This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Carbonate Ion does in the body
Sodium bicarbonate injection is an alkalinizing agent indicated: • to raise plasma pH in adult and pediatric patients with clinically significant metabolic acidosis.
Why people take it. Sodium bicarbonate injection is an alkalinizing agent indicated: • to raise plasma pH in adult and pediatric patients with clinically significant metabolic acidosis.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · HN1ZRA3Q20 · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as mineral, under the name Calcium.
Its recorded molecular formula is NaHCO3, weighing 84.01.
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 70 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Strength
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Strength
improvement in muscle strength
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered performance measure of this kind.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Receipt of 2 complete or nearly complete swallowed doses of oral cholera vaccine
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00709410
How many people
51151
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Cumulative proportion of hyperkalemia treatment
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05118022
How many people
14989
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Hospital-free days to day 28
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02614040
How many people
14000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Non-elective hospitalizations
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06270134
How many people
14000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Dietary Intake
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04940819
How many people
9863
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Incidence of Composite of Adjudicated Total Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) and VTE-related Death During the Intended Treatment Period - Primary Efficacy Population
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00457002
How many people
6758
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.0 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.10 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years
bone mineral density under treatment an anabolic agent
lumbar spine bone mineral density at 12 months
bone mineral density
bone mineral density t from baseline to 12 months
blood lead concentration plasma lead concentration
increased base line creatinine at least 25
serum age levels
ambulatory blood pressure
lumbar spine bone mineral density at month 24
and 1 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (29)
mammographic density at 1 year on exemestane
lumbar spine bmd at 24 months
lumbar spine bmd at 36 months
lumbar spine bmd at 60 months
lumbar spine bmd at 120 months
colorectal adenomas
biochemical markers of bone turnover
contrast induced nephropathy
who developed acute kidney injury within 72 hours
incidence of contrast induced nephropathy
development of contrast induced nephropathy
base study + first extension rate of adverse events
second extension number of who experienced an adverse event
bone formation rate
that experienced an adverse event
that discontinued study drug due to an ae
contrast induced nephropathy incidence
occurrence of contrast induced nephropathy
that discontinued study treatment due to an ae
acute kidney injury
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The rate of administration in such patients should therefore be limited to no more than 8 mEq/kg/day.”
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Clinical studies of sodium bicarbonate injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.”
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from published literature over decades of use have not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of sodium bicarbonate in either human or animal milk, the effects on the breast-fed infant or the effects on milk production following administration of sodium bicarbonate injection.”
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Carbonate Ion appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 10285 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
288 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 133 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7097 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, capsule, gelatin coated, cloth, cream, crystal and for suspension, taken hemodialysis, intramuscular, intrathecal and intravenous.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7097 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is alkalinizing activity [moa], increased large intestinal motility [pe] and inhibition large intestine fluid/electrolyte absorption [pe].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 71872-7097 · read 2026-08-29
216 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 100 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 9cdde58a-ae8a-451f-92cf-cab178e4ba92 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug and human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 9cdde58a-ae8a-451f-92cf-cab178e4ba92 · read 2026-08-29
384 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as botanical with nutrients and mineral.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
sodium bicarbonate is intravenous at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Sodium Bicarbonate Injection is a clear, colorless, sterile, nonpyrogenic, isotonic solution intended for intravenous use and available as: Injection: 12.6 mg/mL (0.150 mEq/mL), 12,600 mg of…, recorded as fda label in effect 2026-08-14 in the United States.
US prescribing information · b50c858a-00c8-4cb2-ad73-8797f19e656d · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.15352–0.154 USD per one millilitre, across 13 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years; bone mineral density under treatment an anabolic agent; lumbar spine bone mineral density at 12 months.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Carbonate Ion are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
HN1ZRA3Q20
CAS registry number
71-52-3
PubChem compound
769
ChEBI
17544
RxNorm concept
1546277
EMA substance identifier
100000129062
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Quoted from a stored source.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
77 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA018469, approved 19811028 to ALCON.
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What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Carbonate Ion's largest trial (16071 people) and its longest (18 years) measure?
