This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Betaine Hydrochloride does in the body
Homocystinuria to decrease elevated homocysteine blood concentrations
CYSTADANE acts as a methyl group donor in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine in patients with homocystinuria. It is a metabolite of choline and is present in small amounts in foods such as beets, spinach, cereals, and seafood. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics CYSTADANE was observed to lower plasma homocysteine concentrations in three types of homocystinuria, including CBS deficiency; Patients have taken CYSTADANE for many years without evidence of tolerance. There has been no demonstrated correlation between Betaine concentrations and homocysteine concentrations.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · V3ZLN1NK3G · read 2026-08-29
The supplement label database classes it as non-nutrient/non-botanical, under the name Betaine Nitrate.
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 101 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 23 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved3 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Strength
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Body weight
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
3 registered test measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Oral microbiota profile at baseline and after 4 months
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05463484
How many people
100
Study design
Phase 2/Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Meal Tolerance Assessment
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01293604
How many people
69
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change in Fasting Insulin Concentrations
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02298725
How many people
52
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change individual quality of life
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06286748
How many people
25
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 4 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.11 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.1 registered measure inside human tissue.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Drosophila (fruit fly), Mouse. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
urinary oxalate excretion
strength
urinary monomethyl arsenic
urinary inorganic arsenic
urinary dimethyl arsenic
insulin sensitivity
plasma fetal growth factor 21 concentration
plasma choline concentration
plasma glucose concentration
plasma insulin concentration
and 4 more.
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (9)
endothelial function
thermoregulation
stress
sweat rate
sweat content
subjective measures
asia
body mass
lipid profile
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
& USAGE Betaine Anhydrous for Oral Solution is indicated for the treatment of homocystinuria to decrease elevated homocysteine blood concentrations in pediatric and adult patients.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of CYSTADANE have been established in pediatric patients.”
US prescribing information · 31a684d0-cd98-4e46-b43a-ccbd17c41559 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Available data from a limited number of published case reports and postmarketing experience with CYSTADANE use in pregnancy have not identified any drug associated risks for major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes.”
US prescribing information · 31a684d0-cd98-4e46-b43a-ccbd17c41559 · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of betaine in human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production.”
US prescribing information · 31a684d0-cd98-4e46-b43a-ccbd17c41559 · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Betaine Hydrochloride appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 3 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1529 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Cystadane is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS CYSTADANE is a white, granular, hygroscopic powder for oral solution available in bottles containing 180 grams of betaine anhydrous., recorded as fda label in effect 2026-04-24 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 31a684d0-cd98-4e46-b43a-ccbd17c41559 · read 2026-08-30
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Betaine Hydrochloride studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Betaine Hydrochloride are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
V3ZLN1NK3G
CAS registry number
93778-42-8
PubChem compound
3022334
EMA substance identifier
300000052763
European Chemicals Agency number
298-179-5
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Betaine Hydrochloride's largest trial (100 people) and its longest (12 years) measure?
100 people in Betaine Hydrochloride's largest registered study, 12 years in its longest registered window, measuring Plasma Fetal Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) concentration. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
14 na, 8 phase2, 2 phase3, 1 early phase1, 1 phase1, 1 phase4; NCT03073343; 2025-12-30; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2025, NCT06344377.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Betaine Hydrochloride was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
14
phase2
8
phase3
2
early phase1
1
phase1
1
phase4
1
1 more recorded row
Last recorded human testNCT06344377
2025-10-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Betaine Hydrochloride shown lifespan?
5 recorded entries; human; also "Betaine (1000 mg BID)", "Betaine Hydrochloride 1500mg", "Betaine Hydrochloride 3000mg"
Show the evidence
human
NCT02403804
Betaine (588 mg qam and 412 mg qpm)
NCT02403804
Betaine (1000 mg BID)
NCT02758015
Betaine Hydrochloride 1500mg
NCT02758015
Betaine Hydrochloride 3000mg
NCT02758015
Betaine Hydrochloride 4500mg
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Betaine Hydrochloride was worse in human: at what point?
Hormetic in human: "Based on the concentration ratios of various compounds and comparison of four hormetic characteristic parameters to those of various mixture rays, it was found that the compound betaine (BET) is a key compound affecting the hormesis of mixtures." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-07-30
6 recorded sentences naming Betaine Hydrochloride; hormetic, U-shaped, biphasic, dose-response
Show the evidence
hormeticPMID 36155044
"Based on the concentration ratios of various compounds and comparison of four hormetic characteristic parameters to those of various mixture rays, it was found that the compound betaine (BET) is a key compound affecting the hormesis of mixtures."
U-shaped
PMID 37904202
"Interestingly, a U-shaped association was observed between serum betaine and digestive cancers, with a turning point of 5.01 mmol/L for betaine (betaine < 5.01 mmol/L, OR = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.59-1.14, p = 0.228; betaine ≥ 5.01 mmol/L, OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 1.01-1.17, p = 0.036)."
PMID 37904202
"High serum betaine was associated with increased risk of total cancer and lung cancer, and a U-shaped association was found with the risk of digestive cancers, with a turning point at about 5.01 mmol/L."
biphasicPMID 42532284
"Herein, a novel amine-free temperature-responsive biphasic deep eutectic solvent (TRDES) system, composed of betaine, levulinic acid, and octanoic acid (BLevA-OA), was constructed for the integrated extraction and separation of polyphenols from Moringa oleifera Lam."
dose-responsePMID 41616568
"Several metabolites [specifically alanine, log-transformed C18:1-acylcarnitine, and betaine (all P overall < .05, P non-linear > .05)] showed linear dose-response relationships with fibrosis risk."
biphasicPMID 42107306
"To address these limitations, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) comprising glycine-betaine analogue ionic liquids (AGB-ILs) are introduced as a green sample preparation strategy for the selective depletion of high-abundance serum proteins."
recorded 2026-07-30 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Betaine Hydrochloride's effect on urinary oxalate excretion?
