7 registered substances share the start of this name, which is why a search for it can return more than one thing.
FDA substance registry · 854R4VCF20 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer5 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved3 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Endurance
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Cholesterol
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved2 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Mood
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
promis numeric rating pain scale; improvement in numeric pain scale at week 4; improvement in numeric pain scale at week 8; improvement in brief pain inventory at week 4; improvement in brief pain inventory at week 8
Blood sugar
insulin/glucose after overnight fast; insuline/glucose after an oralglucose tolerance test; insulin sensitivity
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
5 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
△ Only a number moved
3 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Reduction of the ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01647984
How many people
1500
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The degree of relief from bladder irritation symptoms.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06880939
How many people
210
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Visual acuity value
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05009810
How many people
180
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Measurement of reduction in premenstrual symptoms in the late luteal phase
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06584669
How many people
179
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Change in choroidal thickness measured by OCT
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07406906
How many people
156
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
6MWD change from baseline of two groups
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT07684391
How many people
140
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
□Living longer, or avoiding a major eventNo evidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.No registered study measures this.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.8 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.8 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
promis numeric rating pain scale
improvement in numeric pain scale at week 4
improvement in numeric pain scale at week 8
improvement in brief pain inventory at week 4
improvement in brief pain inventory at week 8
neuropsychiatric inventory
computer vision syndrome questionnaire
assessment of the profile of mood state
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
insulin/glucose after overnight fast
insuline/glucose after an oralglucose tolerance test
evaluation of the plasma mda level
fasting plasma triglycerides
insulin sensitivity
plasma level
plasma lipid mediators
time to exhaustion exercise
clinical biochemistry of the inflammatory response
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
als functional rating scale revised
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (22)
time trial performance
reduction of the ventricular and atrial arrhythmias
oxidative stress markers
physiological strain
aerobic capacity
skin wrinkles
cmax
auc 0 t
time max
blinded dermatology assessment of facial skin health
acceptability
paid versus unpaid particpatnt adherence
improvement in visual analogue scale at week 4
improvement in visual analogue scale at week 8
visual acuity value
mini mental state examination
cognitive ability screening instrument
clinical dementia rating
changes to substrate oxidation rates
reaction time
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1181 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical and other combinations.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
Watching one thing carefully can tell you whether it moved. It cannot tell you what moved it.
This is sold without a prescription, so a person can sensibly watch one thing and see whether it moves.
Pick one goal. One goal only. Two at once cannot be told apart afterwards.
Pick one thing to watch. Registered studies measured things like: insulin/glucose after overnight fast; insuline/glucose after an oralglucose tolerance test; evaluation of the plasma mda level.
Measure before you start. Take the same measurement several times first. One reading is not a starting point.
Know the swing. Write down how much it moves on its own across a normal week.
Change one thing. Change nothing else at the same time, including training and sleep.
Give it the study length. No finished study window is recorded, so no length is suggested here.
Track whether you took it. Missed days are the most common reason a home test shows nothing.
Read the trend. Look at the line across weeks. A single reading tells you almost nothing.
What not to measure
Anything that swings more day to day than the change you are looking for.
A wearable estimate of sleep stages, which is an estimate and not a measurement.
Weight on one morning, which mostly records water.
A feeling you did not write down before starting, such as: promis numeric rating pain scale.
When to stop
Stop if something new and unpleasant starts, and ask a pharmacist or doctor.
Stop if you cannot keep everything else steady, because the result will not mean anything.
Stop at the end of the window you set, and read the trend then.
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki does not work out an amount for anyone.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people∅Nothing found in the sources checked
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No traced study record is stored for this substance.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✗ Not passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries no source: the record holds neither an explanation nor a recorded use.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✓ Passed
Safety mode resolved
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What to learn next
Ordered by what would most change how you read this page, starting with what is easiest to misunderstand.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (11)
Q1
What did ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s largest trial (1500 people) and its longest (6.5 years) measure?
