This page shows what was measured, who it was measured in, and what that does not settle.
What Acetazolamide does in the body
The prevention or amelioration of symptoms associated with acute mountain sickness in climbers attempting rapid ascent and in those who are
, cardiac edema). Acetazolamide is not a mercurial diuretic. Rather, it is a non-bacteriostatic sulfonamide possessing a chemical structure and pharmacological activity distinctly different from the bacteriostatic sulfonamides.
What happened in people
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
§ A fixed RNAWiki sentence
Where this came from
Wording RNAWiki always uses, not a finding about this substance.
No reviewed claim names a result for any goal on this record.
No source is stored against this line.
The limit that matters most
Not recorded.
Where it acts
Not recorded.
Kind of result
No result is published, so no kind of result applies yet
Supervision
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
What the registries record it as
The substance registry classes this as chemical.
FDA substance registry · O3FX965V0I · read 2026-08-29
Where each sentence above came from
No recorded sentence describes the change this makes in a way that stands on its own. The page opens with what it is taken for instead, and the recorded explanation follows below.
Shown as the opening line on this page.
No statement of the main limit is recorded.
The four opening statements run to 61 words.
Words this page uses
Four words worth knowing first
Chosen from what this page shows, with each one explained before the word it depends on.
Stand-in result
A stand-in result is a number measured because the real result takes too long.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
It is like judging a journey by the speedometer rather than by arriving.
Where that stops being true. Speed does predict arrival. Many stand-in results do not predict the real one.
What people get wrong. A stand-in result is often reported as the result itself.
A surrogate endpoint substituted for a clinical endpoint, valid only where the substitution has been shown to hold.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up one chemical change.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
An enzyme is like a machine on a production line doing one cut.
Where that stops being true. A machine is switched on and off by a person. Enzymes are controlled by the cell.
What people get wrong. Enzymes are thought to be used up. They are not; they work again and again.
A catalytic protein that lowers the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Receptor
A receptor is a part of a cell that a signal fits into.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A receptor is like a lock waiting for one key.
Where that stops being true. A lock either opens or does not. A receptor can be half-triggered, or worn out.
What people get wrong. Fitting a receptor is read as causing a benefit. It causes a step, and nothing more.
A protein that binds a specific ligand and converts that binding into a cellular response.
Pathway
A pathway is a chain of steps inside a cell, each one setting off the next.
A picture of it, and where the picture fails
A pathway is like a row of dominoes.
Where that stops being true. Dominoes fall one way. Pathways loop back and can switch themselves off.
What people get wrong. Changing one step is read as changing the outcome. Other steps often absorb it.
An ordered series of molecular interactions producing a defined cellular change.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What was measured, goal by goal
One row for each goal a registered study measured something for. One column for each kind of thing that could be measured.
Registered studies list 40 outcome measures that RNAWiki could read. A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. 0 of the matched studies tested this substance, and 0 posted a result.
There is no single score. A strong test result and a weak life result are different facts.
Goals down the side, kinds of measurement across the top. Each cell says what kind of thing was registered, not what was found.
Goal
Life outcome
What a body can do
How a person feels
A test result
A step in the body
Harms
How long
Who was studied
Sleep
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a performance measure for this goal.
…Waiting for a reviewer1 registered symptom measure.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a test result for this goal.
∅Nothing in the sources checkedNo registered study lists a body-step measure for this goal.
—Not recordedHarms were not a registered measure for this goal.
—Not recordedNo finished study window is recorded.
…Waiting for a reviewerWho was studied is listed further down the page.
Which registered measures put each goal on this table
Sleep
groningen sleep quality questionnaire survey
Sorted by fixed word lists, version v1. A name the rules do not recognise stays unsorted rather than moving to the nearest column.
What each mark on this table means
∅ Nothing in the sources checked
No registered study lists a life outcome for this goal.
… Waiting for a reviewer
1 registered symptom measure.
— Not recorded
Harms were not a registered measure for this goal.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What happened in people
Each card is one study: the exact question it asked, who was in it, and whether it showed what it set out to show.
