6 registered substances share the start of this name, which is why a search for it can return more than one thing.
FDA substance registry · WBQ2745YP2 · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No plain explanation of what this changes is stored.
No recorded use is stored in reader language.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 26 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Formulation
A formulation is the exact made-up form a substance comes in.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like the difference between a whole bean and instant coffee.
Where that stops being true. Coffee tastes different. A formulation can change how much reaches the blood.
What people get wrong. Two products with the same name are assumed to behave the same. They often do not.
The specific composition and physical form of a product, including salt, excipients and release profile.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Pain
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer7 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Healthy ageing
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Focus
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a symptom measure for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Pain
amount of pain medication taken per day; pain at rest; pain; numerical rating scale pain scores during hospitalization; post operative pain; maximum postoperative pain; pain as assessed by visual analog scale; post operative pain scores
Healthy ageing
hospital mortality
Focus
post operative cognitive dysfunction at 3 months
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered study measure of this kind. No reviewed result yet.
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Community-acquired pneumonia: All-cause mortality (with subsidiary analyses of cause of death and of death at various timepoints following discharge)
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT04381936
How many people
70000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
The First Occurrence of the Composite Primary Efficacy Outcome, Myocardial Infarction (MI), Stroke, or Cardiovascular (CV) Death
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01776424
How many people
27395
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02726620
How many people
22435
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
All-cause mortality
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT02735707
How many people
20000
Study design
Phase 3
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Frequency of PA testing orders by provider
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05925569
How many people
12501
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Maternal oral and tympanic temperature
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT01708668
How many people
12000
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route.
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Europe PMC · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.4 registered measures of this kind. 2 written-up studies measured this and did not show a benefit.
□What a body can do day to dayNo evidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.No registered study measures this.
□Measured performanceNo evidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.No registered study measures this.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.9 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.1 registered measure of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat, Dog. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
amount of pain medication taken per day
pain at rest
hypoglycemic symptom scores morphine sulfate study
hypoglycemic symptom scores naloxone study
pain
post operative pain
maximum postoperative pain
pain as assessed by visual analog scale
post operative pain scores
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
blood pressure
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
survival at hospital admission
survival to hospital discharge
numerical rating scale pain scores during hospitalization
hospital mortality
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (26)
hypoglycemia
return of spontaneous circulation
length of hospital stay
knee range of motion
knee society scores
satisfaction
counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia naloxone study
occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome
perfusion index from baseline
transfer function after pressor infusion
adverse events
who passed the voiding trial after a midurethral sling
intraoperative blood loss
map while on vasopressors
operative blood loss
surgical conditions
who developed post ercp pancreatitis
postoperative opioid consumption
length of stay in hospital
bleeding
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
No description of who was studied is recorded.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf.
On this record: This record is linked to 1 related forms. Evidence does not carry across all of them.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (9)
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Varies by country
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No form or route is recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
Not usually supervised: sold as a supplement or food ingredient where recorded. That is a legal category, not a safety judgement.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
The identity record classes it as a supplement ingredient; no medicines register records an approval.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing is recorded about product quality.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Epinephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 3543 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
The recorded terms (10)
hypotension — 615 reaction mentions
drug hypersensitivity — 497 reaction mentions
toxicity to various agents — 426 reaction mentions
anaphylactic reaction — 419 reaction mentions
bradycardia — 318 reaction mentions
anaphylactic shock — 300 reaction mentions
tachycardia — 293 reaction mentions
cardiac arrest — 284 reaction mentions
stress cardiomyopathy — 208 reaction mentions
anaesthetic complication — 183 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
The exact form studied is not recorded.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
808 marketed supplement labels list this ingredient, classed as non-nutrient/non-botanical, other combinations and animal part or source.
Those labels carry all other, nutrient and structure/function claims. A claim of that kind is written by the manufacturer and is not assessed by any regulator, so its presence says nothing about whether it is true.