1500 people in ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s largest registered study, 6.5 years in its longest registered window, measuring Effect of astaxanthin on Improvement of pain, stiffness and physical function. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
22 na, 5 phase2, 3 phase3, 3 phase4, 1 early phase1; NCT03310359; 2022-12-31. Last human test completed 2026, NCT07509970.
Interpretation These counts include studies where ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
22
phase2
5
phase3
3
phase4
3
early phase1
1
Last recorded human testNCT07509970
2026-02-08
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- shown lifespan?
terminated; "There are not enough eligible patients at our institution to complete this study."
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Mouse studies of ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- used 4000 ppm — over how long?
Mouse studies of ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- used "4000 ppm". clinicaltrials.gov+jax-mpd-itp · 2026-09-04
4 recorded entries; mouse, human; also "Astaxanthin 8 mg", "astaxanthin 4 mg", "astaxanthin 6 mg"
Show the evidence
mouseastaxanthin C2019
4000 ppm
human
NCT03991286
Astaxanthin 8 mg
NCT05009810
astaxanthin 4 mg
NCT05009810
astaxanthin 6 mg
recorded 2026-09-04 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
Could one person measure ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s effect on insulin/glucose after overnight fast?
Insulin/glucose after overnight fast: measured in ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s trials.
Interpretation insulin/glucose after overnight fast is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
insulin/glucose after overnight fast; 2026-09-01
insuline/glucose after an oralglucose tolerance test; 2026-09-01
evaluation of the plasma mda level; 2026-09-01
time trial performance; 2026-09-01
reduction of the ventricular and atrial arrhythmias; 2026-09-01
oxidative stress markers; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
physiological strain; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
aerobic capacity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
fasting plasma triglycerides; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
skin wrinkles; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
insulin sensitivity; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
plasma level; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
promis numeric rating pain scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
cmax; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
auc 0 t; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
time max; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
blinded dermatology assessment of facial skin health; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
acceptability; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
paid versus unpaid particpatnt adherence; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
improvement in visual analogue scale at week 4; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
13
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT03664466; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of acceptability, aerobic capacity and als functional rating scale revised did ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s trials measure?
acceptability, aerobic capacity and als functional rating scale revised lead 40 outcome terms across ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation time trial performance, reduction of the ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, oxidative stress markers, physiological strain, aerobic capacity and fasting plasma triglycerides follow.
Show the evidence
insulin/glucose after overnight fast
1
insuline/glucose after an oralglucose tolerance test
1
evaluation of the plasma mda level
1
time trial performance
1
reduction of the ventricular and atrial arrhythmias
1
oxidative stress markers
1
14 more recorded rows
physiological strain
1
aerobic capacity
1
fasting plasma triglycerides
1
skin wrinkles
1
insulin sensitivity
1
plasma level
1
promis numeric rating pain scale
1
cmax
1
auc 0 t
1
time max
1
blinded dermatology assessment of facial skin health
1
acceptability
1
paid versus unpaid particpatnt adherence
1
improvement in visual analogue scale at week 4
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s 5 ongoing trials reports first?
Change in Computer Vision Syndrome-Questionnaire score; Trilgycerides; latest 2027-07-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT06589128
"Efficacy of Investigator Product for the Amelioration of Digital Eye Strain in Children"; n 70; "Change in Computer Vision Syndrome-Questionnaire score"; 2026-06-30
NCT07063056
"Curcumin & Astaxanthin for Lowering Triglyceride Readings and Inflammation"; n 64; "Trilgycerides"; 2026-09-25
NCT07507682
"Can Astaxanthin Help Manage Asthma in POlluted Areas?"; n 25; "Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)"; 2026-07-20
NCT07630870
"The Effects of Astaxanthin on Physiological Anti-fatigue and Sports Performance: an Integrated Study From the Application of Laboratory Human Sports Platform to Simulated Competitions"; n 14; "Badminton specific incremental endurance test"; 2027-07-31
NCT07684391
"Effect of Oral Astaxanthin Formula on Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients With COPD"; n 140; "6MWD change from baseline of two groups"; 2026-12-31
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 15 trials of ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- posted no result?