Treatment success
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06273397
How many people
1050
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Days alive out-of-hospital to day 30
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06166654
How many people
939
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Hierarchical composite of all-cause mortality, heart failure events and delta quality of life at 90 days follow-up.
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT06092437
How many people
556
Study design
Not applicable
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
Living longer, or avoiding a major event
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Successful Decongestion
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03505788
How many people
519
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Difference in change of pulmonary artery pressure evaluated by echocardiography from 760 m baseline measurement to measurement at 3100 m in the acetazolamide compared to the placebo group
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT03540914
How many people
400
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
decrease of decompensation
✗ The study did not show it
Who was studied
NCT05802849
How many people
400
Study design
Phase 4
Compared against
Not recorded for this study
Kind of result
A number that stands in for health
What was found
Result not recorded on this page
Repeated elsewhere
Unreplicated
What this does not prove. A study that did not show an effect does not show that no effect exists anywhere.
The limits of this study, and where it came from
Main limit. No limitation is recorded for this study.
How far it carries. This study is recorded from the curated record, not from the registry match.
Form and route. Oral
Interval reported. Not recorded in this summary
Written into the record, not signed off as a reviewed claim.
openFDA Drugs@FDA · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA NDC Directory · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
openFDA SPL label · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
PubChem PUG-REST · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
What we know
RNAWiki holds 6 written-up human studies for this substance, each with the question it asked.
How we know it
Each card names the study, the number of people and what the study set out to measure.
What this does not prove
These summaries were written by a person and have not been signed off as reviewed claims.
Why it matters
A study that failed is as informative as one that worked, and both are here.
What we still do not know
No reviewed claim exists, so no exact population, effect size or interval is published yet.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How close this is to real life
The top step is something a person would feel or care about. The bottom is a guess from software. Filled steps are where evidence exists for this substance.
■Living longer, or avoiding a major eventEvidence recorded. Death, a heart attack, a stroke, a hospital stay.1 registered measure of this kind. No reviewed result.
■What a body can do day to dayEvidence recorded. Walking, dressing, breathing, recovering.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Measured performanceEvidence recorded. How much was lifted, how far was run, how fast.1 registered measure of this kind.
■Symptoms and quality of lifeEvidence recorded. Pain, tiredness, mood, sleep, as the person rated it.2 registered measures of this kind.
■A number that stands in for healthEvidence recorded. Cholesterol, blood sugar, bone density. A stand-in, not the thing itself.6 registered measures of this kind.
■A step measured inside a personEvidence recorded. Something measured in human tissue or human cells.A human record sits on the stored organism ladder.
■AnimalsEvidence recorded. Mice, rats, dogs. Useful for ideas, not proof about people.Stored records in Mouse, Rat. A result in animals says what to test next. It does not say what happens in people.
■Cells in a dishEvidence recorded. Cells or chemistry on a bench, far from a whole body.Stored mechanism abstracts describe steps measured in cells or tissue.
□A guess from softwareNo evidence recorded. Nobody measured it. RNAWiki never publishes one as a finding.RNAWiki stores no prediction for this record. Software can suggest a link. RNAWiki does not publish one as a finding.
Higher on these steps means closer to something a person would feel. It does not mean better done.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Felt, measured, or meaningful
Three different things that get called the same word. Registered studies measured all three, and mixing them is how a blood test becomes a health claim.
Felt
Things a person could notice without a test.
quality of life
groningen sleep quality questionnaire survey
Measured
Things only a test, a scale or a device shows.
increase in heart rate standing
hemoglobin concentration
increased base line creatinine at least 25
exercise capacity
heart rate blood pressure
serum creatinine
creatinine clearance according to cockroft gault equation
Meaningful
Things that change how a life goes, not only a number.
national institutes of health stroke severity scale
A registered study says what someone planned to measure. It does not say what they found. A number moving is not the same as a life going better. The two are shown apart here.
Felt, but not shown to help. A person notices a change. No study showed it leads anywhere good.
Measured, but not felt. A number moves. The person notices nothing. Both can be true.
Measured, but not shown to matter. A number moves in the good direction. Nobody showed that lives went better.