16071 people in Carbonate Ion's largest registered study, 18 years in its longest registered window, measuring Rate of Biological Aging. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
89 na, 53 phase2, 47 phase4, 46 phase3, 25 phase1, 9 early phase1, 3 na or unstated; NCT06545461; 2016-10-30. Last human test completed 2026, NCT05424263.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Carbonate Ion was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
89
phase2
53
phase4
47
phase3
46
phase1
25
early phase1
9
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
3
Last recorded human testNCT05424263
2026-03-19
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Carbonate Ion shown lifespan?
terminated; "Withdrawn due to poor accrual/lack of funding"
NCT00494637
terminated; "Not reaching recruitment and endpoint goals"
NCT00579995
terminated; "Technical measurement problems led to unreliable or uninterpretable data."
NCT00650637
terminated; "The study was prematurely discontinued due to administrative reasons on August 18, 2003. There were no safety concerns that led to the decision to terminate."
NCT00837655
withdrawn; "PI retired"
14 further recorded trials
NCT01093131
withdrawn; "Investigator left institution"
NCT01350583
terminated; "PI Left Moffitt"
NCT01846429
terminated; "Drugs unavailable. Study did not progress to Phase 2."
NCT01894594
terminated; "Poor recruitment"
NCT02046135
terminated; "Statistical analysis at interim analysis determined futility in continuing."
NCT02282384
withdrawn; "Sites were unable to recruit participants"
NCT02647892
terminated; "IRB protocol administratively closed, Continuing Review or Study Completion Report not submitted"
NCT02743650
terminated; "Difficulties identifying subjects who were qualified to participate in the study"
NCT03113994
terminated; "COVID-19 Pandemic"
NCT03461354
terminated; "Interim analysis indicated study closure"
NCT03612466
withdrawn; "Study withdrawn before any participants could be enrolled. Issues being able to effectively recruit participants into the study."
NCT04530448
terminated; "Unable to recruit enough subjects to complete the study. Only 3 subjects enrolled. However, those subjects did not complete the study as the PI terminated the study and data was not collected."
NCT05302713
withdrawn; "No participants were enrolled"
NCT06047366
terminated; "Student PI is preparing for graduation and cannot complete the study as planned."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Carbonate Ion used Addition of 77 ml 8,4% Na bicarbonate to 423 ml 5% dextrose. — over how long?
Human studies of Carbonate Ion used "Addition of 77 ml 8,4% Na bicarbonate to 423 ml 5% dextrose." ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
12 recorded entries; human; also "8.4% w/v Sodium bicarbonate B Braun Melsungen, Germany.", "Sodium Bicarbonate Inj., 8.4% USP Neutralizing Additive Solution (NDC Code 509-100-03)", "Calcium Carbonate 1200 mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT00639912
Addition of 77 ml 8,4% Na bicarbonate to 423 ml 5% dextrose.
NCT01219322
8.4% w/v Sodium bicarbonate B Braun Melsungen, Germany.
More Carbonate Ion was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "Generalized additive modeling revealed a significant U-shaped association between serum bicarbonate and 28-day mortality (edf = 2.96, χ² = 62.33, P < .001)." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-05-27
5 recorded sentences naming Carbonate Ion; U-shaped, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shaped
PMID 41578464
"Generalized additive modeling revealed a significant U-shaped association between serum bicarbonate and 28-day mortality (edf = 2.96, χ² = 62.33, P < .001)."
PMID 41578464
"In patients with septic shock, the association between serum bicarbonate and 28-day mortality risk followed a U-shaped curve."
PMID 41180538
"Two unique non-liner U-shaped relationships were identified between serum bicarbonate levels and mortality at 28 and 90 days in patients with epilepsy and concurrent sepsis."
PMID 40896300
"A U-shaped relationship between serum bicarbonate levels and 28-day mortality was identified."
biphasicPMID 42358712
"Recent advances in Ru-based homogeneous catalysis have enabled efficient hydrogenation of bicarbonate, which was prepared from CO<sub>2</sub>, in biphasic and triphasic systems."
recorded 2026-05-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Carbonate Ion's effect on bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years?
Bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years: measured in Carbonate Ion's trials.
bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years; 2026-09-01
mammographic density at 1 year on exemestane; 2026-09-01
bone mineral density under treatment an anabolic agent; 2026-09-01
lumbar spine bone mineral density at 12 months; 2026-09-01
lumbar spine bmd at 24 months; 2026-09-01
lumbar spine bmd at 36 months; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
lumbar spine bmd at 60 months; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
lumbar spine bmd at 120 months; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
colorectal adenomas; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
bone mineral density; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
bone mineral density t from baseline to 12 months; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
biochemical markers of bone turnover; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
contrast induced nephropathy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
who developed acute kidney injury within 72 hours; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of contrast induced nephropathy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
development of contrast induced nephropathy; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
base study + first extension rate of adverse events; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
second extension number of who experienced an adverse event; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
blood lead concentration plasma lead concentration; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
bone formation rate; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
65
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00837655; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q7
Which of acute kidney injury, all type cancer and ambulatory blood pressure did Carbonate Ion's trials measure?
acute kidney injury, all type cancer and ambulatory blood pressure lead 40 outcome terms across Carbonate Ion's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
lumbar spine bone mineral density at 12 months, lumbar spine bmd at 24 months, lumbar spine bmd at 36 months, lumbar spine bmd at 60 months, lumbar spine bmd at 120 months and colorectal adenomas follow.
Show the evidence
bone mineral density by test at 1 and 2 years
1
mammographic density at 1 year on exemestane
1
bone mineral density under treatment an anabolic agent
1
lumbar spine bone mineral density at 12 months
1
lumbar spine bmd at 24 months
1
lumbar spine bmd at 36 months
1
14 more recorded rows
lumbar spine bmd at 60 months
1
lumbar spine bmd at 120 months
1
colorectal adenomas
1
bone mineral density
1
bone mineral density t from baseline to 12 months
1
biochemical markers of bone turnover
1
contrast induced nephropathy
1
who developed acute kidney injury within 72 hours
1
incidence of contrast induced nephropathy
1
development of contrast induced nephropathy
1
base study + first extension rate of adverse events
1
second extension number of who experienced an adverse event
1
blood lead concentration plasma lead concentration
1
bone formation rate
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Carbonate Ion's 32 ongoing trials reports first?
Change in muscle oxygenation after exercise/stretching training; 24 hour urine volume; latest 2029-04
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02411773
"Sympatholysis in Chronic Kidney Disease"; n 110; "Change in muscle oxygenation after exercise/stretching training"; 2027-06
NCT04651088
"Comparing Alkalinizing Agents Efficacy on Stone Risk in Patients on a Metabolically Controlled Diet"; n 15; "24 hour urine volume"; 2027-07
NCT04984226
"Sodium Bicarbonate and Mitochondrial Energetics in Persons With CKD"; n 80; "muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity by 31P MRS"; 2026-12-31
NCT05005793
"Effect of Alkali Therapy on Vascular and Graft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients"; n 120; "Change in Brachial artery flow mediated dilation at 12 months"; 2026-08-31
NCT05113641
"Reducing Dietary Acid With Food Versus Oral Alkali in People With Chronic Kidney Disease (ReDACKD)"; n 37; "Randomization to preliminary eligible ratio"; 2026-09
NCT05328180
"aDjunct bicarbonatE in Local anaesthesIa for CarpAl Tunnel rElease (DELICATE)"; n 116; "Total pain level with visual analogic scale (VAS)"; 2025-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT05564130
"Bicarbonate for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest"; n 778; "Number of Participants With Return of Spontaneous Circulation"; 2027-02-11
NCT05571514
"Study of the Impact of Mother-of-pearl Nutritional Supplementation on the Prevention of Post-menopausal Osteoporosis"; n 200; "Change in bone loss at lumbar site"; 2028-11
NCT05697770
"SODium BICarbonate for Metabolic Acidosis in the ICU"; n 500; "MAKE30 score"; 2026-07
NCT05719467
"SAINT: Safe Induction of Labor Trial"; n 3000; "Spontaneous vs operative birth"; 2027-12-31
NCT05853692
"Prevention of Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer."; n 130; "Oral Mucositis"; 2028-06-10
NCT05870007
"Atorvastatin and Alkali Therapy in Patients With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"; n 30; "Changes in kidney function in patients enrolled in different arms of the study"; 2026-12
NCT05928936
"Neurovascular Regulation During Exercise in Humans With Chronic Kidney Disease: Sympatholysis in CKD"; n 156; "Change in Exercise Capacity"; 2028-06-01
NCT06249061
"Oral Sodium Bicarbonate for the Prevention of Labour Dystocia"; n 200; "Feasibility of a full-scale RCT"; 2027-12
NCT06270134
"Dial-Bicarb Trial: Effects of a Lower vs. Higher Concentration of Dialysate Bicarbonate"; n 14000; "Non-elective hospitalizations"; 2029-04
NCT06335537
"Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on 24-hour Urine Parameters in Hypocitriuric and Uric Acid Stone Formers"; n 100; "Change in 24-hour Urinary pH"; 2026-07
NCT06352775
"Calcium Carbonate on Labor Induction"; n 250; "Duration of induction time"; 2026-12-30
NCT06580782
"Calcium Carbonate to Augment Labor Contractions"; n 60; "Number of Participants Consented"; 2025-12
NCT06660524
"Calcium-Phosphorus Regulation Therapy on Heart Valve Disease"; n 196; "The change of valve calcification score on CT scan from baseline to 1 year of treatment."; 2025-12
NCT06826222
"Sodium Bicarbonate Intake on Endurance Performance"; n 19; "10 km time-trial run"; 2026-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 117 trials of Carbonate Ion posted no result?
