The use the label states, quoted from it. No plain-language version of this sentence has been written.
The use the label states, quoted from it. It is written for a clinician, not for a reader without medical training.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 39 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Sleep
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Energy
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Endurance
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered performance measure of this kind.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Blood sugar
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
△Only a number moved1 registered test measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Sleep
sleep efficiency
Energy
promis fatigue
Endurance
biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test
Blood sugar
insulin sensitivity
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
Who was studied is listed further down the page.
△ Only a number moved
1 registered test measure.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Full or partial return to work.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03886870
How many people
140
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03826277
How many people
10
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Topical
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
FDA label (openFDA SPL) · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 2 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.3 registered measures of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.2 registered measures of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in C. elegans (roundworm), Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
quality of life
promis fatigue
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
serum creatinine
inflammatory markers
biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test
biomarker response to therapy using cytokine panel
insulin sensitivity
blood pressure control during the cold pressor test
systemic chronic inflammation measured by iage index
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
progression free survival
survival
overall survival
timed walking test
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (27)
clinical response rate
response rate recist criteria
skin melanin index
tapping test
promis physical functioning
sleep efficiency
steps per day
oxidative stress marker
incidence of symptomatic non anastomotic biliary strictures
weight for age z
spot uv at 4 weeks
spot polarization at 4 weeks
skin tone at 4 weeks
spot uv at 8 weeks
spot polarization at 8 weeks
skin tone at 8 weeks
spot uv at 12 weeks
spot polarization at 12 weeks
skin tone at 12 weeks
endothelial function
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
None
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Topical
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as soap, given by the topical route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Topical
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
1 product lists this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. None of them contains it on its own, so nothing on this page can separate it from what it is combined with.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 85164-001 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as soap, taken topical.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 85164-001 · read 2026-08-29
1 published label names it as an active ingredient. None of them describes this substance alone, so no label text on this page can be attributed to it rather than to a combination.
US prescribing information · 2be274be-e6d0-d961-e063-6294a90a2190 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human otc drug.
US prescribing information · 2be274be-e6d0-d961-e063-6294a90a2190 · read 2026-08-29
1 marketed supplement label lists this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical.
Those labels carry all other and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (13)
Q1
What did Alpha-Arbutin's largest trial (1000 people) and its longest (4.9 years) measure?
1000 people in Alpha-Arbutin's largest registered study, 4.9 years in its longest registered window, measuring Median survival. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
9 na, 8 phase2, 7 phase1, 4 phase3, 1 phase4; NCT02251041; 2019-08. Last human test completed 2022, NCT04672447.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Alpha-Arbutin was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
na
9
phase2
8
phase1
7
phase3
4
phase4
1
Last recorded human testNCT04672447
2022-04-27
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From C. elegans to human: where has Alpha-Arbutin shown lifespan?
"lack of funding and difficulty with phlebotomy in children with Autism"; 1 of 26 registered studies
Show the evidence
TrialNCT05954052
terminated; "lack of funding and difficulty with phlebotomy in children with Autism"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Did Alpha-Arbutin move epigenetic clock, and by how much?
epigenetic clock: "We also demonstrated that TDMA can serve as a transcriptomics-derived epigenetic clock and highlights age-dependent roles of folate and glutathione metabolism in epigenetic aging." Europe PMC · epigenetic clock search · 2026-02-02
1 recorded sentence; 2026; biomarker
Show the evidence
epigenetic clock
2026; "We also demonstrated that TDMA can serve as a transcriptomics-derived epigenetic clock and highlights age-dependent roles of folate and glutathione metabolism in epigenetic aging."
recorded 2026-02-02 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q5
More Alpha-Arbutin was worse in human: at what point?
U-shaped in human: "Moreover, a U-shaped association was observed between glutathione peroxidase levels and the odds of poor sleep quality." Europe PMC · dose-response search · 2026-08-29
4 recorded sentences naming Alpha-Arbutin; U-shaped, Hormesis, hormetic, biphasic
Show the evidence
U-shapedPMID 41666395
"Moreover, a U-shaped association was observed between glutathione peroxidase levels and the odds of poor sleep quality."