Matters, but takes years. The result that counts may take longer than anyone would keep watching.
Names that fit none of the three (30)
hematocrit
apnea hypopnea index
study compound s biochemical selectivity for cox 2
intraocular pressure
perimetric mean deviation
weaning time between two group
optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasonography
diagnosis of acute mountain sickness
headache scores
subjective response to iv cocaine
modified rankin
glasgow coma scale
barthel index
neurological examination of the
glasgow outcome
hunt and hess scale
world federation of neurosurgeons scale
retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
acute mountain sickness
apneic threshold a measure of breathing instability
These are harms, study-process measures, or names the rules did not recognise. They are shown rather than dropped.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Were people like you studied?
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it, and where the result stops carrying.
Who was studied
People similar to this profile were included.
& USAGE For adjunctive treatment of: edema due to congestive heart failure; drug-induced edema; centrencephalic epilepsies (petit mal, unlocalized seizures); chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma where delay of surgery is desired in order to lower intraocular pressure.
Who is missing from the studies
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What the label states about particular groups
On pediatric, the label states: “The safety and effectiveness of acetazolamide extended-release capsules in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.”
US prescribing information · 2c1d9078-c15f-4dce-bc26-edfa5400fa9b · read 2026-08-30
On older people, the label states: “Metabolic acidosis, which can be severe, may occur in the elderly with reduced renal function.”
US prescribing information · 2c1d9078-c15f-4dce-bc26-edfa5400fa9b · read 2026-08-30
On people who are pregnant, the label states: “Teratogenic effects Acetazolamide, administered orally or parenterally, has been shown to be teratogenic (defects of the limbs) in mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits.”
US prescribing information · 2c1d9078-c15f-4dce-bc26-edfa5400fa9b · read 2026-08-30
On people who are breastfeeding, the label states: “Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from acetazolamide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.”
US prescribing information · 2c1d9078-c15f-4dce-bc26-edfa5400fa9b · read 2026-08-30
Where the result stopped carrying
This is a scope explorer, not a diagnosis engine.
It shows who was studied so you can see whether people similar to you were included.
RNAWiki cannot tell whether a study fits you. It can show who was in it.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Why it might seem to do nothing
A real effect and a noticed effect are different things. These are the recorded reasons the two come apart.
It was studied for a different goal
The studies measured something else entirely.
On this record: Some registered studies measured things that match no goal on this page.
It was studied in different people
The people in the studies were not much like the reader.
On this record: Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
The evidence may simply be wrong
Small early studies often do not hold up.
On this record: RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Other reasons RNAWiki checked and found nothing for (10)
A different form was studied
The studied form is not the form on the shelf. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
There was nothing to correct
Where a level is already normal, topping it up may change nothing. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else had to happen too
In the studies it was paired with training, a diet or another treatment. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The change is too small to feel
A real change can still sit below what a person notices. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Day-to-day swing hides it
Sleep, food, stress and time of day move most numbers more than this would. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Not enough time yet
The studies ran longer than the person has waited. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
It was not taken as studied
Missed days change the result, and studies count them. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
Something else changed at the same time
Two changes at once cannot be told apart afterwards. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
The product may not be what it says
Contents of a sold product are not always what the label states. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
No recorded reason
RNAWiki has nothing stored that would explain it. Nothing in this record points to this reason.
None of these is a reason to take more. Taking more is not a step this page ever suggests.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What taking it involves
The recorded facts about getting hold of it and using it. Nothing here is a suggestion about what you should do.
How it is supplied
Prescription only
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
Read from the recorded approval status.
No source is stored against this line.
Form and route
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form and route recorded on this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
Who oversees it
RNAWiki has not recorded a supervision or regulatory status for this substance.
❝ Quoted from a source
Where this came from
Copied from a source RNAWiki stored, with the source named.
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
No source is stored against this line.
What is in the pack
Sold as capsule, extended release, tablet, injectable, injectable, given by the oral, injection, injection route.
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
Recorded notes on how this is sold and what that means for what is in the pack.
No source is stored against this line.
Where it is registered
Regulatory records are listed in the technical disclosure at the foot of this page.