Posted no result
117 of 117 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00000429, NCT00686192, NCT00004488, NCT00004489, NCT00302627 and NCT00558623, and 111 more
Completion dates
oldest 2001-05; newest 2024-05-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00000429
2001-05
NCT00686192
2002-07
NCT00004488
2002-09
NCT00004489
2002-09
NCT00302627
2002-11
NCT00558623
2005-04
14 further recorded trials
NCT03813329
2005-12-31
NCT03878667
2005-12-31
NCT00312117
2006-02
NCT00630214
2006-02
NCT00606827
2006-03
NCT01514851
2006-05
NCT00334191
2006-06
NCT00061256
2006-09
NCT00560300
2006-11
NCT00177645
2006-12
NCT03286673
2007-03
NCT00730184
2007-12
NCT00634491
2008-02
NCT00054418
2008-05
Q10
At the median, Carbonate Ion's trials enrolled 72 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
72
Largest enrolment
16071
Registered trials counted
260
Q11
What do 10285 spontaneous reports say about Carbonate Ion — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Carbonate Ion appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 10285 reaction mentions were counted: chronic kidney disease 2081; acute kidney injury 1786; hyponatraemia 1245; hypomagnesaemia 1133. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1161632 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
chronic kidney disease
2081
acute kidney injury
1786
hyponatraemia
1245
hypomagnesaemia
1133
drug interaction
1012
tubulointerstitial nephritis
774
4 more recorded rows
renal failure
657
hypocalcaemia
639
hypokalaemia
502
end stage renal disease
456
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
Was Carbonate Ion studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Carbonate Ion's label sentences: "During the bicarbonate trial exercise was preceded by ingestion of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> at a dose 250 mg/kg whilst during the placebo trial lactose was administered." openfda-label+europepmc · 2023-09-20
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
During the bicarbonate trial exercise was preceded by ingestion of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> at a dose 250 mg/kg whilst during the placebo trial lactose was administered.
recorded 2023-09-20 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Carbonate Ion and AMPK?
"Alkalizing cellular pH by bicarbonate decreased pH gradient (ΔpH), membrane potential (ΔΨ<sub>m</sub>), and proton motive force (Δp) across the inner membrane of mitochondria; disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to collapsed Δp led to a significant increase in adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which activated the classical…" — where Carbonate Ion and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2022-07-02
AMPK, autophagy; PMID 35780182, 27973540
Show the evidence
AMPKPMID 35780182
"Alkalizing cellular pH by bicarbonate decreased pH gradient (ΔpH), membrane potential (ΔΨ<sub>m</sub>), and proton motive force (Δp) across the inner membrane of mitochondria; disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to collapsed Δp led to a significant increase in adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which activated the classical AMPK-mediated autophagy."
autophagy
PMID 35780182
"Alkalizing cellular pH by bicarbonate decreased pH gradient (ΔpH), membrane potential (ΔΨ<sub>m</sub>), and proton motive force (Δp) across the inner membrane of mitochondria; disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to collapsed Δp led to a significant increase in adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which activated the classical AMPK-mediated autophagy."
PMID 27973540
"We also show that inhibition of autophagy reproduces the effects of bicarbonate in reperfusion injury, providing additional evidence in support of this mechanism."
recorded 2022-07-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.