This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Clomifene does in the body
Clomiphene blocks oestrogen receptors in the part of the brain that monitors sex hormones.
The brain reads the block as "oestrogen is low" and responds by releasing more LH and FSH. In a woman that pushes an ovary to mature and release an egg. In a man, more LH means the testes make more testosterone from scratch, and more FSH means sperm production keeps going — which is the opposite of what happens on injected testosterone, where the brain sees plenty and shuts the testes down. What is sold as one drug is actually two mirror-image molecules with different behaviour and very different clearance rates: the anti-oestrogenic one washes out in days, the other accumulates over weeks.
Why people take it. Inducing ovulation, or raising men’s testosterone outside its approved use.
What happened in people
In men, it raised testosterone substantially. In women, another fertility medicine produced more live births.
✓ Reviewed first-read answer
Where this came from
A person wrote this and a reviewer approved it against this exact record. It carries no effect size.
A reviewer approved this against this record. The reviewed-claim record carrying the exact population and effect size does not exist yet.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
No study has tested its common use after a course of anabolic steroids.
Where it acts
Oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gonadotropes
Kind of result
The kind of result is not recorded
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as mixture.
FDA substance registry · 1HRS458QU2 · read 2026-08-29
Its recorded molecular formula is C26H28CINO•C6H8O7, weighing 598.08.
US prescribing information · 79f64995-7425-44c6-9f44-f7d20daeff65 · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
A reviewer approved this sentence against this exact record and its sources.
The limit a reviewer approved as the one that matters most here.
The four opening statements run to 141 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Randomisation
Randomisation means chance decides who gets which treatment.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a coin toss deciding the groups.
Where that stops being true. A coin toss is fair once. Fairness here comes from doing it for everyone.
What people get wrong. It is thought to make groups identical. It makes them similar on average, including on things nobody measured.
Allocation of participants to arms by a chance process, so that unmeasured factors are balanced in expectation.
Confidence interval
A confidence interval is the range the true answer is likely to sit in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like a weather forecast giving a range rather than one number.
Where that stops being true. A forecast range covers tomorrow. This one covers what the study could resolve.
What people get wrong. The middle number is read as the answer. A range crossing zero means no change is still possible.
An interval estimate that would contain the true parameter in a stated proportion of repeated studies.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Fertility and sexual health
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Recovery
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Fertility and sexual health
total testosterone; serum free testosterone
Blood sugar
insulin resistance
Recovery
ovulation recovery
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Live birth during the treatment period
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
PPCOS II — letrozole versus clomiphene in polycystic ovary syndrome
How many people
750
Study design
Phase 3, double-blind, multicentre, up to five treatment cycles
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Clomiphene 72 of 376 (19.1%) versus letrozole 103 of 374 (27.5%), P = 0.007 in favour of letrozole; rate ratio 1.44 (95% CI 1.10-1.87)
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. Clomiphene was associated with a higher incidence of hot flushes; letrozole with more fatigue and dizziness. Four major congenital anomalies occurred in the letrozole arm against one in the clomiphene arm (P = 0.65).
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men
Interval reported. 95% CI 1
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Total testosterone rose in all treatment groups; LH and FSH rose on enclomiphene and fell on testosterone gel; sperm concentration maintained on enclomiphene and markedly reduced on gel
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
Morning serum testosterone, LH, FSH and semen analysis
✓ The study showed what it set out to show
Who was studied
NCT01270841 (ZA-203)
How many people
83
Study design
Phase 2, randomised, enclomiphene versus 1% topical testosterone gel
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Morning testosterone, oestradiol and LH increased to levels similar to topical gel; FSH and LH increased and sperm counts were conserved on enclomiphene
Repeated elsewhere
Replicated
What this does not prove. Meeting one endpoint in one population does not carry to other goals or other people.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
RNAWiki holds 4 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.4 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it changes in the body◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
The path through the body
From what a person takes to what changes. A solid line is a step measured in people. A dashed line is a step nobody has measured that way.
Start
Clomifene
What a person takes: Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men.
The measurement behind this step
A simple immediate-release tablet. The approved regimen in women is a short course within a cycle; the off-label male regimens are continuous daily or alternate-day dosing over months, a pattern the approved product was never studied in. Unlicensed liquid preparations and purified enclomiphene are sold by the same vendors that sell SARMs.