# Counted from records
Where this came from
A count of rows RNAWiki holds. It describes our records, not your body.
Register entries are stored per jurisdiction and shown with their dates.
No source is stored against this line.
Why people stop
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
No record of why people stopped taking it is stored for this substance.
No source is stored against this line.
What it would be like to take∅Nothing found in the sources checked
What can go wrong
Sorted by where each line came from. A regulator's label and a report somebody sent in are not the same kind of fact.
∅Nothing found in the sources checked
No harm is recorded against this substance in the sources RNAWiki checked. Finding nothing is not the same as showing there is nothing.
The sources listed were searched and held nothing. That is not the same as nothing existing.
Reports sent to a regulator
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction.
Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing.
The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete.
News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report.
A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Acetazolamide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 434 reaction mentions were counted. One report can name several reactions.
drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms — 22 reaction mentions
open-targets-adr · recorded 2026-06-24 · a recorded source, not a stored snapshot
Over a long time. No completed tested study window is recorded, so long-term effects are not established by the registry record.
Groups the studies covered thinly. Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded for this substance. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, and people with liver or kidney conditions are commonly excluded from trials; nothing here says whether they were.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Does the exact form matter?
Evidence belongs to the exact thing that was tested. A different salt, a different mixture or a different preparation is a different question.
The form that was studied
Oral
✎ Source-linked record
Where this came from
A person wrote this into the record with the study named beside it. No reviewer has signed it off.
The form used in the studies cited on this page.
No source is stored against this line.
What is sold
Not recorded.
∅ Nothing recorded
Where this came from
RNAWiki holds nothing here and says so rather than guessing.
Nothing further is recorded about which forms are sold.
No source is stored against this line.
What is recorded as being sold
85 products list this as an active ingredient in the United States drug directory. 85 of them contain it and nothing else.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 38779-0410 · read 2026-08-29
They are sold as capsule, capsule, extended release, injection, powder, for solution, injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution, powder and tablet, taken intravenous and oral.
FDA National Drug Code directory · 38779-0410 · read 2026-08-29
The regulator's established pharmacologic class for it is carbonic anhydrase inhibitor [epc], carbonic anhydrase inhibitors [moa] and sulfonamides [cs].
FDA National Drug Code directory · 38779-0410 · read 2026-08-29
56 published labels name it as an active ingredient. 56 of them describe this substance alone, which is where its own label text on this page comes from.
US prescribing information · 4813b9dd-5f58-44bb-ad64-cdb331828080 · read 2026-08-29
Those labels are classed as human prescription drug.
US prescribing information · 4813b9dd-5f58-44bb-ad64-cdb331828080 · read 2026-08-29
acetazolamide is oral at HOW SUPPLIED: Acetazolamide Extended-release Capsules, USP 500 mg are white to off white pellets filled in size "00el" empty hard gelatin capsules with opaque yellow colored cap imprinted with "XYL" in black ink and opa…, recorded as fda label in effect 2024-10-08 in the United States.
US prescribing information · 2c1d9078-c15f-4dce-bc26-edfa5400fa9b · read 2026-08-30
Recorded price in US: 0.09999–0.13154 USD per one unit as the pricing file counts it — a tablet, capsule, patch or single item, across 23 priced products whose strengths and pack forms differ, as of 2026-08-26, paid by retail pharmacies buying the product, as surveyed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. It is not a list price, an insurance price, or what anyone pays at a counter..
Recorded source · 2026-08-26 · read 2026-08-28
Evidence carries across two names for one substance. It does not carry across a salt, a mirror form or a mixture.
What it would be like to take◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What you could measure
This one is decided with a clinician, so this section holds questions to ask rather than a plan to run.
RNAWiki could not confidently classify this substance, so no self-experiment plan is offered.
Questions worth asking
Which of the trials of Acetazolamide studied people like me?
What was measured, and for how long?
Was the result a laboratory value or a health outcome?
What would we watch for, and when would we stop?
Tracking can show whether something changed for you. It cannot show what caused it.
RNAWiki records evidence. It does not say whether this substance is right for you.
