This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Captopril does in the body
Hypertension
From the FDA-approved label: The mechanism of action of captopril tablets have not yet been fully elucidated. Its beneficial effects in hypertension and heart failure appear to result primarily from suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. However, there is no consistent correlation between renin levels and response to the drug. Renin, an enzyme synthesized by the kidneys, is released into the circulation where it acts on a plasma globulin substrate to produce angiotensin I, a relatively inactive decapeptide. Angiotensin I is then converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin II, a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor substance.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · 9G64RSX1XD · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 109 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 17 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Healthy ageing
all cause mortality; all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality
Blood sugar
glycated hemoglobin a1c
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
All-cause mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02735707
How many people
20000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of hypertensive subjects with BP controlled during follow-up
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03147092
How many people
15000
Study design
Early phase 1
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Covid-19 positive participants who die, require intubation in ICU, or require hospitalization for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04330300
How many people
2414
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of patients with an unplanned cardiac hospitalization or death due to a cardiac event
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02817360
How many people
2400
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
the improvement of control rate of hypertension with low-cost in rural Shaanxi
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04371874
How many people
1210
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change of Blood Pressure
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02217852
How many people
800
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.2 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.5 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
decrease in supine systolic blood pressure
glycated hemoglobin a1c
blood pressure
time until resolution of very high blood pressure episode
assessment of serum levels of cd 133
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
all cause mortality
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (10)
interoperative hypotension
days alive and not receiving organ support in icu
assessment of the size of the lesion
first association in transgender women and cis women
second association in transgender men and cis men
recurrence rate of heart failure
left ventricular ejection fraction
on study retention rate at 6 months
sustained decline in egfr 30
uacr
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How long anything takes
Nine different lengths of time that get confused with each other. None of them is worked out from another.
Before anything is noticed.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before a test result moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Before performance moves.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
How long the result was watched.No finished study window is recorded for a study that tested this substance.
How long people took it.How long people actually took it is not stored. The study window is not the same thing.
How long people were followed.Follow-up length is not stored separately. It is never read off the study window, which would be a different thing.
How fast the body clears it. 3 hours hours
Read from the label, which states: “The apparent elimination half-life for total radioactivity in blood is probably less than 3 hours.”
How long effects linger.RNAWiki does not store this separately, and never works it out from another figure on this page.
Beyond the studies. Nothing is recorded about the long term.
The longest finished study sets the edge of what anyone measured.
A study window is not how long people took it, and neither is how long they were followed. Where RNAWiki holds only one of the three, it shows one.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Hypertension: Captopril tablets, USP, are indicated for the treatment of hypertension. In using captopril tablets, USP, consideration should be given to the risk of neutropenia/agranulocytosis (see WARNINGS ). Captopril tablets, USP may be used as initial therapy for patients with normal renal function, in whom the risk is relatively low.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.”
US prescribing information · 9b54feb0-13cd-46a8-9924-f12880381196 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Female patients of childbearing age should be told about the consequences of exposure to captopril tablets during pregnancy.”
US prescribing information · 9b54feb0-13cd-46a8-9924-f12880381196 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Concentrations of captopril in human milk are approximately one percent of those in maternal blood.”
US prescribing information · 9b54feb0-13cd-46a8-9924-f12880381196 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S3, S6.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as tablet, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Captopril appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 426 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
hypotension — 89 reaction mentions
hypertension — 48 reaction mentions
acute kidney injury — 44 reaction mentions
angioedema — 43 reaction mentions
hyperkalaemia — 38 reaction mentions
hyponatraemia — 37 reaction mentions
renal failure acute — 32 reaction mentions
renal impairment — 32 reaction mentions
suicide attempt — 32 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 31 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
55 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 51 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51407-602 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as powder and tablet, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51407-602 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor [epc] and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [moa].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 51407-602 · read 2026-08-29
16 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 15 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · a43a5373-ded9-4912-8c98-edaec8352836 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · a43a5373-ded9-4912-8c98-edaec8352836 · read 2026-08-29
Captopril is oral at HOW SUPPLIED Captopril Tablets, USP are available as follows: 12.5 mg - White, Round Tablets;, recorded as fda label in effect 2024-12-02 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 9b54feb0-13cd-46a8-9924-f12880381196 · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.17433–0.32292 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 47 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Captopril studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Captopril are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
How many documents were read
15 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
15 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
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FDA substance identifier (UNII)
9G64RSX1XD
RxNorm concept
308963
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How this medicine reached us
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33 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA018343, approved 19810406 to AARXION ANDA HLDING.