Urinary oxalate excretion: measured in Betaine Hydrochloride's trials.
Interpretation urinary oxalate excretion is the recorded endpoint.
Change from birth weight-for-length z score at 1 month; ASIA Score; latest 2035-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT04633044
"Maternal Betaine Supplementation During Breastfeeding"; n 47; "Change from birth weight-for-length z score at 1 month"; 2026-10
NCT06308367
"The Therapeutic Effect of Betaine in Syringomyelia"; n 30; "ASIA Score"; 2028-03
NCT06881511
"Exploratory Study on the Efficacy of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Autoimmune Gastritis"; n 100; "Serum Gastrin Levels"; 2026-12-31
NCT07276204
"Betaine vs. Placebo for Serologically Diagnosed Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH)"; n 70; "NIS2+"; 2035-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which 11 trials of Betaine Hydrochloride posted no result?
Posted no result
11 of 11 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00586911, NCT00310336, NCT01048307, NCT01213719, NCT02118142 and NCT02403804, and 5 more
Completion dates
oldest 2006-06; newest 2024-09-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00586911
2006-06
NCT00310336
2009-09
NCT01048307
2010-07
NCT01213719
2011-07
NCT02118142
2014-07
NCT02403804
2015-09-29
5 further recorded trials
NCT02404337
2018-02
NCT02758015
2018-03-26
NCT05790070
2021-07-30
NCT04585295
2023-12-15
NCT06042270
2024-09-01
Q10
At the median, Betaine Hydrochloride's trials enrolled 23 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
23
Largest enrolment
100
Registered trials counted
25
Q11
What do 3 spontaneous reports say about Betaine Hydrochloride — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Betaine Hydrochloride appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 2 most-reported reaction terms, 3 reaction mentions were counted: covid-19 2; electrocardiogram q wave abnormal 1. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1201130 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
covid-19
2
electrocardiogram q wave abnormal
1
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
Was Betaine Hydrochloride studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Betaine Hydrochloride's label sentences: "Moreover, apoptosis in the betaine trial was significantly lower immediately after and 3 h after exercise compared with the placebo trial." openfda-label+europepmc · 2020-11-27
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
Moreover, apoptosis in the betaine trial was significantly lower immediately after and 3 h after exercise compared with the placebo trial.
recorded 2020-11-27 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Betaine Hydrochloride and mTOR?
"Our findings proposed the possible mechanism for appetite regulation through autophagy via AMPK/mTOR, and demonstrated the feasibility of betaine as an aquafeed additive to regulate appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish." — where Betaine Hydrochloride and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-02-01
"Our findings proposed the possible mechanism for appetite regulation through autophagy via AMPK/mTOR, and demonstrated the feasibility of betaine as an aquafeed additive to regulate appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish."
AMPKPMID 38623237
"Our findings proposed the possible mechanism for appetite regulation through autophagy via AMPK/mTOR, and demonstrated the feasibility of betaine as an aquafeed additive to regulate appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish."
autophagyPMID 38623237
"Our findings proposed the possible mechanism for appetite regulation through autophagy via AMPK/mTOR, and demonstrated the feasibility of betaine as an aquafeed additive to regulate appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish."
AMPKPMID 41532950
"However, Betaine's beneficial effects were diminished by AMPK inhibitor compound C. In conclusion, Betaine enhances porcine oocyte IVM and early embryo development by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function pathway."
mTORPMID 39434620
"Our findings demonstrated that betaine supplementation extends lifespan, primarily through pathways associated with the forkhead box transcription factor (FoxO) signaling pathway, the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, autophagy, the longevity regulating pathway, and the target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway."
autophagy
PMID 39434620
"Our findings demonstrated that betaine supplementation extends lifespan, primarily through pathways associated with the forkhead box transcription factor (FoxO) signaling pathway, the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, autophagy, the longevity regulating pathway, and the target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway."
PMID 38222825
"To determine the role of autophagy in the improvement of NAFLD, chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, was injected into the mice fed a CDAHFD and betaine (0.5 % in drinking water)."
sirtuinPMID 35597887
"PCR assays revealed the down-regulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent deacetylase that mediates metabolic responses, in the hippocampus of Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected mice, whereas betaine intake prevented memory deficits as well as the decrease of hippocampal SIRT1 expression in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected mice."
NAD+PMID 35597887
"PCR assays revealed the down-regulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent deacetylase that mediates metabolic responses, in the hippocampus of Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected mice, whereas betaine intake prevented memory deficits as well as the decrease of hippocampal SIRT1 expression in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected mice."
sirtuin
PMID 35597887
"Further, sirtinol, an inhibitor of the Sirtuin family, blocked the preventive effect of betaine against memory deficits."
PMID 35597887
"On the other hand, resveratrol, the potent compound that activates SIRT1, also prevented memory impairments in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub>-injected mice, suggesting that SIRT1 plays a causative role in the preventive effect of betaine against memory deficits caused by Aβ exposure."
AMPKPMID 41841787
"Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that TCWPs ameliorated the abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism by regulating the expression level of key genes such as Pck1, Sik1, and Cds2 (P < 0.05), as well as the key metabolites such as 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycophosphorylcholine (down-regulated) by modulating the linoleic acid metabolism pathway and betaine (up-regulated) by activating…"
mTORPMID 33556906
"In conclusion, betaine supplementation improved serum lipid metabolism, immune response, and increased the testicular antioxidant capacity of Hu sheep, which might be regulated via mTOR signaling pathway."
recorded 2026-02-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ChEMBL ATC CC BY-SA · ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.