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
What nobody knows yet
Open questions, each with why it is open and what would close it.
How fast does the body clear it?
The sources RNAWiki checked hold nothing for this field.
Why it matters. Without this, nothing on this page can say how long anything lasts.
What would answer it
A stored source that records it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing populations
Which groups were under-represented in the studies has not been recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing long-term data
No completed tested study window is recorded.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
No reviewed conclusion
RNAWiki has not yet published a reviewed conclusion for this use.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Missing interaction studies
No interaction was found in the registers checked. Not finding one is not the same as showing there is none.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Formulation uncertainty
Several salts, forms or products of Acetazolamide are recorded. Results from one form may not transfer to another.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
Mechanism not reviewed
No reviewed mechanism story exists for this substance.
Why it matters. Recorded by the evidence model as a gap on this record.
What would answer it
A study that measures it, and a reviewer to sign it off.
Last checked 2026-09-04. Searched: The sources listed in the receipts at the foot of this page.
What happened in people◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
Check any of this yourself
Every line above traced back to the study it came from. This is the technical layer, and the vocabulary changes here.
Where else this substance is registered
FDA substance identifier (UNII)
O3FX965V0I
CAS registry number
59-66-5
PubChem compound
1986
ChEMBL
CHEMBL20
ChEBI
31163
WHO international nonproprietary name list entry
481
RxNorm concept
167
EMA substance identifier
100000092652
European Chemicals Agency number
200-440-5
DrugBank
DB00819
Checks this page had to pass
✓ Passed
Identity resolved
no open identity hold
✓ Passed
No unresolved merge across substance families
no quarantine open
✓ Passed
Every public sentence names a source
The opening statement carries the origin: Written into the record, not signed off.
✗ Not passed
Trial roles classified for highlighted evidence
No registered study is classified as testing this substance.
✓ Passed
No internal keys in reader text
enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
✗ Not passed
Safety mode resolved
No register row and no identity class settled the question.
✓ Passed
Canonical metadata present
slug and display name present
What is missing or unclear◇Read from sources, not yet reviewed
How this medicine reached us
Kept near the foot of the page. A historical event moves up only when it changes something about this substance today.
What the approval register records
43 approved applications cover products containing this substance. The earliest was NDA008943, approved 19530727 to TEVA BRANDED PHARM.
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What is not here
6 questions this page could not answer
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Recorded evidence blocks (12)
Q1
What did Acetazolamide's largest trial (1050 people) and its longest (33 years) measure?
1050 people in Acetazolamide's largest registered study, 33 years in its longest registered window, measuring Mortality, Days in Hospital & Decongestion. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
50 phase4, 41 phase2, 20 na, 20 phase3, 19 phase1, 5 early phase1, 4 na or unstated; NCT00262470; 2029-12; no ageing endpoint recorded. Last human test completed 2026, NCT04975269.
Interpretation These counts include studies where Acetazolamide was a comparison treatment, a background treatment or an exposure in an observational study, and the longest window may be a planned end date. Trial roles have not yet been classified for this record.
Show the evidence
phase4
50
phase2
41
na
20
phase3
20
phase1
19
early phase1
5
2 more recorded rows
na or unstated
4
Last recorded human testNCT04975269
2026-04-21
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q2
From mouse to human: where has Acetazolamide shown lifespan?
Interpretation Mortality, Days in Hospital & Decongestion — the recorded outcome words.
Show the evidence
mouse
lifespan
rat
lifespan
humanNCT05411991
lifespan; Mortality, Days in Hospital & Decongestion; 143
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q3
19 of Acetazolamide's trials stopped: accrual/recruitment, funding/business, other?
accrual/recruitment (11), funding/business (1) and other (7): Acetazolamide's stop wording, clustered. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
"This study of the overall grant was not pursued as the aims were changed"; 19 of 143 registered studies
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00108602
withdrawn; "This study of the overall grant was not pursued as the aims were changed"
NCT00120731
withdrawn; "Determined not feasible"
NCT00746954
terminated; "Patient recruitment and Funding inadequate to finish trial"
NCT00780325
terminated; "A total of three parts were planned for this study. The sponsor funded only Part 1, so that neither Part 2 nor Part 3 of this study has been conducted."