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5 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (14)
Q2
What did Captopril's largest trial (22213 people) and its longest (16 years) measure?
22213 people in Captopril's largest registered study, 16 years in its longest registered window, measuring All-cause mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
9 phase2, 8 phase1, 8 phase4, 6 na or unstated, 5 phase3, 2 na, 1 early phase1; NCT00223717; 2017-01; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2024, NCT06292091.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Captopril was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase2
9
phase1
8
phase4
8
na or unstated
6
phase3
5
na
2
2 more recorded rows
early phase1
1
Last recorded human testNCT06292091
2024-04-01
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From C. elegans to human: where has Captopril shown lifespan?
292 mice; cohorts C2017; cohort rows are the workbook's own printed values; no median, percent change or survival statistic is derived from the per-animal data
Show the evidence
ITP cohortC2017
captopril; 180; 5.0 months; f, m; ITP_C2017_Lifespan.xlsx
recorded 2026-09-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
4 of Captopril's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, other?
"Due to unmet accrual/randomization goals"; 4 of 34 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00077064
terminated; "Due to unmet accrual/randomization goals"
NCT01292694
terminated; "Could not enroll enough participants, and lost funding."
NCT04629651
withdrawn; "PI discretion"
NCT04878315
withdrawn; "Internal sponsor decision to terminate project prematurely based on a waiver granted by Egypt EDA (Egyptian drug authority). No subjects were enrolled."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Mouse studies of Captopril used 180 ppm — over how long?
studies of Captopril used the recorded amount. clinicaltrials.gov+jax-mpd-itp · 2026-09-04
3 recorded entries; mouse, human; also "180 ppm", "captopril 25mg", "Captopril 12.5 Mg"
Show the evidence
mousecaptopril C2017
180 ppm
human
NCT01545479
captopril 25mg
NCT03613506
Captopril 12.5 Mg
recorded 2026-09-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Captopril's half-life is 3 hours — which schedules were studied?
3 hours, the half-life Captopril's label states. openfda-label · 563737c5-4d63-4957-8022-e3bc3112dfac · 2026-08-30
Show the evidence
half life
3 hours hours; The apparent elimination half-life for total radioactivity in blood is probably less than 3 hours.
recorded 2026-08-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality, all cause mortality and assessment of serum levels of cd 133 did Captopril's trials measure?
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality, all cause mortality and assessment of serum levels of cd 133 lead 17 outcome terms across Captopril's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
interoperative hypotension, time until resolution of very high blood pressure episode, all cause mortality, days alive and not receiving organ support in icu, assessment of serum levels of cd 133 and assessment of the size of the lesion follow.
Show the evidence
decrease in supine systolic blood pressure
1
glycated hemoglobin a1c
1
blood pressure
1
interoperative hypotension
1
time until resolution of very high blood pressure episode
1
all cause mortality
1
11 more recorded rows
days alive and not receiving organ support in icu
1
assessment of serum levels of cd 133
1
assessment of the size of the lesion
1
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality
1
first association in transgender women and cis women
1
second association in transgender men and cis men
1
recurrence rate of heart failure
1
left ventricular ejection fraction
1
on study retention rate at 6 months
1
sustained decline in egfr 30
1
uacr
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which of Captopril's 4 ongoing trials reports first?
All-cause mortality; First association in transgender women and cis women; latest 2029-03-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02735707
"Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"; n 20000; "All-cause mortality"; 2028-02
NCT05442463
"Hormone Therapy and Angiotensin-Dependent Arterial and Renal Vasoconstriction in Humans"; n 200; "First association in transgender women and cis women"; 2025-11-30
NCT06853951
"Cardioprotection on Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity"; n 30; "Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)"; 2025-07-18
NCT07547878
"Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD)"; n 64; "On-study retention rate at 6 months"; 2029-03-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q10
Which running trial of Captopril could settle lifespan?
NCT02735707 measures All-cause mortality, reading out 2028-02.
1 open trial; n 20000; "Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"
Show the evidence
TrialNCT02735707
"Randomized, Embedded, Multifactorial Adaptive Platform Trial for Community- Acquired Pneumonia"; n 20000; "All-cause mortality"; 2028-02
Q11
Which 11 trials of Captopril posted no result?
