Its recorded molecular formula is C18H12CrN3O6, weighing 418.3.
PubChem record · 151932 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
HbA1c: Baseline and Final Visits
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00289354
How many people
600
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Plasma chromium level (ng/dL)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06860087
How many people
200
Study design
Phase 1/Phase 2
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
gut microbiome-taxonomy
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06339697
How many people
194
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Restore of regular menstrual period
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03673995
How many people
186
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Progression of dysglicemia
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04107922
How many people
148
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Progression of dysglicemia
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04107987
How many people
148
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.4 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Dog, Non-human primate. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
hemoglobin a1c
serum zinc
serum 25 d
serum vitamin a
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (14)
binge eating frequency
placenta myd88
placenta trif
placenta nfkb
placenta 25 d
placenta vitamin a
placenta zinc
placenta il 1b
hyaline membrane disease
reduction in sars cov 2 viral load
reduction in severity of covid 19 disease
random blood sugar
asthma control
spirometry
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
• For the temporary relief of symptoms including: • liver discomfort • poor digestion • low energy • alternating occasional diarrhea and constipation These statements are based upon homeopathic practices. They have not been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as liquid, capsule, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
8 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 1 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 87622-001 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, liquid and powder, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 87622-001 · read 2026-08-29
7 published labels name it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · 06300339-b068-4685-8475-3765f6828851 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · 06300339-b068-4685-8475-3765f6828851 · read 2026-08-29
6342 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as mineral and non-nutrient/non-botanical.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
What was measured, goal by goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Picolinic Acid's largest trial (120 people) and its longest (8.5 years) measure?
120 people in Picolinic Acid's largest registered study, 8.5 years in its longest registered window, measuring Improvement in insulin sensitivity. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
5 na, 4 phase2, 4 phase4, 3 phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT03908736; 2027-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07371169.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Picolinic Acid was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
5
phase2
4
phase4
4
phase1
3
na or unstated
1
Last recorded human testNCT07371169
2026-01-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Picolinic Acid shown lifespan?
2 recorded entries; human; also "Zinc Picolinate 15 Mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT03005496
Zinc Picolinate 50 mg
NCT03908736
Zinc Picolinate 15 Mg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Picolinic Acid was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "A complex U-shaped dose-response relationship was evident, suggesting adaptive cellular responses, with increased free radical production as a plausible mechanism." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2025-10-21
4 recorded sentences naming Picolinic Acid; U-shaped, dose-response, dose response
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 40809778
"A complex U-shaped dose-response relationship was evident, suggesting adaptive cellular responses, with increased free radical production as a plausible mechanism."
PMID 39476693
"A near-infrared responsive hydrogel sensing membrane (PNIPAm/PVA/GO) was prepared by free radical polymerization, which was modified on U-shaped optical fiber sensors for the selective determination of Pb<sup>2+</sup>."
dose-responsePMID 41281004
"The scavenging activity of the plasma against hydroxyl radical and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was also evaluated using ESR spectroscopy with the spin trapping method; a dose-response curve for each free radical was drawn to estimate the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of plasma during heart surgery."
dose responsePMID 39790935
"The rat aortic ring (RAR) and Chick chorioallantois membrane (CAM) assays were employed to determine antiangiogenic efficacy and dose response, while the DPPH assay estimated free radical scavenging activity."
recorded 2025-10-21 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Picolinic Acid's effect on hemoglobin a1c?
Hemoglobin a1c: measured in Picolinic Acid's trials.
hemoglobin a1c is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
hemoglobin a1c; 2026-09-01
binge eating frequency; 2026-09-01
placenta myd88; 2026-09-01
placenta trif; 2026-09-01
placenta nfkb; 2026-09-01
placenta 25 d; 2026-09-01
12 more recorded rows
biomarkers
placenta vitamin a; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
placenta zinc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
placenta il 1b; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum zinc; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum 25 d; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum vitamin a; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
hyaline membrane disease; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
reduction in sars cov 2 viral load; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
reduction in severity of covid 19 disease; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
random blood sugar; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
asthma control; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
spirometry; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
2
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
26; NCT00904306; PHASE1/PHASE2; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; COMPLETED
Q7
Which of asthma control, binge eating frequency and hemoglobin a1c did Picolinic Acid's trials measure?
asthma control, binge eating frequency and hemoglobin a1c lead 18 outcome terms across Picolinic Acid's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
placenta trif, placenta nfkb, placenta 25 d, placenta vitamin a, placenta zinc and placenta il 1b follow.