NCT00839501
terminated; "Unable to recruit sufficient number of participants"
NCT02163330
terminated; "difficulty in recruiting participants to the study"
13 further recorded trials
NCT02165644
withdrawn; "The PI is leaving the University of Florida."
NCT02276989
withdrawn; "poor recruitment"
NCT02390284
terminated; "No patients had abnormal PERG and could not be included in the first two arms from the baseline timepoint."
NCT02466074
terminated; "Inadequate recruitment; termination of funding"
NCT02902133
withdrawn; "No participants were identified per inclusion/exclusion criteria"
NCT02904265
terminated; "Lack of enrollment"
NCT02945527
terminated; "Low recruitment"
NCT03490916
terminated; "PI was unable to continue to gather data during the trip during to medical illness"
NCT03501966
terminated; "Low enrollment"
NCT03806751
withdrawn; "The investigator decided not to pursue the study."
NCT04351061
withdrawn; "No participants were identified per inclusion/exclusion criteria"
NCT04679389
terminated; "Lack of funding"
NCT05986773
terminated; "Low recruitment in both centers"
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q4
Human studies of Acetazolamide used Acetazolamide (Diamox 250 mg) — over how long?
national institutes of health stroke severity scale; 2026-09-01
biomarkers
glasgow coma scale; 2026-09-01
human trials at or under30
48
Not recorded for this substance
a recorded half-life
smallest human trial
0; NCT00108602; NA; the smallest recorded human enrolment at or below 30; the registry states no direction of its result; WITHDRAWN
Q6
Which of acute kidney injury, acute mountain sickness and adverse events did Acetazolamide's trials measure?
acute kidney injury, acute mountain sickness and adverse events lead 40 outcome terms across Acetazolamide's trials. ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026-09-01
increased base line creatinine at least 25, apnea hypopnea index, study compound s biochemical selectivity for cox 2, intraocular pressure, perimetric mean deviation and weaning time between two group follow.
Show the evidence
increase in heart rate standing
1
hemoglobin concentration
1
hematocrit
1
increased base line creatinine at least 25
1
apnea hypopnea index
1
study compound s biochemical selectivity for cox 2
1
14 more recorded rows
intraocular pressure
1
perimetric mean deviation
1
weaning time between two group
1
optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasonography
1
diagnosis of acute mountain sickness
1
exercise capacity
1
quality of life
1
groningen sleep quality questionnaire survey
1
headache scores
1
heart rate blood pressure
1
subjective response to iv cocaine
1
modified rankin
1
national institutes of health stroke severity scale
1
glasgow coma scale
1
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q7
Which of Acetazolamide's 28 ongoing trials reports first?
Increase in heart rate with standing; Apneic threshold- a measure of breathing instability; latest 2030-01-05
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00262470
"Treatment of Orthostatic Intolerance"; n 150; "Increase in heart rate with standing"; 2029-12
NCT02703220
"Sleep Apnea in Elderly"; n 100; "Apneic threshold- a measure of breathing instability"; 2027-12-31
NCT03011671
"Study of Acetazolamide With Temozolomide in Adults With Newly Diagnosed or Recurrent Malignant Glioma"; n 10; "Number of participants with adverse events"; 2027-03
NCT04887792
"Acetazolamide for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia"; n 60; "Change in positive symptoms"; 2028-06-30
NCT05293600
"Rescue Pharmacotherapy for OSA"; n 70; "Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI, Events/Hour of Sleep)"; 2026-10-30
NCT05300477
"Pharmacological Countermeasures for High Altitude"; n 18; "3.2 km self-paced treadmill time trial performance"; 2025-09-30
14 further recorded trials
NCT05470283