Getting in
Taken by mouth as a mixture of two isomers
One tablet contains two mirror-image forms of the molecule in roughly a 60-40 split, and they behave differently.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Clomiphene citrate is approximately 62% enclomiphene (E isomer) and 38% zuclomiphene (Z isomer). Both are absorbed orally and undergo hepatic metabolism, but enclomiphene is cleared within days while zuclomiphene accumulates across consecutive cycles before plateauing.
The oestrogen receptor is inside the cell, so the drug has to get in before it can block anything.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Passive diffusion into GnRH neurons of the hypothalamus and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary, where it competes with 17beta-oestradiol for the ligand-binding domain of oestrogen receptor alpha.
Blocks the oestrogen signal the brain uses to throttle back
With the receptor occupied by a molecule that does not switch it on, the brain concludes oestrogen is low.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Enclomiphene occupies ERalpha and stabilises a conformation that fails to recruit coactivators, blocking oestradiol-driven negative feedback on GnRH pulse frequency and on pituitary gonadotrope sensitivity. Zuclomiphene, acting as a partial agonist at the same receptor, opposes this to a degree that depends on how much has accumulated.
The pituitary releases more of the two hormones that drive the ovary or the testis.
──Measured in people. Written by a person from the study named beside the step. Not signed off as a reviewed claim.
The measurement behind this step
Increased GnRH pulsatility drives LH and FSH secretion. In women this recruits a dominant follicle and triggers ovulation. In men LH stimulates Leydig cell testosterone synthesis while FSH supports Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis — measured increases of about 4.7 IU/L for LH and 4.6 IU/L for FSH against placebo in the pooled trials.
The testosterone comes from the testes rather than from a syringe, which is why sperm production survives.
╌╌Described, with no measurement named. No measurement is named for this step, so it is drawn as an unconfirmed link.
The measurement behind this step
Total testosterone rises to a degree comparable with a titrated gel while LH and FSH rise instead of falling, and sperm concentration is maintained rather than suppressed. That difference — restoration of the axis versus replacement of its output — is the entire clinical argument for using a SERM in a man who wants to remain fertile.
No suggested links are held for this record, so nothing is hidden from this path.
What we know
The record describes 5 steps from taking it to an effect in a person.
How we know it
Each step names the study behind it in the technical detail beside it.
What this does not prove
A change inside the body is a reason to look. It is not a result in a person.
Why it matters
A reader can see exactly where the chain stops being measured in people.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim binds any of these steps to a named population.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
insulin resistance
fsh concentrations
serum estradiol level
serum free testosterone
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (36)
live birth rate
ovulation rate in cycle 1
pregnancy rate
pregnancy rates
ovulation rates
ovulation detected by ultrasound
delivery rate
cumulative pregnancy rate
ovulation rate by ultrasonography
live birth
clinical pregnancy
ovulation rate
clinical pregnancy rate
clinical pregnancy rate per cycle
pregnancy
lh levels
ovulating
ovulation
pregnancies achieved per menstrual cycle
miscarriage rate
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
On label: women with anovulatory infertility. Off label: men with secondary hypogonadism who want to raise testosterone without losing fertility, men trying to restart the axis after a steroid course, and men on unlicensed supply from the same sources that sell the steroids.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Clomiphene citrate use in pregnant women is contraindicated, as clomiphene citrate does not offer benefit in this population.”
US prescribing information · 79f64995-7425-44c6-9f44-f7d20daeff65 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
Clomiphene lost its position as first-line ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome to letrozole on a live-birth endpoint in 2014
Enclomiphene completed a full phase 1 to phase 3 programme for male secondary hypogonadism and was never approved in the United States
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
A simple immediate-release tablet.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold. The rest of the recorded wording: The approved regimen in women is a short course within a cycle; the off-label male regimens are continuous daily or alternate-day dosing over months, a pattern the approved product was never studied in. Unlicensed liquid preparations and purified enclomiphene are sold by the same vendors that sell SARMs.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
·Worth asking a clinician aboutWritten into the record from the studies named on this page
On-label adverse effects in women include hot flushes, ovarian enlargement, visual disturbance and multiple pregnancy. In men the trial adverse-event profile was broadly similar to testosterone gel across the phase 3 programme, with the important difference that gonadotropins and spermatogenesis were preserved rather than suppressed. Visual symptoms are a recognised class effect and are the reason continued use is reconsidered if they appear. Long-term male safety at continuous daily dosing over years is not established, because no trial ran that long.
Nobody counted how many people took this and were fine, so this cannot be turned into a rate.
