…"
NCT04890353
terminated; "The interim analysis of another associated study is not very effective"
NCT04890379
withdrawn; "There are no sufficient patients in the hospital."
NCT04891497
withdrawn; "There are no suitable patients"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Mouse studies of DIMETHYL FUMARATE used 120 ppm — over how long?
studies of DIMETHYL FUMARATE used the recorded amount. clinicaltrials.gov+jax-mpd-itp · 2026-09-04
3 recorded entries; mouse, human; also "120 ppm", "dimethyl fumarate 240 mg"
Show the evidence
mouse
dimethyl fumarate C2019
120 ppm
dimethyl fumarate C2019
120 ppm
humanNCT04570670
dimethyl fumarate 240 mg
recorded 2026-09-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
More DIMETHYL FUMARATE was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "In contrast, disruption of the intramolecular three-center hydrogen bonding induces a structural transition to linear (<i>E</i>) and U-shaped (<i>Z</i>) configurations in highly polar dimethyl sulfoxide." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-09-02
5 recorded sentences naming DIMETHYL FUMARATE; U-shaped, hormesis, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 42125141
"In contrast, disruption of the intramolecular three-center hydrogen bonding induces a structural transition to linear (<i>E</i>) and U-shaped (<i>Z</i>) configurations in highly polar dimethyl sulfoxide."
hormesisPMID 37741385
"In this paper, the luminescence inhibition toxicities of chlorinated sodium phosphate (CSP), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DOB), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DOC), ethanol (EtOH), glutaraldehyde (GLA), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), n-propanol (NPA), and 20 mixture rays in four mixture systems (EtOH-H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>,…"
biphasic
PMID 42474538
"Monomethyl fumarate (MMF) increased MTT reduction in a dose-dependent manner, whereas dimethyl fumarate (DMF) exhibited a biphasic response with low concentrations enhancing MTT reduction and higher concentrations inducing toxicity."
PMID 42683655
"In this design, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) serves as a salt-solvating solvent to facilitate Zn<sup>2+</sup> transfer and regulate solvation evolution across the biphasic interface, whereas methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC) acts as a water-excluding solvent to suppress active-water crossover and stabilize Zn-side interfacial chemistry."
PMID 41453330
"For totally organic biphasic systems employing acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanolamine, ethylene glycol, formamide, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol, methanol, propylene carbonate, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as the polar solvent with n-heptane (or n-hexane), isopentyl ether, 1,2-dichloroethane, n-octanol, or triethylamine as counter solvents forming biphasic systems the…"
recorded 2026-09-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of 6 minute walk distance, adverse events and serious adverse events and american congress of rheumatology 20 did DIMETHYL FUMARATE's trials measure?
6 minute walk distance, adverse events and serious adverse events and american congress of rheumatology 20 lead 40 outcome terms across DIMETHYL FUMARATE's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation incidence of treatment emergent aes, incidence of serious aes, clinical laboratory assessments, responder rate of static physician s global assessment, duration of gi related episodes in dmf treated and pregnancy loss follow.
Show the evidence
relapsed
1
annualized relapse rate
1
treatment emergent adverse events
1
incidence of treatment emergent aes
1
incidence of serious aes
1
clinical laboratory assessments
1
14 more recorded rows
responder rate of static physician s global assessment
1
duration of gi related episodes in dmf treated
1
pregnancy loss
1
live birth
1
time to first gastrointestinal related event
1
maximum observed concentration cmax
1
time to reach maximum observed concentration tmax
1
apparent elimination half life
1
that experience serious adverse events
1
annualized relapse rate at month 12
1
overall adherence rates at month 12 arm 3 vs arm 1
1
time to first multiple sclerosis relapse
1
time to disability progression independent of relapse
1
cumulative combined unique active lesions
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of DIMETHYL FUMARATE's 11 ongoing trials reports first?