This order is fixed in code and does not count clicks or time on the page.
What is not here
7 questions this page could not answer
These sections were prepared and left out because there was nothing to put in them. They are listed rather than hidden, so the gaps in this record are visible.
The path through the body — found nothing in the sources checked.
How long anything takes — found nothing in the sources checked.
What it may clash with — found nothing in the sources checked.
Other ways to the same goal — found nothing in the sources checked.
Claims that go past the evidence — found nothing in the sources checked.
How this medicine reached us — found nothing in the sources checked.
What changed on this page — found nothing in the sources checked.
The record as stored
The full record, for auditing
Everything above is built from what is below. This layer keeps the technical vocabulary, record identifiers and every stored row, so a reader who wants to check the page can.
Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Epinephrine's largest trial (22435 people) and its longest (21 years) measure?
22435 people in Epinephrine's largest registered study, 21 years in its longest registered window, measuring Hospital mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
73 phase4, 70 na, 33 phase2, 28 phase3, 22 phase1, 7 early phase1, 2 na or unstated; NCT01059786; 2031-06-30. Last human test completed 2026, NCT06418308.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Epinephrine was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
73
na
70
phase2
33
phase3
28
phase1
22
early phase1
7
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
2
Last recorded human testNCT06418308
2026-05-21
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Epinephrine shown lifespan?
safety (1), futility/efficacy (2), accrual/recruitment (7), sponsor decision unspecified (1) and other (10): Epinephrine's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"Difficult accrual"; 21 of 219 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00401882
terminated; "Difficult accrual"
NCT00548886
terminated; "Lack of enrollment"
NCT00678145
terminated; "Protocol was terminated due to enrollment + feasibility issues. Aim 2 not conducted. Aims 1 + 3 were conducted in part. During Aim 3 the IRB requested that the study be transitioned under a new protocol (2018-9208) in order to simplify…"
NCT01025648
terminated; "Optimization of protocol"
NCT01737892
terminated; "unable to validate analytical method"
NCT01759407
terminated; "Interim analysis showed no significant difference between study arms."
14 further recorded trials
NCT02164929
terminated; "Poor recruitment"
NCT02365727
withdrawn; "Protocol not feasible as written"
NCT02428062
suspended; "Pending Pilot study results evaluation"
NCT02570503
terminated; "Study's primary aims are no longer clinically impactful, as intrathecal morphine has fallen out of favor and replaced with different agents so that outpatient/23 hr surgery is more predictably achievable."
NCT02571283
withdrawn; "PI decided to focus on more current topics of interest."
NCT02586961
terminated; "Removal of Adrénaline lots for safety reasons."
NCT02895035
terminated; "Data analysis was never performed by sub-investigator"
NCT02959112
terminated; "Because previous studies had found no difference, and one recent study even reported a higher incidence of PEP in treatment arm"
NCT03335293
withdrawn; "Due to FDA constraints on the off label use of the medications we will not be able to conduct this evaluation."
NCT03383588
terminated; "study was published during initial recruitment that showed no difference"
NCT03408340
terminated; "The study activities were suspended due to COVID-19, and the interim analysis did not yield positive results once resumed."
NCT03513445
withdrawn; "No participants enrolled"
NCT04148261
withdrawn; "Principal Investigator left lab before study start"
NCT05972681
terminated; "Difficulty with enrollment"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Epinephrine used epinephrine (1 mg/1 mL) — over how long?