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Clomifene appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 36 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
cold type haemolytic anaemia — 3 reaction mentions
enterobacter infection — 3 reaction mentions
low birth weight baby — 3 reaction mentions
multiple pregnancy — 3 reaction mentions
neutropenia neonatal — 3 reaction mentions
ocular icterus — 3 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral tablet, 50 mg clomiphene citrate; five-day courses on label, daily dosing off-label in men
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
A recorded note compares this form with the others that are sold. It is kept below, word for word.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
The recorded note, unchanged: The approved regimen in women is a short course within a cycle; the off-label male regimens are continuous daily or alternate-day dosing over months, a pattern the approved product was never studied in. Unlicensed liquid preparations and purified enclomiphene are sold by the same vendors that sell SARMs.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
34 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 34 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 17369-817 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as powder and tablet, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 17369-817 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is estrogen agonist/antagonist [epc] and selective estrogen receptor modulators [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 17369-817 · read 2026-08-29
10 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 10 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 086eace1-51db-4d48-976c-9d39ef5be745 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 086eace1-51db-4d48-976c-9d39ef5be745 · read 2026-08-29
Clomiphene Citrate is oral at HOW SUPPLIED Clomiphene Citrate Tablets, USP, 50 mg are white to off-white, round, flat bevel edged tablets, having scoreline with debossed "OPP" and "1068" on one side and another side is plain packed in PVC/ PVDC Blis…, recorded as fda label in effect 2025-12-01 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 79f64995-7425-44c6-9f44-f7d20daeff65 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 4.65243 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 11 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Clomifene studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Claims that go past the evidence
Things said about this substance that sound reasonable, and the exact step that is missing between the evidence and the claim.
✗Goes past the evidence
That clomiphene restarts the axis faster than stopping the steroid would on its own — the commonest use, with no controlled trial behind it
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the male hormonal results equate to symptomatic or functional benefit; the trials measured hormones and sperm counts, not endpoints men care about directly
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That enclomiphene sold online is equivalent to the trial product, when it is an unapproved drug with no manufacturing oversight
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
✗Goes past the evidence
That the meta-analytic testosterone increase is a precise figure, when heterogeneity across the pooled trials was 89%
Why it sounds right. It follows from something real on this page: a body step, an animal result or a related finding.
The missing step. Nobody measured this in people for this use, or the study that did measure it did not show it.
What would change this
A study in people, for this exact use, measuring this exact thing, that a reviewer signs off.
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Clomifene are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Every line above can be traced to the study named beside it. Follow the link and read it.
In men, pooled total testosterone rose 273.8 ng/dL against placebo
In plain words
A meta-analysis of randomised trials in men found that clomiphene or its purified isomer raised total testosterone by about 274 ng/dL more than placebo, and raised LH and FSH as well.
What was measured
Weighted mean difference in total testosterone, LH and FSH versus placebo across randomised trials in men
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Hohl et al. searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov to July 2024 for randomised trials of SERMs — clomiphene or enclomiphene — against placebo, testosterone gel or hCG in men with functional hypogonadism. Against placebo, SERM therapy raised total testosterone by a weighted mean difference of 273.76 ng/dL (95% CI 191.87-355.66, p < 0.01, I2 = 89%), LH by 4.66 IU/L (95% CI 3.37-5.94, p < 0.01, I2 = 55%) and FSH by 4.59 IU/L (95% CI 2.88-6.30, p < 0.01, I2 = 68%). Against testosterone gel there was no significant difference in total testosterone, but LH and FSH were significantly higher on SERM. The heterogeneity is high and should be read as such: the direction and rough size of the testosterone effect are settled, the precise magnitude is not.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
It raises testosterone like a gel does, and keeps sperm counts where a gel does not
In plain words
Two phase 3 trials compared the anti-oestrogenic isomer against testosterone gel in overweight men with low testosterone. Both raised testosterone. Only the gel wrecked sperm counts.
What was measured
Total testosterone, LH, FSH and sperm concentration at 16 weeks, enclomiphene versus testosterone gel versus placebo
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Kim, McCullough and Kaminetsky reported two parallel randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled multicentre phase 3 studies — ZA-304 (NCT01993212) and ZA-305 (NCT01993225), 120 men each — comparing two doses of enclomiphene citrate against AndroGel 1.62% in overweight men aged 18-60 with secondary hypogonadism, all with early-morning total testosterone at or below 300 ng/dL and low or normal LH on two occasions 2-10 days apart. After 16 weeks, total testosterone rose in every treatment group. FSH and LH rose in the enclomiphene groups and fell in the testosterone gel group. Enclomiphene maintained sperm concentration in the normal range; the gel group showed a marked reduction in spermatogenesis. The earlier phase 2, ZA-203 (NCT01270841, n=83), had shown the same pattern.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
First-line for ovulation induction for 47 years, then beaten by letrozole
In plain words
Clomiphene was the standard first treatment for infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome. A 750-woman randomised trial found letrozole produced more live births.