Brain volume loss, baseline to month 36; Change From Baseline to Month 12 in total area of GA Lesion(s) in the study eye (in mm2) as Measured by Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF); latest 2038-09-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03535298
"Determining the Effectiveness of earLy Intensive Versus Escalation Approaches for RRMS"; n 800; "Brain volume loss, baseline to month 36"; 2027-07-30
NCT04292080
"Long-Term Analysis of DImethyl Fumarate, to Slow the Growth of Areas of Geographic Atrophy"; n 90; "Change From Baseline to Month 12 in total area of GA Lesion(s) in the study eye (in mm2) as Measured by Fundus Autofluorescence (FAF)"; 2029-04-07
NCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
NCT05344469
"A NIS Evaluating Various Injectable and Oral Treatments in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis"; n 800; "Proportion of patients who continue to receive their baseline treatment"; 2029-05-30
NCT05658497
"Pregnancy Exposure Registry for Vumerity (Diroximel Fumarate)"; n 908; "Number of Major Congenital Malformations (MCMs)"; 2032-07-06
NCT05767736
"A Study to Evaluate Long-Term Safety of Vumerity and Tecfidera in Participants With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)"; n 10500; "Number of Participants With Confirmed Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) in the Vumerity, Tecfidera, Other Selected DMTs (Teriflunomide, Beta-interferons, or Glatiramer Acetate), or Vumerity/Tecfidera Switch Cohorts"; 2032-12-01
5 further recorded trials
NCT06513533
"Dimethyl Fumarate in Adrenomyeloneuropathy"; n 40; "Postural sway test"; 2028-06-30
NCT06850597
"Efficacy and Safety of Dimethyl Fumarate Among Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease"; n 30; "Change in the degree of cognitive improvement based on the RBANS score among patients diagnosed with MCI and AD after completing dimethyl fumarate therapy test group compared to the placebo group."; 2027-12-31
NCT07483632
"A Study to Learn About the Safety of Diroximel Fumarate (DRF) and Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) and Their Effects on Relapses in Pediatric Participants With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (RMS)"; n 185; "TP Cohort A and OLE Period: Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) and AEs Leading to Treatment Discontinuation"; 2035-06-19
NCT07757568
"Prospective Evaluation of De-Escalation From antiCD-20 Therapies to Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera) or Diroximel Fumarate (Vumerity)"; n 11; "Components of No Evidence of Disease Activity (NEDA-3) components (of which are no relapse activity, no MRI disease activity and no confirmed disability progression)."; 2026-11-07
NCT07776743
"A Study of Rocbrutinib in PRL-Positive Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis"; n 30; "Change from Screening/Baseline in the Number, New Number of Paramagnetic Rim Lesions (PRL) Detected by 7T MRI"; 2028-12
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of DIMETHYL FUMARATE could settle lifespan?
NCT04381936 measures Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge), reading out 2038-09-30.
1 open trial; n 70000; "Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT04381936
"Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy"; n 70000; "Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)"; 2038-09-30
Q10
Which 37 trials of DIMETHYL FUMARATE posted no result?
Posted no result
37 of 37 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00168701, NCT00837785, NCT01069913, NCT00810836, NCT01281111 and NCT01230138, and 31 more
Completion dates
oldest 2006-03-31; newest 2023-07-20
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00168701
2006-03-31
NCT00837785
2009-10-31
NCT01069913
2010-01
NCT00810836
2010-03
NCT01281111
2011-03-18
NCT01230138
2012-05
14 further recorded trials
NCT01915901
2013-12
NCT01924832
2014-04
NCT02171208
2014-07
NCT02201849
2014-12
NCT02159573
2015-01
NCT01903291
2016-02
NCT02519413
2016-02
NCT02686684
2016-10
NCT02579681
2016-12-21
NCT02683863
2017-01-31
NCT02969304
2017-03-02
NCT02471560
2017-06-12
NCT02337426
2017-11-09
NCT02823951
2018-02
Q11
At the median, DIMETHYL FUMARATE's trials enrolled 90 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
90
Largest enrolment
70000
Registered trials counted
95
Q12
What do 8633 spontaneous reports say about DIMETHYL FUMARATE — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
DIMETHYL FUMARATE appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 8633 reaction mentions were counted: flushing 2099; multiple sclerosis relapse 1531; diarrhoea 1348; multiple sclerosis 873. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL2107333 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
flushing
2099
multiple sclerosis relapse
1531
diarrhoea
1348
multiple sclerosis
873
abdominal pain upper
690
gastrointestinal disorder
484
4 more recorded rows
abdominal discomfort
456
memory impairment
430
lymphocyte count decreased
371
lymphopenia
351
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about DIMETHYL FUMARATE and sirtuin?