Show the evidence
hemoglobin a1c
1
binge eating frequency
1
placenta myd88
1
placenta trif
1
placenta nfkb
1
placenta 25 d
1
12 more recorded rows
placenta vitamin a
1
placenta zinc
1
placenta il 1b
1
serum zinc
1
serum 25 d
1
serum vitamin a
1
hyaline membrane disease
1
reduction in sars cov 2 viral load
1
reduction in severity of covid 19 disease
1
random blood sugar
1
asthma control
1
spirometry
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Picolinic Acid's 3 ongoing trials reports first?
Metal biomonitoring to compare change from baseline versus zinc supplement; Random blood sugar; latest 2027-12
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT03908736
"Thinking Zinc: a Study of Zinc Supplements on the Navajo Nation"; n 100; "Metal biomonitoring to compare change from baseline versus zinc supplement"; 2027-12
NCT06709313
"Effect of Chromium on Blood Sugar After Sacroiliac Joint Injection"; n 60; "Random blood sugar"; 2025-05
NCT07703358
"Effect of Chromium Weight Reduction on Adult Asthma Control"; n 60; "Change in asthma control"; 2027-08-20
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 8 trials of Picolinic Acid posted no result?
Posted no result
8 of 8 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00283777, NCT00128154, NCT00477854, NCT00997659, NCT00109746 and NCT00904306, and 2 more
Completion dates
oldest 2003-04; newest 2017-06
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00283777
2003-04
NCT00128154
2005-12
NCT00477854
2007-05
NCT00997659
2010-05
NCT00109746
2010-06
NCT00904306
2011-07
2 further recorded trials
NCT02006914
2012-04
NCT03005496
2017-06
Q10
At the median, Picolinic Acid's trials enrolled 47 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
47
Largest enrolment
120
Registered trials counted
15
Q11
Was Picolinic Acid studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Picolinic Acid's label sentences: "We conducted the first randomised controlled trial in healthy participants to examine if oral antioxidant prophylaxis alters the haemostatic responses to hypoxia and exercise given their synergistic capacity to promote free radical formation." openfda-label+europepmc · 2018-08-29
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
We conducted the first randomised controlled trial in healthy participants to examine if oral antioxidant prophylaxis alters the haemostatic responses to hypoxia and exercise given their synergistic capacity to promote free radical formation.
recorded 2018-08-29 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Picolinic Acid and autophagy?
"Herein, we construct an injectable hydrogel (IVH@gel) via the coordination between calcium ions (Ca<sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>) and sodium alginate to encapsulate the PTA Hu Kaiwen Ink, the free radical initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA-044), and the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for…" — where Picolinic Acid and autophagy appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-31
"Herein, we construct an injectable hydrogel (IVH@gel) via the coordination between calcium ions (Ca<sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>) and sodium alginate to encapsulate the PTA Hu Kaiwen Ink, the free radical initiator 2,2'-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA-044), and the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for realizing synergistic PTT and immunotherapy."
sirtuinPMID 40690812
"These findings refine free radical theory of aging and highlight SIRT2 as a target for enhancing DNA repair and mitigating aging-associated phenotypes."
autophagyPMID 42660828
"Methods Network pharmacology was employed to predict YA3D3 targets.Total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity were measured <i>in vitro</i>.BV2 microglial cells were infected with short hairpin RNA （shRNA） lentivirus targeting ATG14 （designated as sh-ATG14） and then treated with 0.5 mg/mL of either water-extract （YA3D3-HF） or fermented （YA3D3-MHF） preparation for 24…"
mTORPMID 39723045
"Each bioactive component causes various physiological processes, such as triggering free radical production, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of CRC stem cell migration, and suppression of glycolysis through mTOR signaling inhibition."
AMPKPMID 41640995
"The free radical scavenging potential of <i>Salvia coccinea</i> and apigenin is responsible for reduced oxidative stress and tumor cell metastasis modulated through PARP-cleavage, caspase-3, ERK, CDK-1, JAK2/STAT3, Bax/Bcl-2, AMPK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways."
mTOR
PMID 37783152
"Since we do not yet precisely know what is behind the lifespan-prolonging effect of rapamycin and frentizole, whether it is the ability to inhibit the mTOR signaling pathway, reduction in mitochondrial toxicity, immunosuppressive effect, or a combination of all of them, we have decided within our previous work to dock the entire in-house library of almost 240 Aβ-ABAD modulators into the…"
PMID 38767353
"Inhibition of mTOR during infection with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> revealed that mTOR signaling is required for bactericidal free radical production by phagocytes."
autophagyPMID 41897465
"These compounds go beyond classical free-radical scavenging activity and modulate a network of redox-sensitive signaling pathways involved in autophagy, apoptosis, endocrine regulation, and immunological balance."
NAD+PMID 39769476
"Our results demonstrate that ethanol induced mitochondrial fragmentation through increased free radical levels, due to reduced NAD and increased p-Drp1, in PC cells of the female cerebellum."
recorded 2026-08-31 · last checked 2026-09-04
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