What was measured
Cumulative live birth rate over up to five treatment cycles, letrozole versus clomiphene
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Legro et al. randomised 750 women with polycystic ovary syndrome 1:1 to letrozole or clomiphene for up to five treatment cycles, with live birth during the treatment period as the primary outcome. Letrozole produced more cumulative live births: 103 of 374 (27.5%) versus 72 of 376 (19.1%), P = 0.007, rate ratio 1.44 (95% CI 1.10-1.87). Cumulative ovulation was also higher, 834 of 1,352 cycles (61.7%) versus 688 of 1,425 cycles (48.3%), P < 0.001. There were no significant differences in pregnancy loss or twin pregnancy, and no significant difference in overall congenital anomalies, though there were four major anomalies in the letrozole arm against one in the clomiphene arm (P = 0.65). Clomiphene remains approved and widely used; what changed is that the drug is no longer the first choice in the population it was the first choice for.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
One isomer accumulates for weeks and the other does not
In plain words
Blood measurements across consecutive treatment cycles showed the partial-agonist isomer building up from cycle to cycle, while the antagonist isomer was cleared between cycles.
What was measured
Serum enclomiphene and zuclomiphene on cycle days 3 and 10 across consecutive treatment cycles
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Young, Opsahl and Fritz measured serum enclomiphene and zuclomiphene in 14 anovulatory women receiving standardised incremental clomiphene citrate, 50-150 mg/day on cycle days 5-9, for three to six cycles, sampling on cycle days 3 and 10. Cycle day 3 zuclomiphene was below assay limits in every initial cycle, rose progressively across three consecutive cycles and then plateaued; cycle day 3 enclomiphene was uniformly undetectable. The combined maximum concentration of both isomers in practice was around 100 nmol/L. This is the pharmacokinetic basis for treating clomiphene as two drugs: the effect you want is short-lived and the isomer that persists is the partial agonist.
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Enclomiphene was taken through phase 3 and never approved
In plain words
The purified antagonist isomer was developed as a separate product for men with low testosterone, completed a large phase 3 programme, and does not exist as an approved drug in the United States.
What was measured
Completed phase 3 programme against approved-product status in Drugs@FDA
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
This entry records a failure.
From the source
Repros Therapeutics ran enclomiphene citrate (Androxal) through a full development programme: phase 1 pharmacokinetics (ZA-104, ZA-105, ZA-112), phase 2 (ZA-201, ZA-202 n=102, ZA-203 n=83, ZA-204 n=60, ZA-205 n=50), and phase 3 (ZA-003 n=194, ZA-300 safety n=499, ZA-301 n=151, ZA-303 bone mineral density n=300, ZA-304 n=120, ZA-305 n=120, plus extension studies). The trials met their hormonal endpoints. Enclomiphene appears nowhere in Drugs@FDA as an approved active ingredient. Every product sold today as "enclomiphene" is an unapproved drug, and the compound is nonetheless marketed openly by online prescribers and by research-chemical vendors.
Source
ClinicalTrials.gov registrations NCT01993212, NCT01993225, NCT01534208, NCT01532414, NCT01619683 and related Repros studies; absence of any enclomiphene product from the FDA Drugs@FDA database as of August 2026
Role in the trial
Not matched to a registered study
Identity check
no open identity hold
Audit mark
verified
Review state
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim
Post-cycle restart is the commonest use and the least studied
In plain words
Clomiphene is most often taken by men to restart their own testosterone after a course of anabolic steroids. No trial has ever tested that.
What was measured
That clomiphene accelerates recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis after anabolic steroid use, which no controlled study has tested
Effect estimate
No reviewed effect estimate exists for this record.
Limits
See the technical detail.