"In total, it can be concluded that dimethyl fumarate treatment provides hepato-renal protective effects on alloxan-induced diabetic mice model by attenuating reactive oxygen species inflammatory pathways through modulating Sirt1/Nrf2 and inflammatory genes expressions." — where DIMETHYL FUMARATE and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-13
"In total, it can be concluded that dimethyl fumarate treatment provides hepato-renal protective effects on alloxan-induced diabetic mice model by attenuating reactive oxygen species inflammatory pathways through modulating Sirt1/Nrf2 and inflammatory genes expressions."
mTORPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
sirtuinPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
autophagyPMID 42157427
"In conclusion, these results indicated that FGF21 could restore ASC viability by upregulating TFE3-mediated autophagy flux in part through the FGFR1-SIRT1-MTOR signaling pathway, enhanced the potential to improve the differentiation of ASCs into neural stem cells and enhanced the therapeutic effect of ASCs transplantation in acute ICH.<b>Abbreviations</b>: FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21;…"
mTORPMID 41661247
"Loss of function of AMPK abrogated MK-8722- but not torin1-induced dephosphorylation and induction of the TFEB target genes.<b>Abbreviations:</b> AMPK: 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ACAC/ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AICAR: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide ribonucleotide; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; DKO: double knockout; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified…"
AMPKPMID 41661247
"Loss of function of AMPK abrogated MK-8722- but not torin1-induced dephosphorylation and induction of the TFEB target genes.<b>Abbreviations:</b> AMPK: 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ACAC/ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AICAR: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide ribonucleotide; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; DKO: double knockout; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified…"
5 more recorded rows
autophagyPMID 41661247
"Loss of function of AMPK abrogated MK-8722- but not torin1-induced dephosphorylation and induction of the TFEB target genes.<b>Abbreviations:</b> AMPK: 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ACAC/ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AICAR: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide ribonucleotide; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; DKO: double knockout; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified…"
mTORPMID 41404692
"The patient received dimethyl fumarate (Nrf2 activator), celecoxib (NF-κB inhibitor), and rapamycin (mTOR pathway modulator) as part of an individualized treatment strategy."
AMPKPMID 41032210
"Additionally, we highlight potential therapeutic approaches targeting trained immunity, including statins, which reduce inflammation and immune reprogramming; metformin, which restores metabolic balance by activating AMPK and reducing oxidative stress; dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a potent Nrf2 activator that counteracts inflammation; and probiotics, which help restore gut microbiota balance and…"
autophagyPMID 42402699
"Collectively, our findings establish CAMKV as a critical host antiviral effector that functions through selective autophagy, highlighting CAMKV as a promising molecular target for the development of novel therapeutics against lethal RABV infection.<b>Abbreviations:</b> 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ABLV: Australian bat lyssavirus; ATG: autophagy related; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; Baf-A1:…"
AMPKPMID 39941283
"Additionally, there is ongoing debate regarding the efficacy of other treatments, such as free radical scavengers, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), dimethyl fumarate (DMF), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators such as metformin, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors such as tadalafil. <b>Conclusions</b>: The controversies surrounding the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of…"
recorded 2026-07-13 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · NIA ITP via the JAX Mouse Phenome Database · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md
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✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
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