Posted no result
15 of 15 completed trials
Registrations
NCT01087632, NCT02062034, NCT01647984, NCT02343497, NCT02373111 and NCT03807050, and 9 more
Completion dates
oldest 2010-07; newest 2024-06-25
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01087632
2010-07
NCT02062034
2014-01
NCT01647984
2014-12
NCT02343497
2015-11
NCT02373111
2015-12
NCT03807050
2019-02-01
9 further recorded trials
NCT04249128
2021-02-09
NCT03991286
2021-04-07
NCT05282355
2021-07-02
NCT06593535
2022-09-20
NCT05376501
2022-10-15
NCT05437601
2022-12-19
NCT05409092
2022-12-30
NCT03310359
2022-12-31
NCT05015374
2024-06-25
Q9
At the median, ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s trials enrolled 47 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
47
Largest enrolment
1500
Registered trials counted
32
Q10
Was ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- studied with fasting and exercise?
fasting and exercise are named in ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)-'s label sentences: "Overall, antioxidant lipid supplementations, compared with placebo, had favorable effects on systolic blood pressure (lycopene: -1.95 [-3.54, -0.36] mmHg), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (n6 fatty acid: -0.39 [-0.71, -0.06] mmol/L; astaxanthin: -0.11 [-0.21, -0.01] mmol/L), high-density…" openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-05-15
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise performance and recovery-related biomarkers in healthy participants and athletes. <b>Methods</b>: This review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
recorded 2026-05-15 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
What is recorded about ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- and sirtuin?
"We hypothesized that astaxanthin alleviates high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress in Müller cells by activating SIRT1." — where ASTAXANTHIN, (R,R)- and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-06-29
"We hypothesized that astaxanthin alleviates high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress in Müller cells by activating SIRT1."
PMID 41581827
"The molecular pathway linking astaxanthin to SIRT1 was explored using specific inhibitors and siRNAs."
AMPKPMID 41581827
"Additionally, astaxanthin upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), restoring intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> levels and enhancing SIRT1 activity."
sirtuinPMID 41581827
"Additionally, astaxanthin upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), restoring intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> levels and enhancing SIRT1 activity."
NAD+PMID 41581827
"Additionally, astaxanthin upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), restoring intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> levels and enhancing SIRT1 activity."
AMPK
PMID 41581827
"This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms by which astaxanthin protects against DR by activating the SIRT1/AMPK/FOXO1 pathway."
PMID 41559375
"The current research shows that astaxanthin may exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, with its mechanism involving the regulation of gut microbiota and their metabolic products."
autophagyPMID 42384989
"Astaxanthin can inhibit autophagy levels and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in mechanically ventilated rat lung tissue through inhibiting the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, thus alleviating lung tissue injury."
mTOR
PMID 39322566
"To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of astaxanthin on myocardial injury through activation of AMPK-mTOR pathway."
PMID 39322566
"In Conclusion, Astaxanthin protects against liver ischemia-induced myocardial injury in rats mediating by the activation of the AMPK-mTOR pathway."
PMID 41132242
"Nutritional interventions, such as caloric restriction, resveratrol, and astaxanthin, have AMPK-activating and mTORC1-inhibitory effects and improve metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes."
autophagy
PMID 39711123
"Overall, these results indicated that astaxanthin prolonged the lifespan of <i>C. elegans via</i> modulating the intracellular redox status and promoting PHA-4-mediated autophagy."
PMID 39260731
"The application of biomarkers (ethylene, salicylic acid, trans-zeatin) and an autophagy inhibitor cooperated with GABA to further enhance the total astaxanthin productivity under NaCl stress."
recorded 2026-06-29 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · NIA ITP via the JAX Mouse Phenome Database · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 3 required field(s) not terminal: Best-supported result, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 10 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
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This is a record of evidence. It is not medical advice, and it does not say this substance suits you. Nothing here says any substance on RNAWiki is appropriate for a child.