Posted no result
11 of 11 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00004230, NCT00086723, NCT00663949, NCT01545479, NCT01761916 and NCT00223717, and 5 more
Completion dates
oldest 2002-03; newest 2024-04-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00004230
2002-03
NCT00086723
2006-01
NCT00663949
2008-01
NCT01545479
2010-12
NCT01761916
2013-06
NCT00223717
2017-01
5 further recorded trials
NCT03660293
2019-06-01
NCT02770378
2020-12
NCT04467931
2020-12-31
NCT03389724
2021-11-01
NCT06292091
2024-04-01
Q12
At the median, Captopril's trials enrolled 90 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
90
Largest enrolment
22213
Registered trials counted
33
Q13
What do 426 spontaneous reports say about Captopril — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Captopril appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 426 reaction mentions were counted: hypotension 89; hypertension 48; acute kidney injury 44; angioedema 43. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1560 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
hypotension
89
hypertension
48
acute kidney injury
44
angioedema
43
hyperkalaemia
38
hyponatraemia
37
4 more recorded rows
renal failure acute
32
renal impairment
32
suicide attempt
32
toxicity to various agents
31
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q14
Was Captopril studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in Captopril's label sentences: "In a randomized, open trial the patients were treated for 12 weeks with bisoprolol or captopril following a 1-week placebo run-in period, the main parameters measured were HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose following a standard dinner as well as systolic and diastolic…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2017-02-20
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
In a randomized, open trial the patients were treated for 12 weeks with bisoprolol or captopril following a 1-week placebo run-in period, the main parameters measured were HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose following a standard dinner as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
exercise
To evaluate whether captopril (3×50 mg/day) potentiates post-resistance exercise hypotension (PREH) in hypertensives (HT), 12 HT men received captopril and placebo for 4 weeks each in a double-blinded, randomized-crossover design.
recorded 2017-02-20 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q15
What is recorded about Captopril and NAD+?
"Here we describe a fully oral, multi-component formulation comprising bioavailable polyphenol derivatives (pterostilbene cocrystals and silybin-phosphatidylcholine), the NAD⁺ precursor nicotinamide riboside, and captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with established radiomitigative activity that synergizes with the…" — where Captopril and NAD+ appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-04-06
"Here we describe a fully oral, multi-component formulation comprising bioavailable polyphenol derivatives (pterostilbene cocrystals and silybin-phosphatidylcholine), the NAD⁺ precursor nicotinamide riboside, and captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with established radiomitigative activity that synergizes with the polyphenols."
autophagy
PMID 35780942
"Our results suggest that captopril treatment upregulates components of RAS, insulin signaling, and autophagy in both muscle and liver, indicating potential utility of captopril in targeting both insulin sensitivity and autophagy in diabetes and obesity."
PMID 30288697
"Treatment with captopril increased both LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-II) and p62 protein levels, indicating autophagy flux inhibition."
PMID 30288697
"Electron microscopy confirmed the occurrence of autophagic flux inhibition in neuronal cells treated with captopril."
AMPK
PMID 30288697
"Captopril attenuated PrP (106-126)-induced neuronal cell death via AMPK activation and autophagy inhibition."
PMID 30288697
"Compound C suppressed AMPK activation as well as the neuroprotective effects of captopril."
mTOR
PMID 31364422
"The potential inhibitory effects of captopril, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), liver injury enzymes, blood pressure, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress have not been investigated before."
PMID 31364422
"Captopril significantly (<i>p</i> < .05) inhibited TAA-induced hypertension, liver tissue levels of mTOR, TIMP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA; and blood levels of lipids, ALT, and AST."
PMID 30697266
"The cells were treated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, captopril, the AKT inhibitor MK-2206, and the AKT activator SC79, either separately, or in combination. p53 and ICAM-1 expression, and p-eNOS, p-Akt and mTOR activation were measured by Western blot."
NAD+
PMID 24483164
"Co-incubation with free radical scavenger tempol or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin had no effect on captopril action, suggesting that the positive effects of captopril are ROS- and NAD(P)H oxidase dependent."
PMID 17277018
"Significant luminal expansion occurred in collaterals of spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol, the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin, and the ACEI captopril, but not ANG II type 1 (losartan) or type 2 (PD-123319) receptor blockers."
IGF-1PMID 20015035
"No single specific therapeutic agent can treat diabetic cardiomyopathy because once the disease is overt, the management may require a variety of approaches such as risk factors and lifestyle modification, glucose control (insulin, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors); hormones (IGF-1); ACE…"
recorded 2026-04-06 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · NIA ITP via the JAX Mouse Phenome Database · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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