Number of Participants Receiving Pentostatin + Rituximab and Bendamustine + Rituximab Who Achieve a Complete Remission (CR) + Partial Response (PR); Hospital mortality; latest 2031-09-30
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT01059786
"Randomized Phase II Trial of Rituximab With Either Pentostatin or Bendamustine for Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia"; n 69; "Number of Participants Receiving Pentostatin + Rituximab and Bendamustine + Rituximab Who Achieve a Complete Remission (CR) + Partial Response (PR)"; 2031-06-30
NCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
NCT03826524
"Epinephrine Dose: Optimal Versus Standard Evaluation Trial"; n 3790; "Survival to hospital discharge"; 2028-12
NCT04592744
"Angiotensin 2 for AKI After OLT"; n 30; "Incidence of Acute kidney Injury"; 2026-12
NCT04750070
"Management of Shock in Children With SAM or Severe Underweight and Diarrhea"; n 135; "Case fatality rate"; 2025-11-30
NCT04964869
"Efficacy of Prophylactic Epinephrine Solution Injection in Prevention of Delayed Post-sphincterotomy"; n 400; "post EST bleeding rate"; 2030-12
14 further recorded trials
NCT05019638
"Local Multimodal Injection Versus Regional Anesthesia in Controlling Pain for Treating Rotational Ankle Fractures"; n 200; "Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain"; 2028-05
NCT05037812
"Role of Multimodal Analgesia in Decreasing Perioperative Pain in Tibial Plateau Fractures"; n 150; "Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain"; 2028-03
NCT05166343
"POHCA Resuscitation: Evaluation of IM Epinephrine"; n 284; "Time to initial return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)"; 2029-01
NCT05224089
"Bilateral TAP and RS Blocks Using Liposomal Bupivacaine/Bupivacaine vs. Regular Bupivacaine in Laparoscopic Colectomy"; n 114; "The highest Numerical Pain Scores"; 2026-02
NCT05488847
"Opioid-Free Pain Protocol After Shoulder Arthroplasty"; n 83; "Pain Levels"; 2026-09-01
NCT05738148
"Vasopressin vs. Epinephrine During Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation"; n 8; "Time to ROSC (Return of spontaneous Circulation)"; 2028-02-28
NCT05996133
"Multifidus Cervicis Plane Block Vs. Sham Block For Posterior Cervical Spine Fusion Surgery"; n 38; "The maximum postoperative pain score"; 2027-06-30
NCT06416969
"Regional Lipolysis and Adipocyte Lipolysis Protein Stimulation"; n 24; "Free Fatty Acid (FFA) release from femoral, splanchnic and upper body subcutaneous adipose tissue"; 2028-01-01
NCT06789575
"Comparison of Bupivacaine Wound Infiltration Versus Wound Instillation to Minimize Postoperative Pain After Thyroid Surgery"; n 102; "Total analgesic consumption"; 2027-05-01
NCT06834165
"Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Neffy or Intramuscular Adrenalin in Patients With Allergic Reactions After Oral Food Challenge or Allergen Immunotherapy"; n 600; "AEs after epinephrine treatment within 2 hours"; 2027-06
NCT06847568
"The Investigator Administers Intracoronary Adrenaline Via the Catheter in STEMI Patients During Primary PCI, After Flow Restoration and Before Stenting, and Studies Its Effect in Prevention of No Reflow"; n 1000; "No-relow"; 2026-04-30
NCT06927999
"An Outpatient Study of the Efficacy of ARS-2 in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria"; n 42; "Determine the effect of ARS-2 (0.5 mg or 1 mg) versus placebo on itch and hive"; 2027-06
NCT07084753
"Non-opioid Anesthesia Based on Thoracic Paravertebral Block During Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy"; n 36; "a) Postoperative pain levels measured by the 0-10 Numerical rating scale (NRS). b) Opioid analgesic consumption (Morphine milligram equivalents- MME)."; 2025-10
NCT07092566
"R.E.C.K vs Exparel in Robotic Nephrectomy"; n 170; "Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain intensity scores through 7 days (168 hours) for participants receiving Exparel vs. R.E.C.K."; 2027-10
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which running trial of Epinephrine could settle lifespan?
NCT02118467 measures Hospital mortality, reading out 2026-12-01.
