This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL does in the body
The latter decrease may result in a small increase of serum potassium.
From the FDA-approved label: Benazepril and benazeprilat inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals. Benazeprilat has much greater ACE inhibitory activity than does benazepril. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II, which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion.
Why people take it. Hypertension, to lower blood pressure
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
What the registries record it as
Its recorded molecular formula is C24H28N2O5•HCl, weighing 460.96.
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
Where each sentence above came from
A person wrote this explanation into the record, with the studies named in the path below.
The recorded use, written for a reader without medical training. Not signed off.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 102 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 15 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Healthy ageing
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality; all cause mortality
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
2 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Time-to-event Analysis of Percentage of Patients With a Composite Cardiovascular (CV) Morbidity or Mortality Event
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00170950
How many people
11506
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00000620
How many people
10251
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Success Rate of standard medical management
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00664846
How many people
4000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Number of Covid-19 positive participants who die, require intubation in ICU, or require hospitalization for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04330300
How many people
2414
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change from baseline in mean sitting diastolic blood pressure at week 6
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00171366
How many people
1422
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Development of persistent microalbuminuria (i.e. urinary albumin excretion rate >20 µg/min in at least 2 of 3 consecutive overnight urine collections confirmed in two consecutive visits). Whenever a patient will be found to have 2 of 3 collections in the
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT00503152
How many people
612
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.3 registered measures of this kind. 1 written-up study measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
□Symptoms and quality of lifeNo evidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.No registered study measures this.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.3 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
No registered study measured anything of this kind.
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
systolic blood pressure from the start of the study
increase in serum potassium 6 0
microalbuminuria reported as urinary albumin creatinine
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
all cause death or admission for heart failure
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality
all cause mortality
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (9)
progression to esrd
longitudinal change in residual glomerular filtration rate
egfr
endothelial function
interoperative hypotension
disappearance of proteinuria
on study retention rate at 6 months
sustained decline in egfr 30
uacr
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
Benazepril hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The antihypertensive effects of benazepril hydrochloride have been evaluated in a double-blind study in pediatric patients 7 to 16 years of age [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].”
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Of the total number of patients who received benazepril in U.S. clinical studies of benazepril hydrochloride, 18% were 65 or older while 2% were 75 or older.”
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Risk Summary Benazepril hydrochloride can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.”
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Minimal amounts of unchanged benazepril and of benazeprilat are excreted into the breast milk of lactating women treated with benazepril.”
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
On people with reduced kidney function, the label states: “Dose adjustment of benazepril hydrochloride is required in patients undergoing hemodialysis or whose creatinine clearance is ≤ 30 mL/min.”
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Professional supervision is normally required. A regulator classifies this substance in a way that restricts how it is supplied.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Suppression classes recorded: S3, S6.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as tablet, capsule, tablet, film coated, tablet, coated, given by the oral route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
222 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 106 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-2328 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, powder, tablet, tablet, coated and tablet, film coated, taken oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-2328 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor [epc], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [moa] and decreased blood pressure [pe].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 72162-2328 · read 2026-08-29
112 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 56 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 3e2d3974-38b0-49d0-8020-f74107584724 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 3e2d3974-38b0-49d0-8020-f74107584724 · read 2026-08-29
Benazepril Hydrochloride is oral at 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg Benazepril hydrochloride tablets USP, 5 mg are white, biconvex, round, uncoated tablets, debossed with “51” on one side and “A” on the other Benazepril…, recorded as fda label in effect 2026-08-03 in the United States.
US prescribing information · e0ddcfbc-c9d8-45b1-9c11-0d1eff8c1e9e · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.04888–0.10043 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 48 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
Self-experiment planning is not offered for a prescription or clinician-supervised medicine. The questions below are for a clinician or pharmacist.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
No traced study record is stored for this substance.
Built from stored sources by fixed rules. No reviewer has signed it off.
How many documents were read
56 documents were read for this substance.
RNAWiki source record
2 of them state the same halfLife, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
56 of them state the same proteinBinding, and they agree.
RNAWiki source record
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
Suppression classes recorded: S3, S6.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
36 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA019851, approved 19910625 to VALIDUS PHARMS.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (10)
Q2
What did (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's largest trial (22213 people) and its longest (13 years) measure?