"Phase I, Open-Label, Study of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Engineered With Membrane Bound IL15 Plus Acetazolamide in Adult Patients With Metastatic Melanoma"; n 21; "Incidence and nature of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first 28 days after OBX-115 + acetazolamide administration as assessed by CTCAE version 5.0. Incidence and severity of AEs and SAEs after OBX-115 + acetazolamide…"; 2027-04-01
NCT05589753
"Sleep Disordered Breathing With Opioid Use"; n 150; "Apneic threshold - a measure of breathing instability"; 2027-03-31
NCT05802849
"Acetazolamide Per os for Decompensation of Heart Failure"; n 400; "decrease of decompensation"; 2025-12-01
NCT05804084
"Patient-centered and Neurocognitive Outcomes With Acetazolamide for Sleep Apnea"; n 60; "Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI)"; 2026-10-31
NCT06091085
"Acetazolamide as a Means to Mitigate Falling Ventilatory Drive and Drive-dependent OSA"; n 36; "Percentage reduction of apnea-hypopnea Index (AHI) with active versus placebo therapy in drive-dependent vs classic OSA groups"; 2027-12-31
NCT06166654
"Optimal Diuretic Therapies for Acute Heart Failure With Volume Overload"; n 939; "Days alive out-of-hospital to day 30"; 2027-12-30
NCT06273397
"Acetazolamide or Metolazone in Acute Heart Failure"; n 1050; "Treatment success"; 2027-05-01
NCT06285760
"Effect of Acetazolamide on Diuresis and Natriuresis in Patients With Acute Heart Failure (SANDI STUDY)"; n 64; "Change in natriuresis 24 hours after acetazolamide"; 2026-12-31
NCT06475105
"Combination Oral Acetazolamide and Intravenous Furosemide on Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Outcomes"; n 66; "Successful Decongestion"; 2024-12-31
NCT06521476
"Acetazolamide in Central Sleep Apnea Patients Using Medication for Opioid Use Disorder"; n 40; "Central Apnea Index (CAI)"; 2028-02
NCT06776432
"Safety and Efficacy Study of Sivopixant, Acetazolamide and SASS-001 in Sleep Apnea"; n 60; "Primary Endpoint - Change in apnea-hypopnea index (SASS-001 arm vs baseline at Visit 7 polysomnography). Scale is minimum -60 to max 60. Lower scores mean improvement from baseline."; 2026-12-31
NCT06783166
"Assessing the Clinical Outcomes of Dapagliflozin Versus Acetazolamide in Patients With Acute Heart Failure"; n 100; "Change in dyspnea VAS (Visual analogue scale)"; 2025-08-01
NCT06919744
"Intracranial Venous Stenting Evaluation in Patients With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in the Early Phase"; n 114; "Rate of patients with resolved papilledema and normalization of intra-cranial pressure"; 2029-04-30
NCT06945848
"Venous Stenting Evaluation in Patients With Intracranial Hypertension Under Long-term Acetazolamide"; n 114; "Rate of patients with normalization of intra-cranial pressure"; 2030-01-05
recorded 2026-09-01 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q8
Which 54 trials of Acetazolamide posted no result?
Posted no result
54 of 54 completed trials
Registrations
NCT00000115, NCT01923454, NCT00424970, NCT00634491, NCT00714740 and NCT00864838, and 48 more
Completion dates
oldest 1994-06; newest 2024-07-31
Show the evidence
Trial
NCT00000115
1994-06
NCT01923454
2007-06
NCT00424970
2007-11
NCT00634491
2008-02
NCT00714740
2008-12
NCT00864838
2009-03
14 further recorded trials
NCT00928655
2009-11
NCT00222534
2009-12
NCT01060969
2010-08
NCT01418157
2011-10
NCT00517426
2012-08
NCT01427192
2012-12
NCT01750723
2013-04
NCT01187108
2013-09
NCT02140450
2014-05
NCT01627639
2014-07
NCT01499485
2015-02
NCT01519544
2015-03
NCT03107429
2015-10-01
NCT01851473
2015-10-07
Q9
At the median, Acetazolamide's trials enrolled 60 people — anything larger?
Median enrolment
60
Largest enrolment
1050
Registered trials counted
140
Q10
What do 434 spontaneous reports say about Acetazolamide — and not say?
These are reports people sent to a regulator. They do not show the medicine caused the reaction. Nobody counted how many people took the medicine and reported nothing. The same event can be reported more than once, and many reports are incomplete. News coverage, lawsuits and new warnings change how often people report. A count is not a rate and not a risk.