3 open trials; n 836; "Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT02118467
"Vasoactive Drugs in Intensive Care Unit"; n 836; "Hospital mortality"; 2026-12-01
NCT03826524
"Epinephrine Dose: Optimal Versus Standard Evaluation Trial"; n 3790; "Survival to hospital discharge"; 2028-12
NCT07667829
"Vasopressor Agents in Pulmonary Hypertension Crisis"; n 75; "All-cause mortality within 28 days"; 2029-01-31
Q8
Which 74 trials of Epinephrine posted no result?
Posted no result
74 of 74 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00134212, NCT00622817, NCT00446017, NCT00322660, NCT00127907 and NCT00121524, and 68 more
Completion dates
oldest 2004-06; newest 2024-09-03
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00134212
2004-06
NCT00622817
2005-03
NCT00446017
2007-04
NCT00322660
2007-06
NCT00127907
2007-10-01
NCT00121524
2008-06
14 further recorded trials
NCT01116609
2010-01
NCT01418118
2010-02
NCT00628550
2010-10
NCT01291186
2010-12
NCT01264575
2011-01
NCT01261078
2011-07
NCT01432522
2011-09
NCT01264653
2011-12
NCT01357642
2011-12
NCT01476904
2012-07
NCT01887405
2012-09
NCT01989312
2013-02
NCT01991288
2013-07
NCT01560702
2013-09
Q9
At the median, Epinephrine's trials enrolled 74 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
74
Largest enrolment
22435
Registered trials counted
219
Q10
What do 3543 spontaneous reports say about Epinephrine — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Epinephrine appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 3543 reaction mentions were counted: hypotension 615; drug hypersensitivity 497; toxicity to various agents 426; anaphylactic reaction 419. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1256958 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
hypotension
615
drug hypersensitivity
497
toxicity to various agents
426
anaphylactic reaction
419
bradycardia
318
anaphylactic shock
300
4 more recorded rows
tachycardia
293
cardiac arrest
284
stress cardiomyopathy
208
anaesthetic complication
183
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Epinephrine studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Epinephrine's label sentences: "Plasma catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) elevations in response to exercise were significantly higher in the HH trial than in the other three trials (p < 0.05)." openfda-label+europepmc · 2024-06-23
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
Plasma catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) elevations in response to exercise were significantly higher in the HH trial than in the other three trials (p < 0.05).
recorded 2024-06-23 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Epinephrine and AMPK?
"The integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics suggests that under cold stress, energy homeostasis is primarily regulated by the coordinated action of the AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways, with potential modulation by metabolites like epinephrine." — where Epinephrine and AMPK appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2024-03-01
"The integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics suggests that under cold stress, energy homeostasis is primarily regulated by the coordinated action of the AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways, with potential modulation by metabolites like epinephrine."
mTORPMID 38395404
"Furthermore, when adipocytes isolated from the harvested adipose tissue of 15 healthy cows were transfected with DGAT1 overexpression adenovirus or DGAT1 small interfering RNA followed by exposure to epinephrine (EPI), it led to greater ratios and protein abundance of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase (LIPE) to total LIPE and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), while inhibiting…"
IGF-1
PMID 37764858
"Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors,…"
"Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), some cytokines, various biochemical/ intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating…"
AMPK
PMID 33208818
"The alpha-1-adrenergic receptors (α<sub>1</sub>-AR) facilitate Epinephrine (Epi)-mediated AMPK activation, linking metabolism and kidney function."
PMID 32856615
"In vitro, epinephrine treatment upregulated PDK4 expression, inhibited AMPK phosphorylation and enhanced IRS1 phosphorylation."
autophagyPMID 30070610
"In a separate series of experiments, we show that insulin stimulates ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser<sup>757</sup> (inhibitory site) in both hypoglycemic and euglycemic conditions, suggesting that counterregulatory hormones (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and glucagon) have limited effects on autophagy signaling in human skeletal muscle."
recorded 2024-03-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
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