From the source
Every randomised trial of clomiphene or enclomiphene in men enrolled men with functional or secondary hypogonadism who were not recovering from exogenous androgen suppression. The off-label "post-cycle therapy" use — restarting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis after anabolic steroid administration, usually alongside hCG and an aromatase inhibitor — has no randomised evidence at all, no dose-finding study and no comparison against doing nothing. What is known about spontaneous recovery comes from an observational cohort: past androgen users were indistinguishable from never-users on reproductive hormones and cardiac function, with mean recovery of 7.3 months for anti-Mullerian hormone, 10.7 months for LH and 14.1 months for sperm output, without any stated intervention. Whether clomiphene shortens that is an open question, not a settled one.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
4 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
The older medicine-wide conclusion held in this record
Written for a clinical reader, and about the medicine as a whole rather than about one indication, population and set of trials. RNAWiki does not treat it as a programme conclusion and no reviewer has signed it off in that form. It is here word for word because it is what the record holds.
A 1967 ovulation drug that reliably raises LH, FSH and testosterone in men — pooled mean total testosterone +273.8 ng/dL against placebo — while being displaced from its own approved indication by letrozole, which produced 27.5% live births against clomiphene 19.1% in a 750-woman randomised trial.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Clomifene's largest trial (900 people) and its longest (7.3 years) measure?
900 people in Clomifene's largest registered study, 7.3 years in its longest registered window, measuring Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC)of clomiphene. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
34 phase4, 30 na, 28 phase2, 19 phase3, 6 phase1, 3 na or unstated, 2 early phase1; NCT00478504; 2014-09; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2025, NCT07769476.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Clomifene was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
34
na
30
phase2
28
phase3
19
phase1
6
na or unstated
3
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
2
Last recorded human testNCT07769476
2025-12-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Clomifene shown biomarker?
Interpretation Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC)of clomiphene — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
mouse
mechanism-only
rat
mechanism-only
humanNCT01289756
biomarker; Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC)of clomiphene; 112
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
12 of Clomifene's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (4), funding/business (2) and other (6): Clomifene's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"lack of funding"; 12 of 112 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01155518
terminated; "lack of funding"
NCT01607320
terminated; "Over budget, slow recruitment, and personnel change"
NCT01638988
withdrawn; "Previous studies have been done regarding same condition"
NCT01718444
terminated; "The primary investigator moved from academic practice to join a private group, and could not get any one to take over as PI for the study."
NCT02137265
withdrawn; "No funding obtained"
NCT02377479
withdrawn; "Study never started"
6 further recorded trials
NCT02520505
withdrawn; "no participants enrolled"
NCT02523898
terminated; "unfortunately due to COVID 19and social problems following it,we were unable to reach the estimated sample size.Evantually we could have only 151 patients ."
NCT03245827
terminated; "not enough recruitment"
NCT03615547
withdrawn; "problems of feasibility"
NCT04306692
terminated; "clomiphene citrate is no longer being considered as standard treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome"
NCT05096169
withdrawn; "Difficulty in recruiting"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Clomifene used Clomiphene Citrate 100 mg — over how long?
Could one person measure Clomifene's effect on live birth rate?
Live birth rate: measured in Clomifene's trials.
Interpretation live birth rate is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
live birth rate; 2026-09-01
ovulation rate in cycle 1; 2026-09-01
pregnancy rate; 2026-09-01
pregnancy rates; 2026-09-01
ovulation rates; 2026-09-01
ovulation detected by ultrasound; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
delivery rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
cumulative pregnancy rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ovulation rate by ultrasonography; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
live birth; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
clinical pregnancy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ovulation rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
clinical pregnancy rate; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
insulin resistance; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
clinical pregnancy rate per cycle; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pregnancy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
lh levels; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ovulating; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
ovulation; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
pregnancies achieved per menstrual cycle; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
25
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00501839; PHASE4; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of biochemical pregnancy rate, changes in epigallocatechin gallate and clinical pregnancy did Clomifene's trials measure?
biochemical pregnancy rate, changes in epigallocatechin gallate and clinical pregnancy lead 40 outcome terms across Clomifene's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation pregnancy rates, ovulation rates, ovulation detected by ultrasound, delivery rate, cumulative pregnancy rate and ovulation rate by ultrasonography follow.
Show the evidence
live birth rate
1
ovulation rate in cycle 1
1
pregnancy rate
1
pregnancy rates
1
ovulation rates
1
ovulation detected by ultrasound
1
14 more recorded rows
delivery rate
1
cumulative pregnancy rate
1
ovulation rate by ultrasonography
1
live birth
1
clinical pregnancy
1
ovulation rate
1
clinical pregnancy rate
1
insulin resistance
1
clinical pregnancy rate per cycle
1
pregnancy
1
lh levels
1
ovulating
1
ovulation
1
pregnancies achieved per menstrual cycle
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Clomifene's 7 ongoing trials reports first?