Hormesis
"Hormesis effect is an effective way to adapt to the harsh environmental changes, and glutathione (GSH) has long been considered to play an important role in the generation of hormesis, but the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated."
hormeticPMID 34923012
"The second and dominating type was a biphasic-hormetic dose response, exhibited by malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion radical (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after 6 or 12 h of exposure and by glutathione (GSH) and MT content after 12 h of treatment."
biphasicPMID 42667706
"Transcriptomics at 200 mg/L identified 1464 differentially expressed genes enriched in cytochrome P450, RNA polymerase, and glutathione metabolism pathways. qPCR confirmed broad suppression of GST-associated genes (Gst5, Ugt2b14, Gpx3, GstO1) from 5 mg/L, whereas GstD7 exhibited a biphasic response and was ultimately downregulated at 200 mg/L. We propose that TCEP-driven suppression of…"
recorded 2026-08-29 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q6
Could one person measure Alpha-Arbutin's effect on clinical response rate?
Clinical response rate: measured in Alpha-Arbutin's trials.
Interpretation clinical response rate is the recorded endpoint.
Show the evidence
biomarkers
clinical response rate; 2026-09-01
response rate recist criteria; 2026-09-01
progression free survival; 2026-09-01
survival; 2026-09-01
overall survival; 2026-09-01
quality of life; 2026-09-01
14 more recorded rows
biomarkers
skin melanin index; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
serum creatinine; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
timed walking test; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
tapping test; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
promis physical functioning; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
sleep efficiency; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
steps per day; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
promis fatigue; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
inflammatory markers; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
oxidative stress marker; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
incidence of symptomatic non anastomotic biliary strictures; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
biomarker response to therapy using cytokine panel; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
insulin sensitivity; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
7
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
6; NCT05954052; PHASE4; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; TERMINATED
Q7
Which of arginine bioavailability, arterial stiffness and biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test did Alpha-Arbutin's trials measure?
arginine bioavailability, arterial stiffness and biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test lead 40 outcome terms across Alpha-Arbutin's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
Interpretation survival, overall survival, quality of life, skin melanin index, serum creatinine and timed walking test follow.
Show the evidence
clinical response rate
1
response rate recist criteria
1
progression free survival
1
survival
1
overall survival
1
quality of life
1
14 more recorded rows
skin melanin index
1
serum creatinine
1
timed walking test
1
tapping test
1
promis physical functioning
1
sleep efficiency
1
steps per day
1
promis fatigue
1
inflammatory markers
1
oxidative stress marker
1
incidence of symptomatic non anastomotic biliary strictures
1
biomarker response to therapy using a vo2 exercise test
1
biomarker response to therapy using cytokine panel
1
insulin sensitivity
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which of Alpha-Arbutin's 8 ongoing trials reports first?
Progression-Free Survival (PFS); Improvement of DILI on the second week; latest 2029-01
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT06896422
"Randomized Trial of Glutathione With Anti-PD-1 and Chemotherapy in Advanced NSCLC"; n 80; "Progression-Free Survival (PFS)"; 2027-12-31
NCT06922669
"Glucocorticoids for Acute Drug Induced Liver Injury With Hyperbilirubinemia"; n 232; "Improvement of DILI on the second week"; 2027-09-30
NCT07263841
"Comparison of Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid Mesotherapy Versus Glutathione Mesotherapy in Post Burn Facial Hyperpigmentation"; n 60; "improvement in facial hyperpigmentation"; 2026-03-26
NCT07304440
"Adia MED of Winter Park LLC Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Study"; n 100; "Change from Baseline in Total Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Score at Month 6"; 2028-06-15
NCT07448415
"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Oral Tranexamic Acid and Glutathione-assisted Microneedling in Treatment of Melasma"; n 42; "compare reduction of Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score in any treatment modalities"; 2027-04
NCT07475546
"Combination Gerotherapeutic Interventions for Healthspan Improvement"; n 30; "Change in cardiorespiratory fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max)"; 2026-04
2 further recorded trials
NCT07572890
"Adia Med of Winter Park LLC Chronic Kidney Disease Research Study"; n 100; "Change from Baseline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)"; 2029-01
NCT07622316
"GAIP ASD Research Study"; n 100; "Change from Baseline in Total Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Score at Month 6"; 2027-06-30
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q9
Which running trial of Alpha-Arbutin could settle vo2max?
NCT07475546 measures Change in cardiorespiratory fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), reading out 2026-04.
2 open trials; n 30; "Combination Gerotherapeutic Interventions for Healthspan Improvement"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT07475546
"Combination Gerotherapeutic Interventions for Healthspan Improvement"; n 30; "Change in cardiorespiratory fitness measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max)"; 2026-04
NCT06896422
"Randomized Trial of Glutathione With Anti-PD-1 and Chemotherapy in Advanced NSCLC"; n 80; "Progression-Free Survival (PFS)"; 2027-12-31
Q10
Which 10 trials of Alpha-Arbutin posted no result?