22213 people in (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's largest registered study, 13 years in its longest registered window, measuring All-Cause-Hospitalization or All-Cause Mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
5 na, 5 phase2, 5 phase4, 4 phase3, 3 phase1, 1 na or unstated; NCT00000620; 2012-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2024, NCT04937907.
These counts include studies where (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
5
phase2
5
phase4
5
phase3
4
phase1
3
na or unstated
1
1 more recorded row
Last recorded human testNCT04937907
2024-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
From rat to human: where has (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL shown lifespan?
2 recorded entries; human; also "Benazepril HCl 40 mg Tablets", "Lotensin® 40 mg Tablets"
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human
NCT00836537
Benazepril HCl 40 mg Tablets
NCT00836537
Lotensin® 40 mg Tablets
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Which of all cause death or admission for heart failure, all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality and all cause mortality did (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's trials measure?
all cause death or admission for heart failure, all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality and all cause mortality lead 15 outcome terms across (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation longitudinal change in residual glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria reported as urinary albumin creatinine, egfr, endothelial function, interoperative hypotension and all cause death or admission for heart failure follow.
Show the evidence
systolic blood pressure from the start of the study
1
progression to esrd
1
increase in serum potassium 6 0
1
longitudinal change in residual glomerular filtration rate
1
microalbuminuria reported as urinary albumin creatinine
1
egfr
1
9 more recorded rows
endothelial function
1
interoperative hypotension
1
all cause death or admission for heart failure
1
disappearance of proteinuria
1
all cause hospitalization or all cause mortality
1
all cause mortality
1
on study retention rate at 6 months
1
sustained decline in egfr 30
1
uacr
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
What will the one ongoing trial of (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL report, and when?
"Rapid and Simultaneous Initiation of Four Guideline-Directed CKD Therapies (RAPID-CKD)"; n 64; "On-study retention rate at 6 months"; 2029-03-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 9 trials of (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL posted no result?
Posted no result
9 of 9 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00836537, NCT00836576, NCT00185120, NCT01917149, NCT00721773 and NCT00494715, and 3 more
Completion dates
oldest 2001-03; newest 2020-12-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00836537
2001-03
NCT00836576
2001-03
NCT00185120
2006-09
NCT01917149
2013-12
NCT00721773
2014-10
NCT00494715
2016-04
3 further recorded trials
NCT00503152
2016-09
NCT01095939
2018-03
NCT04467931
2020-12-31
Q9
At the median, (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's trials enrolled 111 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
111
Largest enrolment
22213
Registered trials counted
20
Q10
Was (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL's label sentences: "This study assessed the effect of high-fat food on pharmacokinetics and safety of amlodipine, benazepril, and benazeprilat in healthy Chinese participants under fasting and fed conditions from a bioequivalence trial." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-01-01
2 recorded statements; fasting, exercise
Show the evidence
fasting
This study assessed the effect of high-fat food on pharmacokinetics and safety of amlodipine, benazepril, and benazeprilat in healthy Chinese participants under fasting and fed conditions from a bioequivalence trial.
exercise
The effects of the long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril hydrochloride on exercise tolerance and signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF) were evaluated in a double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
recorded 2026-01-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
What is recorded about (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL and sirtuin?
"Resveratrol is a natural activator of sirt1 that is related to oxidative stress.<bold><italic>Aim:</italic></bold> To explore the mechanism of treating drug-induced kidney injury with Reynoutria japonica and its extract (Resveratrol).<bold><italic>Design:</italic></bold> Fifty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups:…" — where (1R,3S)-BENAZEPRIL and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2025-07-12
sirtuin, autophagy, NAD+; PMID 40659140, 23519811
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sirtuin
"Resveratrol is a natural activator of sirt1 that is related to oxidative stress.<bold><italic>Aim:</italic></bold> To explore the mechanism of treating drug-induced kidney injury with Reynoutria japonica and its extract (Resveratrol).<bold><italic>Design:</italic></bold> Fifty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: blank group, model group, Reynoutria japonica group,…"
autophagyPMID 40659140
"The PHN rats were treated with JQHF, and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) combined with JQHF was used for pathway verification, and Benazepril served as a positive control."
NAD+PMID 23519811
"The NAD(P)H-dependent carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 catalyses the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-phenyl-2-oxobutanoate to ethyl (R)-4-phenyl-2-hydroxybutanoate, a precursor of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors such as Cilazapril and Benazepril."
recorded 2025-07-12 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 4 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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