Acetazolamide appears in spontaneous reports to regulators. Across the 10 most-reported reaction terms, 434 reaction mentions were counted: metabolic acidosis 114; condition aggravated 56; intraocular pressure increased 47; angle closure glaucoma 42. open-targets-adr · CHEMBL1200814 · 2026-06-24
Show the evidence
metabolic acidosis
114
condition aggravated
56
intraocular pressure increased
47
angle closure glaucoma
42
somnolence
34
choroidal detachment
33
4 more recorded rows
paraesthesia
30
choroidal effusion
28
confusional state
28
drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
22
recorded 2026-06-24 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q11
Was Acetazolamide studied with exercise?
exercise is named in Acetazolamide's label sentences: "At 760 m, 3 of 49 (6%) patients randomized to placebo and 3 of 50 (6%) randomized to acetazolamide showed a post-exercise STE." openfda-label+europepmc · 2025-02-06
1 recorded statement; exercise
Show the evidence
exercise
At 760 m, 3 of 49 (6%) patients randomized to placebo and 3 of 50 (6%) randomized to acetazolamide showed a post-exercise STE.
recorded 2025-02-06 · last checked 2026-09-04
Q12
What is recorded about Acetazolamide and mTOR?
"This review article summarizes and shows the effectiveness and potential of repurposed drugs including metabolic and cardiovascular modulators (metformin, simvastatin), antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents (artesunate, ivermectin, ketoconazole, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, niclosamide, doxycycline, pentamidine), mTOR inhibitors…" — where Acetazolamide and mTOR appear together. Europe PMC · pathway abstract search · 2026-07-21
"This review article summarizes and shows the effectiveness and potential of repurposed drugs including metabolic and cardiovascular modulators (metformin, simvastatin), antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents (artesunate, ivermectin, ketoconazole, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, niclosamide, doxycycline, pentamidine), mTOR inhibitors (temsirolimus, everolimus, rapamycin), anti-inflammatory and…"
autophagy
PMID 24155029
"Increased expression of ATG5, p53 and DRAM, along with an increase in BCLN1/Bcl-2 ratio, indicated that acetazolamide inhibited the proliferation of T-47D cells by inducing autophagy."
PMID 24155029
"Collectively the results indicate that autophagy is an adequate mechanism mediating the anti-cancer effects of acetazolamide in T-47D cells through engagement of p53/DRAM pathway and attenuation of Akt survival signalling."
NAD+PMID 17291221
"We developed methods for prolonged (12 h), sterile, normothermic perfusion of rat kidneys and screened compounds for renal preservation including: mitochondrial transition pore inhibitor (decylubiquinone); caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonists (gemfibrozil, WY-14643); antioxidants (trolox, luteolin, quercetin); growth factors (HGF, PDGF,…"
IGF-1PMID 17291221
"We developed methods for prolonged (12 h), sterile, normothermic perfusion of rat kidneys and screened compounds for renal preservation including: mitochondrial transition pore inhibitor (decylubiquinone); caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonists (gemfibrozil, WY-14643); antioxidants (trolox, luteolin, quercetin); growth factors (HGF, PDGF,…"
recorded 2026-07-21 · last checked 2026-09-04
Where it is registeredIdentifiers, relations and other names
ClinicalTrials.gov — US Government work · Europe PMC — metadata only, under the recorded legal gate · Open Targets 26.06 — CC0 · derived from this page's own recorded fields; no external licence · mixed register set; per-register licences in docs/specs/corpus-20k-sources.md · openFDA / DailyMed — US Government work
✗ required summary fields resolved: 5 required field(s) not terminal: Why people use it, Best-supported result, Most important common problem, Biggest unanswered question, Human evidence
✓ public claims reviewed: 0 reviewed claim(s); drafts are never rendered
✓ source coverage passed: 9 source rows
✓ no critical contamination: no quarantine open
✓ canonical metadata passed: slug and display name present
✓ no raw internal fields: enforced by the copy-contract test over the rendered page
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