Posted no result
10 of 10 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00127309, NCT01177319, NCT01016080, NCT01142024, NCT01550432 and NCT00889538, and 4 more
Completion dates
oldest 2005-08; newest 2022-04-27
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00127309
2005-08
NCT01177319
2007-03
NCT01016080
2009-06
NCT01142024
2011-03
NCT01550432
2012-07
NCT00889538
2012-09
4 further recorded trials
NCT02948673
2017-12
NCT04105504
2018-08-01
NCT02584283
2020-01
NCT04672447
2022-04-27
Q11
At the median, Alpha-Arbutin's trials enrolled 76.5 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
76.5
Largest enrolment
1000
Registered trials counted
26
Q12
Was Alpha-Arbutin studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Alpha-Arbutin's label sentences: "F<sub>2</sub>-Isoprostanes were lower after exercise in the CWI trial compared with the ACT trial (P < 0.05), whereas plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in the CWI trial at 2 h after exercise (P < 0.05)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2026-07-22
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
F<sub>2</sub>-Isoprostanes were lower after exercise in the CWI trial compared with the ACT trial (P < 0.05), whereas plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in the CWI trial at 2 h after exercise (P < 0.05).
recorded 2026-07-22 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q13
What is recorded about Alpha-Arbutin and sirtuin?
"Mechanistically, SIRT1 orchestrates antioxidant defense through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors activation, suppresses inflammatory signaling via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) deacetylation, inhibits apoptosis by targeting p53, promotes autophagic flux and mitophagy,…" — where Alpha-Arbutin and sirtuin appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-08-17
"Mechanistically, SIRT1 orchestrates antioxidant defense through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors activation, suppresses inflammatory signaling via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) deacetylation, inhibits apoptosis by targeting p53, promotes autophagic flux and mitophagy, regulates mitochondrial biogenesis through peroxisome…"
autophagyPMID 42196199
"Mechanistically, SIRT1 orchestrates antioxidant defense through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors activation, suppresses inflammatory signaling via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) deacetylation, inhibits apoptosis by targeting p53, promotes autophagic flux and mitophagy, regulates mitochondrial biogenesis through peroxisome…"
AMPK
"Corilagin pretreatment restores AMPK activation and the downstream SIRT1–PGC-1α–TFAM pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress, preserving intracellular glutathione, preventing apoptosis, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, and protecting mitochondrial network integrity."
sirtuin
"Corilagin pretreatment restores AMPK activation and the downstream SIRT1–PGC-1α–TFAM pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress, preserving intracellular glutathione, preventing apoptosis, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, and protecting mitochondrial network integrity."
AMPKPMID 42247065
"Renal tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) immunoexpression by immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression levels of sirtuin 1(SIRT1), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK), forkhead box O3(FOXO3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase…"
sirtuinPMID 42247065
"Renal tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) immunoexpression by immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression levels of sirtuin 1(SIRT1), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK), forkhead box O3(FOXO3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase…"
2 more recorded rows
AMPKPMID 42655800
"Genes involved in lipid mobilization and oxidation, ketogenesis, inflammation, cellular stress, and autophagy; <i>sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)</i>, <i>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)</i>, <i>carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A)</i>, <i>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a synthase 2 (HMGCS2)</i>, <i>cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)</i>, <i>lipase E (LIPE)</i>, <i>protein…"
autophagyPMID 42655800
"Genes involved in lipid mobilization and oxidation, ketogenesis, inflammation, cellular stress, and autophagy; <i>sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)</i>, <i>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)</i>, <i>carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A)</i>, <i>3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a synthase 2 (HMGCS2)</i>, <i>cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)</i>, <i>lipase E (LIPE)</i>, <i>protein…"
NAD+
PMID 40109363
"Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD + -dependent histone deacetylase, has emerged as a pivotal epigenetic regulator with the potential to regulate ferroptosis through a wide array of genes intricately associated with lipid metabolism, iron homeostasis, glutathione biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis."
PMID 42628241
"Our data also indicate disease-dependent "redox fingerprints" of NAD and glutathione forms in different degenerative diseases, including cancers."
recorded 2026-08-17 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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