Total resistance rate under CC for ovulation induction in patients with PCOS.; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) tendon healing Post-op; latest 2033-03-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03059173
"Interest of Myo-inositol Supplementation in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome"; n 276; "Total resistance rate under CC for ovulation induction in patients with PCOS."; 2027-12
NCT04944836
"Sex Hormone Supplementation and Rotator Cuff Repair: A Preliminary Randomized Trial"; n 58; "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) tendon healing Post-op"; 2029-01-01
NCT05206448
"Randomized Controlled Trial of Combined Letrozole and Clomid (CLC II) Versus Letrozole Alone for Women With Anovulation"; n 190; "Ovulation"; 2025-12
NCT06701071
"Evaluation of a Long Versus Short Clomid Protocol for Controlled Ovarian Stimulation"; n 120; "Number of mature oocytes"; 2028-06
NCT07462065
"Effect Clomiphene vs Clomiphene Along With Pioglitazone on Ovarian Stimulation Rate"; n 62; "Ovarian stimulation rate"; 2026-06-01
NCT07523022
"Comparison of the Effect of Gonadotropin and Clomiphene Citrate Treatment on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Subfertile Men Based on the APHRODITE Groups"; n 500; "sperm DNA fragmentation"; 2026-12-01
1 further recorded trialNCT07568574
"Impact of Medically Supervised Performance-Enhancing Substances (PES) on Elite Athletes"; n 60; "The incidence and severity of Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), including adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs), as assessed by the study physicians from baseline to 5.5 years after enrollment."; 2033-03-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 47 trials of Clomifene posted no result?
Posted no result
47 of 47 completed trials
Registrations
NCT01340521, NCT00413179, NCT00697814, NCT00296465, NCT00068861 and NCT00610077, and 41 more
Completion dates
oldest 1994-03; newest 2023-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01340521
1994-03
NCT00413179
2003-04
NCT00697814
2005-06
NCT00296465
2005-11
NCT00068861
2006-02
NCT00610077
2006-07
14 further recorded trials
NCT00471523
2007-03
NCT00795808
2008-10
NCT00830492
2008-12
NCT01004068
2009-10
NCT00796289
2010-01
NCT01157312
2010-04
NCT01213147
2010-05
NCT01389713
2010-12
NCT01953796
2011-05
NCT01679574
2012-01
NCT00835744
2012-03
NCT01910766
2013-01
NCT02269306
2013-01
NCT01791751
2013-02
Q9
At the median, Clomifene's trials enrolled 98.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
98.5
Largest enrolment
900
Registered trials counted
112
Q10
What do 36 spontaneous reports say about Clomifene — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Clomifene appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 36 reaction mentions were counted: ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 5; premature baby 5; ventricular tachycardia 4; product dispensing error 4. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL2355051 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
5
premature baby
5
ventricular tachycardia
4
product dispensing error
4
cold type haemolytic anaemia
3
enterobacter infection
3
4 more recorded rows
low birth weight baby
3
multiple pregnancy
3
neutropenia neonatal
3
ocular icterus
3
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Clomifene studied with caloric restriction and exercise?
caloric restriction and exercise are named in Clomifene's label sentences: "We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction,…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2016-05-12
2 recorded statements; caloric restriction, exercise
Show the evidence
caloric restriction
We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction, antiobesity medication, behavioral modification, and exercise) or the combination of both (combined)…
exercise
We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction, antiobesity medication, behavioral modification, and exercise) or the combination of both (combined)…
recorded 2016-05-12 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Clomifene and autophagy?
"Clomiphene and dexamethasone can not only reduce oxidative damage, and inhibit apoptosis and autophagy, but they can also regulate the ROS-JNK/MAPK-P21 signaling pathway in PCOS rats." — where Clomifene and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2024-12-04
"Clomiphene and dexamethasone can not only reduce oxidative damage, and inhibit apoptosis and autophagy, but they can also regulate the ROS-JNK/MAPK-P21 signaling pathway in PCOS rats."
PMID 39643124
"In this study, we showed that the TFEB activator clomiphene citrate (CC) activated the autophagy-lysosome and lipolysis pathways, and promoted degradation of lipid droplets induced by the free fatty acids oleate and palmitate in HepG2 cells."
IGF-1PMID 23663992
"Clomiphene citrate, human growth hormone (HGH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and aromatase inhibitors do not appear to have significant negative effects on sperm production, but quality data are lacking."
recorded 2024-12-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.